DOCSLIB.ORG

The Siege of Alexandria (48-47BC)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Siege of Alexandria (48-47BC) 1 The Siege of Alexandria (48-47BC) Brian Hayes Junior Division Historical Paper 2100 Words 2 In the words of Julius Caesar, “All doubt being removed by this circumstance, such a terror ensued among the troops that they fancied themselves reduced to the last extremity” (​classics.mit.edu/Caesar/alexandrian.html) The Siege of Alexandria would end with Julius Caesar triumphantly taking control of Egypt after ‘The Child Pharaoh’, Ptolemy, drowned. But after this event, Egypt tragically began a long decline of being ruled by foreign powers from Rome to the British. The Siege of Alexandria changed the history of North Africa for centuries to come. 1Former Friends Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus had a secret alliance called The Triumvirate. The Triumvirate was an alliance for all members political gain. But after Christ’s death in Persia, The Triumvirate fell apart, with Caesar crossing the River Rubicon into Italy and Rome. Pompey fled with most of the senators into Greece. Caesar took his army and crossed through Bibulus’ blockade in the Adriatic Sea into Greece. Afte2r a game of cat and mouse, Caesar met Pompey Magnus at the Battle of Pharsalus, where Caesar won a resounding victory. Cato, as the senator’s leader, fled to Namibia in north 3Africa, and Pompey fled to Egypt. Pompey Arrives in Egypt 1 www.ancient.eu/pompey/.(Ancient History Encyclopedia), 27 Jan. 2013 ​ ​ ​ 2 Goldsworthy, Adrian. Caesar Life of a Colossus. Yale University, 2006 ​ ​ ​ 3 Caesar, Julius. "The Alexandrian Wars.(The Internet Classics Archive) ​ ​ 3 After Caesar’s resounding victory at Pharsalus, Pompey needed a place to flee. Gre4ece and other areas near it were too dangerous because Caesar and his troops were looking all over Greece for him. The other senators, with Cato made as their leader, decided to flee to North Africa to grow an army to start another civil war to patiently defeat Caesar. Antioch made sure that Pompey knew that he was not welcome in their city. Pompey decided not to go to Namibia with Cato. Instead he decided to go to Egypt to get support from the child Pharaoh, Ptolemy XIII. Pompey knew that many members of Ptolemy’s army had served under him during many of his campaigns. He had also propped up Ptolemy’s father, Ptolemy XII Auletes. But the child king’s counselors thought that Pompey would undermine the Egyption army, so the child Pharaoh and his counselors had him assassinated at Pelusium. Caesar Arrives in Egypt Caesar, as soon as he learned that Pompey fled to Egypt, rushed to capture Pompey. Caesar sent his right hand man, M5ark Antony, to oversee politics in Rome. Caesar took 4,000 men from 2 legions with him and arrived in Alexandra, the largest city in Egypt. At the time he arrived in the city, it was in turmoil. When Caesar arrived in the city, he was greeted as an honored guest by his officials, and as a gift, Caesar was given the severed head of Pompey Magnus and his signet ring. In response, Caesar recoiled in tears. It was clear that Caesar wanted to integrate every pompeian, who would acknowledge his supremacy over them. 4"Pompey." Ancient History Encyclopedia, 27 Jan. 2013 ​ ​ 5 Caesar, Julius. "The Alexandrian Wars.(The Internet Classics Archive) ​ ​ 4 The Riots In response to Pompey's death, Caesar brought out his 4,000 men into the streets of Alexandria. Caesar never asked for the Egyption permission to bring out his soldiers. His men paraded triumphantly through the streets of Alexandria like a conquering army. The Egyptians were obviously offended and started riots in response. In those riots, many of Caesar’s men were killed, and it was abundantly clear that it wasn’t safe for the Romans to stay on the streets. So Caesar took his men and took control of the royal quarter, which had the king and many government buildings. Ptolemy's father had been only kept in the throne with a series of massive loans from Rome, and Rome was the beneficiary of his will. Debts Ten years before, Ptolemy XII Auletes had promised a Ten Million Denarii payment on those loans. Caesar demanded payment on these loans immediately. When Caesar approached Ptolemy's counselors about this, they said that it would be awhile, and they would at some point pay the money back to Rome. Caesar said that he would be staying in Alexandria until Egypt’s debts to Rom6e were repaid. 