New Species of Gondwanamyces from Dying Euphorbia Trees in South Africa

University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences Faculty Publications Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences 2012 New Species of Gondwanamyces From Dying Euphorbia Trees in South Africa Johannes Alwyn van der Linde Diana Six University of Montana - Missoula, [email protected] Michael J. Wingfield Jolanda Roux Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/decs_pubs Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation van der Linde, Johannes Alwyn; Six, Diana; Wingfield, Michael J.; and Roux, Jolanda, "New Species of Gondwanamyces From Dying Euphorbia Trees in South Africa" (2012). Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences Faculty Publications. 36. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/decs_pubs/36 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mycologia, 104(2), 2012, pp. 574–584. DOI: 10.3852/11-166 # 2012 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 New species of Gondwanamyces from dying Euphorbia trees in South Africa Johannes Alwyn van der Linde in Custingophora (Kolarˇı´k and Hulcr 2009). Custingo- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, DST/ phora species have mononematous conidiophores that NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology terminate in obovoid conidiogenous cells with distinct (CTHB), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology collarettes and conidia. The Gondwanamyces teleo- Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, PBag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa morphs are characterized by ascomata similar to those of species of Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma , with globose Diana L. Six ascomatal bases and long necks bearing ascospores in College of Forestry and Conservation, Department of slimy masses (Marais et al. 1998). Phylogenetic studies Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of based on DNA sequences have shown that these fungi Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812 reside in the Microascales and are closely related to but Michael J. Wingfield distinct from species of Ceratocystis (Marais et al. 1998, Jolanda Roux 1 Zhang et al. 2006). Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, DST/ Until recently Gondwanamyces spp. was known only NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology from southern Africa, however Kolarˇı´k and Hulcr (CTHB), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology (2009) described two more species, Custingophora Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, PBag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa cecropiae M. Kolarˇı´k (no sexual state found) and G. scolytodis M. Kolarˇı´k from Cecropia angustifolia Tre´cul in Costa Rica. The discovery of Gondwanamyces on Abstract : Gondwanamyces and its Custingophora ana- native trees in the Neotropics in Central America calls morphs were first described from Protea infructes- to question a hypothesis that these fungi are specific cences in South Africa. Subsequently these unusual to the southern hemisphere (Roets et al. 2009a). fungi were also found on Cecropia in Central America. Species of Gondwanamyces are the dominant fungi During an investigation into the decline and death of in the infructescences of many Protea spp. in the CFR. native Euphorbia trees in South Africa, several fungal One species, Gondwanamyces proteae Marais & M.J. isolates resembling the anamorph state of Gondwa- Wingf., is specific to the infructescences of Protea namyces were obtained from diseased tissues. In this repens L. (Wingfield et al. 1988). In contrast study these isolates are identified based on morphol- Gondwanamyces capensis Marais & M.J. Wingf is found ogy and comparisons of DNA sequences. Two in the floral parts of many Protea spp. (Wingfield and previously unknown Gondwanamyces species were van Wyk 1993). It has been shown that Ophiostoma identified, both were associated with damage caused spp. occurring on Protea are vectored by mites and by beetles ( Cossonus sp.). Inoculation studies showed that Gondwanamyces might also be dispersed by the that the new species of Gondwanamyces are patho- same vectors in a complex association with Protea spp. genic on Euphorbia ingens and may contribute to the in the CFR (Roets et al. 2007, 2009b, 2011). C. decline of these trees. cecropiae from Costa Rica is associated with a scolytine Key words: Cossonus , Custingophora , Euphorbia beetle, Scolytus unipunctatus Blandford, but whether ingens , Euphorbia tetragona , insect-fungus interac- it also is associated with mites is unknown. tions, Knoxdavesia , tree diseases Diseased and dying Euphorbia