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Key Terms and People Taking Notes Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 1 MAIN IDEA Problems in French society led to a revolution, the formation of a new government, and the end of the monarchy. Key Terms and People Old Order France’s social and political structure that places the king at the top and three estates below him King Louis XVI ruler during early years of the French Revolution Marie-Antoinette Austrian wife of King Louis XVI, serving as queen during his reign First Estate small, privileged class made up of Roman Catholic clergy in France Second Estate the class in France that was made up of the nobility Third Estate the class of 97% of France, made up of the bourgeoisie, artisans, merchants, and peasants bourgeoisie city-dwelling merchants, factory owners, and professionals sansculottes “without knee breeches”; a nickname for workers of the Third Estate Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen document written by the National Assembly advocating equality, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion radicals people favoring extreme change Taking Notes As you read the summary, use the graphic organizer below to record events that occurred before and after the revolution. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 20 234 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 1 Section Summary CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION The structure of French government and society, called the Old Order , caused resentment among the poor and working class. At the top was King Louis XVI . His wife, Marie-Antoinette , spent money lavishly and was disliked by many, perhaps because she was from Austria, France’s long-time rival. Name a privilege of the The rest of French society was divided into estates. First Estate. The First Estate was made up of the Roman Catholic _______________________ clergy, about 1 percent of the population. They had _______________________ special rights and did not have to pay taxes. Some were very wealthy. The Second Estate was the nobility, accounting for about 2 percent of the population. They held important positions in government and the military, and paid few taxes. Most lived on large estates or in the king’s court. The Third Estate was the largest—97% of the Circle the estate that population. At the top of the Third Estate was the contained the most people. bourgeoisie (BOOR -zhwah zee)—merchants, factory owners, and professionals, some of whom were wealthy and well-educated. This did not, however, give the bourgeoisie influence with the king and his court. This estate also included city-dwelling artisans and workers. They were nicknamed sansculottes (san KOO laht) because they wore long pants instead of the knee breeches worn by the nobility. At the bottom were the peasants who farmed the nobles’ fields. Peasants had to pay many taxes and fees and perform labor without pay. Poor and miserable, they had no hope for a better future. Resentment and anger about social inequalities played a large role in inspiring the French Revolution. Enlightenment ideas did too. The French noted that in Great Britain, the king’s power was limited, and that American colonists successfully rebelled against their king during the American Revolution. Economic problems also contributed to the revolution. France was deeply in debt, though the king and his court continued to spend wildly. The king unsuccessfully tried to tax the Second Estate. Soon, France was almost bankrupt. When record low Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 20 235 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 1 temperatures brought food production to a halt, people began to starve. The poor, hungry French citizens got Circle two events that contributed to the French angry. People in the First and Second Estates were Revolution. also angry as they lost power to the monarchy. FIRST EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION In early 1789, the king called a meeting of the Estates General for the first time in 175 years. Seeking reforms, each group of representatives brought a list of grievances to Paris with them. In the past, each estate cast one vote, regardless of the number of representatives present. The Third Estate, having the Which estate became the most representatives, wanted to change the rule so that National Assembly? each person had a vote. The king disagreed, so the _______________________ Third Estate formed a group called the National Assembly. When the king locked them out of their own meeting, they met in an indoor tennis court and took an oath, later called the Tennis Court Oath, stating that they wouldn’t leave until they created a new constitution. The king relented, allowing all representatives a vote. He also brought troops to Paris and Versailles in case they were needed. Seeing the troops, members of the National Assembly and Parisian stormed an old prison, the Bastille, to get weapons. This event became a powerful symbol of the French Revolution. CREATING A NEW NATION The National Assembly removed the First Estate’s privileges, sold church land to pay France’s debts, made clergy public employees, and downgraded the king and queen to commoners. The Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which laid out the basic principles of the Revolution. It declared that all men were equal and made more people able to vote. Mob violence increased and foreign troops entered France to protect the monarchs. The National Assembly, now controlled by radicals , elected a new legislature called the National Convention. The new government abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 20 236 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 2 MAIN IDEA An extreme government changed French society and tried through harsh means to eliminate its critics within France. Key Terms and People Maximilien Robespierre Mountain member and a leader of the National Convention guillotine an execution device that drops a sharp, heavy blade through the victim’s neck counterrevolution a revolution against a government established by a revolution Reign of Terror series of accusations, arrests and executions started by the Mountain Taking Notes As you read the summary, use a chart like the one below to record changes in French government and society as well as those brought about by the Reign of Terror. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 20 237 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 2 Section Summary A RADICAL GOVERNMENT Although everyone in the new National Convention supported the Revolution, they were divided into three political groups. The Mountain or Montagnards were the most extreme. They were mostly made up of the lower middle class and poor. The Girondins were the moderates who did not want the Paris mob to have too much influence. They supported the idea of a constitutional monarchy. The third group, the Plain, initially supported the Girondins, but later switched its support to the Mountain. Three men played important roles in the new government. They were all members of the Mountain. What did Marat, Danton, Jean-Paul Marat, a radical, was in favor of violent and Robespierre have in methods. George-Jacques Danton, a violent agitator in common? the Revolution’s early days, in time favored _______________________ compromise. The intensely dedicated Maximilien _______________________ Robespierre became increasingly radical and led the Convention during its most violent time. The National Convention placed Louis XVI on trial. The Mountain wanted him executed, to prevent a return to monarchy and defend the Revolution from its Why was the Mountain enemies. On January 23, 1793 Louis XVI was led to eager to place the king on the scaffold. As he began to tell people of his trial? innocence, he was pushed toward the guillotine , an _______________________ execution device, and beheaded. News of the king’s death shocked Europe. Foreign _______________________ troops were deployed to France’s borders. The National Convention set up the Committee of Public Safety to manage France’s military defense. The Committee began drafting men between the ages of 18 and 45 into military service. To protect the Revolution from threats within France, the National Convention also set up a court called the Revolutionary Tribunal. This court was used to find and eliminate anyone who threatened the goals of the Revolution. France was transformed during the Revolution. The monarchy ended and new governments formed. Underline the ways French French society changed too. The National Convention society changed
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