7 6 "Ptolemy XIII."Livius.org 8 June 2017 ​ 7 Cox, Tom. "Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator." (Ancient History Encyclopedia) 27 Feb. 2017 ​ ​ 5 Potential Civil War Caesar decided that he would act as regent to the dead pharaoh’s will. The Pharaoh and his counselors found this terrible. Also, Caesar found out that Ptolemy was supposed to be co-monarch with his sister, Cleopatra. Cleopatra was at the moment busy in the south raising an army, and a civil war was bound to happen. Caesar said that he would mediate Cleopatra’s and Ptolemy's dispute.8 Cleopatra's Entrance Cleopatra's efforts to make an army in southern Egypt were failing. When Cleopatra learned that Caesar was mediating the potential civil war, she decided that she had to meet this person. She took one of her closest courtiers, Apollodorus, who was Italian and spoke perfect latin. So Cleopatra dressed herself in rags and started a hard eight day boat trip down the Nile. They got to the Mediterranean, and they slipped past Pharos lighthouse and sailed into the great harbor of Alexandria. Then Cleopatra got into a linen bag, and Apollodorus carried it over his shoulder.9Then Apollodorus came into the city. Any guards they encountered, Caesar’s or Ptolemy's, Apollodorus was able to talk his way through and snake10d into the royal quarter and into Caesar's private quarters. Then once inside, Apollodorus set the bag on the floor, opened it, and Cleop11atra came out. She was very dazed and dizzy from their eight day trip down the Nile 8 Cox, Tom. "Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator." (Ancient History Encyclopedia) 27 Feb. 2017 ​ ​ 9 Romer, John. A History of Ancient Egypt From the Great Pyramid to the Fall of the Middle ​ ​ Kingdom. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2016 ​ 10 Fletcher, Joann, Dr. Cleopatra the Great the Woman behind the Legend 2008 ​ ​ 11 "War in Alexandria." Livius.org., 3 21 2017, ​ ​ ​ 6 and from being in a sack for so long. Caesar was impressed and immediately got P12tolemy to see Cleopatra and reconcile their differences. Ptolemy was shocked and so were his advisors. They were offended at this betrayal, to see his rival here and at Caesar’s side. It was very offensive. The young king and his advisors stormed out of Caesar’s quarters. Also, it didn't take very long to see that it was clear that Caesar and Cleopatra were having an affair. Caesar soon decided to side with Cleopatra in the dispute and said that she would serve as co-monarch with her brother. Ptolemy was not very happy about this. A few days after Cleopatra's arrival, many Egyptian soldiers, commanded by Achilles, set upon the royal quarters and the proper siege had begun. The First Move Caesar fearfully sent out letters imploring help from Roman allied kingdoms and empires in the area. It only took a few hours, for no word could get in or out of the city. Achilles started with an assault on Caesar’s defending army and an assault on the Royal Harbor. Then Caesar decided to make a move. With very few troops, Caesar gained control of the Royal Harbor and b13 urned the Egyption Fleet. This fire spread throughout the city and consumed part of the Library of Alexandria. Another of the king’s sisters, Arsinoe, along with her tutor Ganymedes, escaped from Roman custody and had Achilles murdered. The army declared her queen and Ganymedes assumed command of the army in Arsinoe name. The fighting was hard. Caesar was not used to fighting in an urban environment, with no room to make any traditional battle movements or space to deploy his cavalry. Many other cities came to help, and people came in carrying sacks of weapons of all kinds. People argued and staged at public meetings, and walls and barricades were 12 "Cleopatra (c.69 BC - 30 BC)." BBC, British Government, 9 June 2014, ​ ​ ​ 13 Tyldesley, Joyce. Cleopatra Last Queen of Egypt. New York, Basic Books, 2008. ​ ​ ​ 7 14"Caesar and Cleopatra in Egypt." Penelope ​ made out of buildings. It was hard on the Romans, and Caesar who wasn’t a bad drinker, stayed up every night drinking himself to sleep. The Egyptians poisoned the Roman water supply. This 15was done by taking control of the channel which guided water from the Nile into the city. Soon the Ganymedes filled with seawater, and it caused a panic for a bit. Caesar solved this problem by digging wells. Caesar was slow to react to the poisoning and the digging of wells. The delayed reaction caused his army to criticize him openly. Caesar’s Next Move Caesar decided to make an assault on the Island of Pharos, which had its namesake lighthouse. Caesar took a part of his army and set off to Pharos. The Egyptians were defending their island and more reinforcements were coming. At the end of the day, Caesar only had control of a bit of the island. The next day, the Romans launched another assault on the bridge to Pharos but failed. The Egyptians had rebuilt their fleet out of anything they could find, even buildings.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Victors of the Nile
