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Spatial Differentiation of Agricultural Potential and the Level of Development of Voivodeships in Poland in 2008–2018

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Spatial Differentiation of Agricultural Potential and the Level of Development of Voivodeships in Poland in 2008–2018 agriculture Article Spatial Differentiation of Agricultural Potential and the Level of Development of Voivodeships in Poland in 2008–2018 Piotr Prus 1,* , Paweł Dzieka ´nski 2 , Małgorzata Bogusz 3 and Małgorzata Szczepanek 4 1 Laboratory of Economics and Agribusiness Advisory, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, 430 Fordo´nskaSt., 85-790 Bydgoszcz, Poland 2 Department of Economics and Finance, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Uniwersytecka 15 str., 25-406 Kielce, Poland; [email protected] 3 The Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agricultue in Krakow, 21 Mickieiwcza Av., 31-120 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] 4 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, 7 Kaliskiego St., 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-52-340-80-84 Abstract: Polish agriculture is characterized by regional differentiation. These differences affect the production potential, generate income, or development which is an indispensable element of economic efficiency. The aim of the article is to assess the spatial diversification of agriculture potential in relation to the development of voivodeships in Poland using a synthetic measure. Choice of variables in 2009–2018 was conditioned by the availability of data collected in the city system at the Central Statistical Office. Method of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution was used to build synthetic measures. The synthetic measure of agricultural potential in voivodships Citation: Prus, P.; Dzieka´nski,P.; in Poland was negatively correlated with the measure of the natural environment, the measure of Bogusz, M.; Szczepanek, M. Spatial infrastructure, the number of unemployed and the area of forest land. It was correlated with the area Differentiation of Agricultural of arable land, number of tractors, cattle population, pigs and the production of milk, basic crops, Potential and the Level of sugar beet. The measure of the voivodeship development is negatively correlated with the synthetic Development of Voivodeships in measure of agricultural potential, area of arable land, arable land and number of people employed Poland in 2008–2018. Agriculture 2021, in agriculture. Conclusions drawn may allow local governments to define potential directions of 11, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ optimization of socio-economic development of rural communes. agriculture11030229 Keywords: Academic Editor: Sanzidur Rahman economic development; synthetic measure; voivodship; agricultural potential; statis- tics Morana Received: 4 February 2021 Accepted: 5 March 2021 Published: 10 March 2021 1. Introduction Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral Polish agriculture is characterized by regional differentiation. They are shaped by with regard to jurisdictional claims in demographic, natural, economic, as well as historical and many other conditions. The low published maps and institutional affil- level of development, concentration of agricultural land in small and medium-sized farms iations. or high employment in the agricultural sector hinder the process of multifunctional and sustainable development of rural areas. It is important that the concentration processes in agriculture become more intense, which would allow more rational use of the existing labor force [1]. Differences in the spatial level of agricultural development affect the production Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. potential, efficiency and ability to generate income. The integration of the state policy with Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. the rural development policy is necessary to compensate for the existing disproportions [2]. This article is an open access article Agriculture is an important sector of the Polish economy. It is the source of the distributed under the terms and most important product of mankind. It also affects the socio-economic situation of rural conditions of the Creative Commons inhabitants and the condition of the natural environment. Agriculture is a pillar of the Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// agribusiness sector and an element of the food chain, whose share in total production and creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ employment is high compared to other sectors of the economy [3,4]. 4.0/). Agriculture 2021, 11, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030229 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agriculture Agriculture 2021, 11, 229 2 of 27 Apart from international and regional processes, those of a local (regional) nature are shaped by the development taking place in the region’s economy [5]. Their role is even more important as they are directly associated with human social and economic activity, which is carried out in a defined place and time. Development is an enormous and complex concept, which results from the variety of goals it is to serve and the variety of activities that shape it. Socio-economic development is a set of changes directed at increasing satisfaction of the needs (collective and individual) of the people of the local community. The spatial polarization of development in the current economy occurs mainly between cities (areas of regional growth) and peripheral areas. The development opportunities of individual areas are hugely determined by functional links between regions, access to raw materials or distance from potential sales markets. New development factors include, mainly, the quality of human capital or the quality of business environment institutions. The subject of spatial dependencies was dealt with, among others, by Kopczewska (2006), Zelia´s (1991) [6,7]. The aim of the article is to assess the spatial differentiation of the potential of agricul- ture in relation to the development of voivodeships in Poland using a synthetic measure. Voivodship is a local government unit, a regional self-government community, the highest level of the territorial division in Poland, created to perform public administration. Dif- ficulties in the description and measurement of the phenomena occurring in agriculture result from the variety of processes and variables used in the processes taking place in the development of the local economy. This is because of regional differentiation of production conditions, demographic and social processes, financial resources. The synthetic measure was developed in accordance with the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. It helps us to compare units in a multidimensional space and sort them in a ranking according to the adopted criterion. Empirical data (available at the voivodeship level) were obtained from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office (BDL GUS) in the period of 2009 to 2018 for 16 voivodeships of Poland. The main objective of the article was to achieve the answer to the research question. The basic question was: Whether and how the agricultural potential of voivodships de- pends on variables influencing development (endogenic social and economic variables). Successively, answers were sought to the following questions: What is the spatial distribu- tion of development and agriculture potential? Which of the endogenic potential variables shape the level of agriculture and which of development? To what extent do transfers from the state budget shape the level of the financial situation, including development and agriculture? 2. Literature Review The basic manifestation of human activity in the natural environment is agriculture. It is also an important branch of the national economy. Polish agriculture is characterized by a different degree of production use. It is related to a significant diversity of soil and climatic conditions. As pointed out by S. Krasowicz and J. Igras [8], natural conditions are less and less important for the production potential, and the role of organizational and economic factors (e.g., human capital) is growing. This subject was dealt with, among others, by W. Poczta and F. Wysocki [9], W. Poczta and N. Bartkowiak [10]. Differences in the spatial level of agricultural development affect the production potential, efficiency and ability to generate income. The integration of the state policy with the rural development policy is necessary to compensate for the existing disproportions [2]. The potential of agriculture is an enormous phenomenon that cannot be determined by one variable, but by many. The analysis of its level can be done one-dimensional (for each feature separately), however, a multidimensional approach seems to be more appropriate. One of the methods of analysis is the linear ordering of objects, based on synthetic variables determined on the basis of many features characterizing the studied phenomenon [11]. Examples of the use of linear ordering methods in agricultural economics were presented by A. Majchrzak and F. Wysocki [12]. Examples of works describing agriculture in Poland Agriculture 2021, 11, 229 3 of 27 include the publications of F. Wysocki and A. Kozera [13], W. Poczta and N. Bartkowiak [10], L. Osowska and D. Janiszewska [14]. Individual authors used different tools characterizing the potential of agriculture, the common feature was that their size was independent of the size of the studied objects. Selected characteristics were usually converted into hectares (or 100 ha) or one employee. The potential of agriculture is assessed in terms of the size of the resources of
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