ingens E. Meyer: Boissier trees were observed in Limpopo Province in the 1990s (Malan 2006; Roux et al. 2008, 2009). These INTRODUCTION trees are native to Africa and represent one of the The genus Gondwanamyces Marais & M.J. Wingf was largest succulent Euphorbia species. The species established in 1998 for two species of fungi collected consists of a main woody stem supporting cactus-like from the infructescences of native Protea plants in the succulent branches (van Wyk and van Wyk 1997, Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa (Marais Palgrave 2002, Gildenhuys 2006). The succulent et al. 1998). These fungi were described as having branches can reach up to 10 m and contain a milky anamorphs in a new genus, Knoxdaviesia (Wingfield latex that has caustic and toxic properties (van Wyk et al. 1988, Wingfield and van Wyk 1993), but DNA and van Wyk 1997, Palgrave 2002, Gildenhuys 2006). sequence data showed that they could be accommodated During investigations to determine the cause of death of these trees, fungal fruiting bodies resembling those Submitted 19 May 2011; accepted for publication 9 Sep 2011. of species of Gondwanamyces were observed on 1 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] diseased plant material as well as in the tunnels of 574 VAN DER LINDE ET AL .: GONDWANAMYCES FROM EUPHORBIA 575 weevils (Scolytinae: Curculionidae) infesting these minimum, maximum, standard deviation (SD), mean values trees (Roux et al. 2009). The aim of this study was to and the length/width (l/w) ratios. identify these fungi with DNA sequence comparisons Growth studies.—These were conducted to determine and morphology. Inoculation experiments on E. optimum growth temperatures. The study was conducted ingens were also undertaken to consider the possible at 10–35 C at 5 C intervals. Five millimeter disks from 6 d old role of these fungi in the decline and death of these colonies on MEA were placed at the center of 90 cm Petri trees in South Africa. We also included isolates from plates containing MEA, with the mycelium side of the disks diseased Euphorbia tetragona Haw trees in Eastern placed flat on the agar. The plates were incubated in the Cape Province, which were collected from insect dark 10 d with growth measured at 24 h intervals. For each tunnels in diseased plant material. plate two diameter measurements perpendicular to each other were made, resulting in a total of 10 measurements for each isolate at each temperature. The experiment was MATERIALS AND METHODS repeated once under the same conditions. A student t-test was conducted, P , 0.05 designated as significant, to Collection of samples and isolations.—Isolates were obtained determine significant differences in growth between the from two different Euphorbia spp. growing in climatically fungi at each temperature. different areas of South Africa. Isolates from E. ingens trees were collected during summer and winter 2009 and DNA extraction and PCR.—Cultures were grown 14 d on summer 2010 at four sites in Limpopo Province. Isolates MEA to obtain material for DNA extraction with the from E. tetragona were collected Mar 2010 in the Great Fish protocol described by Mo¨ller et al. (1992). Conidiophores River Nature Reserve near Grahamstown in Eastern Cape were removed from the surfaces of MEA plates with a sterile Province. All isolates were obtained from diseased plant scalpel and placed in 2 mL Eppendorf tubes and freeze material, insect tunnels or directly from insects associated dried 24 h. DNA was extracted and concentrations with dying trees. measured with a Nanodrop ND-1000 Spectrophotometer Isolations were made directly from fungal fruiting bodies (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, Delaware). observed on wood placed in moist chambers. Freshly The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (ITS1, produced spore drops were removed from conidiophores ITS2) and the 5.8S gene were amplified with primers ITS1-F and ascomata with a dissection needle and placed on 2 % (Gardes and Bruns 1993) and ITS4 (White et al. 1990) with malt extract agar (MEA; 15 g agar and 20 g malt extract per an Applied Biosystems Veriti thermo-cycler (Applied Bio- 1000 mL distilled water; Biolab, Merck, Midrand, RSA) systems, Foster City, California). The 25 mL PCR reactions containing streptomycin sulphate (0.4 g/L; Sigma-Aldrich, consisted of 0.2 mL Super-therm polymerase (5 u/ mL) St Louis, Missouri). For isolations insects were crushed in (Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, New Jersey), 2.5 mL (2.5 mM) 100 mL sterile distilled water with a plastic pestle, after which dNTPs (Fermentas, Vilnius, LIT), 0.5 mL (25 mM) MgCl 2 2 2 a series of dilutions were

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