    Victors of the Nile The Battle of the Nile (1 August 1798) was Nelson’s most elegant and dramatic naval victory. It wreaked a devastating impact on the French Mediterranean fleet, destroying 11 of their 13 warships, including their flagship L’Orient, which exploded at 10 p.m. in a mighty firestorm that halted the battle for ten minutes. The French were anchored at the mouth of the Nile when Nelson’s fleet found them around 5 p.m. Dividing into two lines, the Goliath, captained by Thomas Foley, led one line between the French and the shore, catching them in a pincer movement and enabling Nelson’s fleet to unleash a devastating crossfire. The English victory decisively altered the balance of power in the Mediterranean, enabling the Royal Navy to dominate it for the duration of the Napoleonic War. As Nelson said after the Battle of the Nile in 1798, ‘Victory is not a name strong enough for such a scene’. His captains are all commemorated in this celebratory engraving published five years later; Thomas Foley, Samuel Hood, Sir James Saumarez, David Gould, Ralph Miller, Sir Edward Berry, Thomas Louis, John Peyton, Henry Darby, George Westcott (killed in the battle), Thomas Thompson, Alexander Ball, Benjamin Hallowell, Thomas Troubridge and Thomas Hardy. Nelson was made Baron Nelson of the Nile, and adopted the motto Palmam qui meruit ferat (Let he who has earned it bear the Palm). Object ref PY5671 National Maritime Museum, Copyright Greenwich, London Date made 1803 Artist / Maker Robert Bowyer .
    [Show full text]
  • The Coinage System of Cleopatra Vii, Marc Antony and Augustus in Cyprus
    1 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS By Matthew Kreuzer 2 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS By Matthew Kreuzer Second Edition Springfield, Mass. Copyright Matthew Kreuzer 2000-2009. 3 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS Contents Summary 5 Historical Background 9 Coins Circulating in Cleopatra’s Cyprus 51-30 BC 10 What Were the Denominations in Cleopatra’s Cyprus? 12 The Tetradrachm 13 The Drachm 28 The Full-Unit 29 The Half-Unit 35 The Quarter-Unit 39 The Eighth-Unit 41 The Tiny Sixteenth-Unit 45 Other Small Late Ptolemaic Bronzes 48 Archeological Context – A Late Ptolemaic Bronze Mint 50 Making Small Change 53 Relationship Between the Denominations 55 Circulating Earlier Ptolemaic and Foreign Coinage 56 Cypriot Bronze of Cleopatra, After Actium 58 Silver denarii of Marc Antony, 37-30 BC 61 Cypriot Coinage Under Augustus, 30-22 BC 69 Cypriot Bronze of Augustus, CA coinage 70 Non-Export Obols and Quadrans 75 Silver Quinarii and Denarii of Augustus, 28-22 BC 78 Cyprus as a Senatorial Province under Augustus, 22 BC to 14 AD 87 Cypriot Coinage under Tiberius and Later, After 14 AD 92 Table of Suggested Attribution Changes 102 Appendix I - Analysis of Declining Obol Weight Standard 121 Appendix II - Octavia or Cleopatra? Credits and Bibliography 139 4 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS "If the nose of Cleopatra had been a little shorter, the whole face of the world would have been changed." Blaise Pascal 5 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS Summary During the late reign of Cleopatra VII a cornucopia of coinage circulated in Cyprus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sweep of History
    STUDENT’S World History & Geography 1 1 1 Essentials of World History to 1500 Ver. 3.1.10 – Rev. 2/1/2011 WHG1 The following pages describe significant people, places, events, and concepts in the story of humankind. This information forms the core of our study; it will be fleshed-out by classroom discussions, audio-visual mat erials, readings, writings, and other act ivit ies. This knowledge will help you understand how the world works and how humans behave. It will help you understand many of the books, news reports, films, articles, and events you will encounter throughout the rest of your life. The Student’s Friend World History & Geography 1 Essentials of world history to 1500 History What is history? History is the story of human experience. Why study history? History shows us how the world works and how humans behave. History helps us make judgments about current and future events. History affects our lives every day. History is a fascinating story of human treachery and achievement. Geography What is geography? Geography is the study of interaction between humans and the environment. Why study geography? Geography is a major factor affecting human development. Humans are a major factor affecting our natural environment. Geography affects our lives every day. Geography helps us better understand the peoples of the world. CONTENTS: Overview of history Page 1 Some basic concepts Page 2 Unit 1 - Origins of the Earth and Humans Page 3 Unit 2 - Civilization Arises in Mesopotamia & Egypt Page 5 Unit 3 - Civilization Spreads East to India & China Page 9 Unit 4 - Civilization Spreads West to Greece & Rome Page 13 Unit 5 - Early Middle Ages: 500 to 1000 AD Page 17 Unit 6 - Late Middle Ages: 1000 to 1500 AD Page 21 Copyright © 1998-2011 Michael G.
    [Show full text]
  • The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen
    Breakthrough and Concealment: The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Howard Chen All rights reserved ABSTRACT Breakthrough and Concealment: The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen This dissertation analyzes the three main protagonists of Lucan’s Bellum Civile through their attempts to utilize, resist, or match a pattern of action which I call the “formula.” Most evident in Caesar, the formula is a cycle of alternating states of energy that allows him to gain a decisive edge over his opponents by granting him the ability of perpetual regeneration. However, a similar dynamic is also found in rivers, which thus prove to be formidable adversaries of Caesar in their own right. Although neither Pompey nor Cato is able to draw on the Caesarian formula successfully, Lucan eventually associates them with the river-derived variant, thus granting them a measure of resistance (if only in the non-physical realm). By tracing the development of the formula throughout the epic, the dissertation provides a deeper understanding of the importance of natural forces in Lucan’s poem as well as the presence of an underlying drive that unites its fractured world. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ vi Introduction ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Cultural Creation of Fulvia Flacca Bambula
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2017 The cultural creation of Fulvia Flacca Bambula. Erin Leigh Wotring University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, History of Gender Commons, Intellectual History Commons, Political History Commons, Social History Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Wotring, Erin Leigh, "The cultural creation of Fulvia Flacca Bambula." (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2691. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2691 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CULTURAL CREATION OF FULVIA FLACCA BAMBULA By Erin Leigh Wotring A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in History Department of History University of Louisville Louisville, KY May, 2017 Copyright 2017 by Erin Leigh Wotring All rights reserved THE CULTURAL CREATION OF FULVIA FLACCA BAMBULA By Erin Leigh Wotring A Thesis Approved on April 14, 2017 by the following Thesis Committee: Dr. Jennifer Westerfeld, Director Dr. Blake Beattie Dr. Carmen Hardin ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate
    First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate • An alliance of the three most powerful men in Rome, Marcus Licinus Crassus, Gaius Julius Caesar, and Gneaus Pompey Magnus. Rome was in chaos and the 3 seized control of the Republic. • The three would dominate Roman politics for personal gains throughout the territories of the Republic. Julius Caesar • In Rome, Julius Caesar was elected as the tribune of the Plebs, military tribune, and governor of many provinces throughout the Republic. • Believed Crassus helped Julius Caesar win the election to become the Propraetor or governor of Hispania in 63 B.C.E. • Julius returned to Rome after his term as governor. Caesar had a business or political agreement with Pompey and Crassus in 60 B.C.E. Caesar was the consul while Pompey and Crassus were in the senate. • Created the First Triumvirate • After his term, Julius was in deeply in debt politically and financially to Crassus and desperately needed to raise money. Marcus Crassus • Crassus was the richest man in all the Roman Republic. He was sharp and clever in Roman politics. He would be a senator and even become consul a few times. • He was a mentor to Julius Caesar in his early career. • Gained much fame during the Spartacus rebellion but much of it was stolen by Pompey. • He was a longtime rival to Pompey Magnus and this would be his eventually downfall. He would ally with Caesar and Pompey, but strived for military victory over Pompey. He went to Parthia where he was defeated at Carrhae.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Battles Guido Beltramini
    Ancient Battles Guido Beltramini In 1575 Palladio published an illustrated Italian edition of Julius Caesar’s Commentaries. Five years later, his death halted the publication of Polybius’ Histories, which included forty-three engravings showing armies deployed at various battles: from Cannae to Zamas, Mantinea and Cynoscephalae. At the height of his career, Palladio invested time, energy and money into two publishing ventures far removed from architecture. In fact the two publications were part of a world of military matters which had attracted Palladio’s interest since his youth, when it formed an integral part of his education undertaken by Giangiorgio Trissino. As John Hale has shown, sixteenth-century Venice was one of the most active centres in Europe for military publications dealing with matters such as fortifications, tactics, artillery, fencing and even medicine. The distinguishing element in the Venetian production of such books was the widespread belief in the importance of the example of the Classical Greek and Roman writers, shared by men of letters and professional soldiers. This was combined with particular care shown towards the reader. The books were supplemented with tables of contents, indices, marginal notes and even accompanied by the publication of compendia illustrating the texts, such as the series entitled Gioie (‘Gems’) which Gabriele Giolito published from 1557 to 1570 (Hale 1980, pp. 257-268). Fig 1: Valerio Chiericati, manuscript of Della Many of the leading players in this milieu were linked to Trissino, albeit Milizia. Venice, Museo Correr, MS 883 in different ways: cultivated soldiers like Giovan Jacopo Leonardi, the Vicentine Valerio Chiericati (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • LUCAN's CHARACTERIZATION of CAESAR THROUGH SPEECH By
    LUCAN’S CHARACTERIZATION OF CAESAR THROUGH SPEECH by ELIZABETH TALBOT NEELY (Under the Direction of Thomas Biggs) ABSTRACT This thesis examines Caesar’s three extended battle exhortations in Lucan’s Bellum Civile (1.299-351, 5.319-364, 7.250-329) and the speeches that accompany them in an effort to discover patterns in the character’s speech. Lucan did not seem to develop a specific Caesarian style of speech, but he does make an effort to show the changing relationship between the General and his soldiers in the three scenes analyzed. The troops, initially under the spell of madness that pervades the poem, rebel. Caesar, through speech, is able to bring them into line. Caesar caters to the soldiers’ interests and egos and crafts his speeches in order to keep his army working together. INDEX WORDS: Lucan, Caesar, Bellum Civile, Pharsalia, Cohortatio, Battle Exhortation, Latin Literature LUCAN’S CHARACTERIZATION OF CAESAR THROUGH SPEECH by ELIZABETH TALBOT NEELY B.A., The College of Wooster, 2007 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2016 © 2016 Elizabeth Talbot Neely All Rights Reserved LUCAN’S CHARACTERIZATION OF CAESAR THROUGH SPEECH by ELIZABETH TALBOT NEELY Major Professor: Thomas Biggs Committee: Christine Albright John Nicholson Electronic Version Approved: Suzanne Barbour Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2016 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheet by Elizabeth Jones
    Well-behaved women seldom make history – Fact sheet By Elizabeth Jones Anne Bonny Job description: Professional pirate Born: March 8, 1702, Kinsale, Republic of Ireland Died: Unknown How she is unconventional: Anne Bonny was a woman living in a world where women were actively excluded. All sailors, not just pirates, believed allowing women onboard would bring bad luck because they distracted the men from their work and might become a cause for conflict. While men were in favor of excluding women from a life at sea, Anne wished she had more women fighting at her side as she made her final stand. “Dogs! If instead of these weaklings I only had some women with me,” she screamed at her crew. —Charles Johnson, A General History of the Pyrates Video Link: http://player.history.com/pservice/embed-player/?siteId=hist&tPid=21115861 Harriet Tubman Job description: Civil Rights Activist Birth: c. 1820 Death: March 10, 1913 How she is unconventional: Harriet Tubman escaped slavery to become a leading abolitionist. She led hundreds of enslaved people to freedom along the route of the Underground Railroad. "I was the conductor of the Underground Railroad for eight years, and I can say what most conductors can't say; I never ran my train off the track and I never lost a passenger." – Harriet Tubman http://www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430/videos/harriet-tubman-union-spy- 15036995841 Hypatia Job description: Scholar, Teacher, Philosopher, Mathematician and Astronomer Born: 350 CE, Alexandria, Egypt Died: March 8, 415 CE, Alexandria, Egypt How she is unconventional: In a time of religious strife at the intellectual center of the ancient world, Hypatia of Alexandria was the first woman in history recognized as a mathematician and scientist.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Egypt – to About 1970
    A Short History of Egypt – to about 1970 Foreword................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 1. Pre-Dynastic Times : Upper and Lower Egypt: The Unification. .. 3 Chapter 2. Chronology of the First Twelve Dynasties. ............................... 5 Chapter 3. The First and Second Dynasties (Archaic Egypt) ....................... 6 Chapter 4. The Third to the Sixth Dynasties (The Old Kingdom): The "Pyramid Age"..................................................................... 8 Chapter 5. The First Intermediate Period (Seventh to Tenth Dynasties)......10 Chapter 6. The Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties (The Middle Kingdom).......11 Chapter 7. The Second Intermediate Period (about I780-1561 B.C.): The Hyksos. .............................................................................12 Chapter 8. The "New Kingdom" or "Empire" : Eighteenth to Twentieth Dynasties (c.1567-1085 B.C.)...............................................13 Chapter 9. The Decline of the Empire. ...................................................15 Chapter 10. Persian Rule (525-332 B.C.): Conquest by Alexander the Great. 17 Chapter 11. The Early Ptolemies: Alexandria. ...........................................18 Chapter 12. The Later Ptolemies: The Advent of Rome. .............................20 Chapter 13. Cleopatra...........................................................................21 Chapter 14. Egypt under the Roman, and then Byzantine, Empire: Christianity: The Coptic Church.............................................23
    [Show full text]
  • The Late Republic in 5 Timelines (Teacher Guide and Notes)
    1 180 BC: lex Villia Annalis – a law regulating the minimum ages at which a individual could how political office at each stage of the cursus honorum (career path). This was a step to regularising a political career and enforcing limits. 146 BC: The fall of Carthage in North Africa and Corinth in Greece effectively brought an end to Rome’s large overseas campaigns for control of the Mediterranean. This is the point that the historian Sallust sees as the beginning of the decline of the Republic, as Rome had no rivals to compete with and so turn inwards, corrupted by greed. 139 BC: lex Gabinia tabelleria– the first of several laws introduced by tribunes to ensure secret ballots for for voting within the assembliess (this one applied to elections of magistrates). 133 BC – the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus, who along with his younger brother, is seen as either a social reformer or a demagogue. He introduced an agrarian land that aimed to distribute Roman public land to the poorer elements within Roman society (although this act quite likely increased tensions between the Italian allies and Rome, because it was land on which the Italians lived that was be redistributed). He was killed in 132 BC by a band of senators led by the pontifex maximus (chief priest), because they saw have as a political threat, who was allegedly aiming at kingship. 2 123-121 BC – the younger brother of Tiberius Gracchus, Gaius Gracchus was tribune in 123 and 122 BC, passing a number of laws, which apparent to have aimed to address a number of socio-economic issues and inequalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Life in Ancient Egypt
    Life in Ancient Egypt CV ANGLÈS 1r ESO IES JULIO ANTONIO Loreto Meix Boira KEY SYMBOLS Pair work Write Wh-questions Reading Tick Ancient Egypt CLIL Contents 1. The pharaoh 3 2. Tutankhamen 8 3. Cleopatra: the last Pharaoh 13 4. The River Nile 17 5. Economy 22 6. Food 23 7. Society 29 8. Clothes and make up 32 9. Death and mummification 36 10. Tombs and pyramids 44 11. Temples and beliefs 48 12. The Rosetta Stone 52 Final Activities 58 Glossary 61 Key 62 Bibliography 63 Timeline 64 Loreto Meix Social Science 2 Ancient Egypt CLIL 1 The Pharaoh Look at the Egypt map and at Tutankhamen’s tomb plan. a) Answer the questions below with the writing frame. 2. Tutankhamen’s tomb plant. Questions a) Where is Egypt? b) Where is the river Nile? c) How many doors are there in Tutankhamen’s tomb? d) Where is the treasury? 1. Egypt map. e) What is the burial chamber? d) What is the antechamber? Word bank Pharaoh four North Nile room last Egypt is in the _________ of Africa. River _________is in Egypt. There are______________ doors in Tutankhamen’s tomb. The treasure chamber is in the _______room. The burial chamber is in the room where the ___________ was buried. The antechamber is the ____________before the treasury chamber. Loreto Meix Social Science 3 Ancient Egypt CLIL A discovery In 1922 a British archaeologist, Howard Carter, was working in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. One day he asked his workers to pull down a small hut. Carter noticed some steps under the hut and asked his men to clear them.
    [Show full text]