DOCSLIB.ORG

Oriental Bittersweet Celastrus Orbiculatus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Oriental Bittersweet Celastrus Orbiculatus INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES FACT SHEET Oriental Bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Description: Problem: Origin: Oriental bittersweet Oriental bittersweet can Oriental bittersweet’s is a rapidly spreading overrun natural vegetation, habitat on its native deciduous, twining vine forming nearly pure continent of Asia is said with alternate round, stands in forests. It to be lowland slopes or glossy leaves. The outer can strangle shrubs and thickets at altitudes from surface of its roots are small trees, and weaken 100 to 1,400 meters. The characteristically bright mature trees by girdling vine is widely distributed orange. The branches the trunk and weighting in northern and central are round, glabrous, light the crown making the Japan and Korea. In to dark brown, usually tree more susceptible to China it is found primarily with noticeable lenticels. damage. There is also a in provinces north of the Small greenish flowers concern that this spe- Yangtze River. occur in clusters in the cies is hybridizing with leaf axils. At maturity, American bittersweet and globular, green to yellow threatening to genetically fruits split open to reveal eliminate the native spe- three red-orange, fleshy cies. arils that contain the seeds. This species may be distinguished from the native Celastrus scandens by the location of its fruit. C. orbiculatus has small clusters in Picture By: The Nature Conservancy. Pictures By (From top to bottom): the leaf axils while C. L. J. Mehrhoff, J. Randall and J. H. Miller @ www.invasive.org. scandens has clusters IPSAWG Ranking: only at its branch tips. HIGH HIGH HIGH Invasive Plants Distribution: are a Threat to: Oriental bittersweet was Ecological Potential for Difficulty of • Forests and brought to the United Impact Expansion Control wetlands States for cultivation during the middle of the IPSAWG Recommendation: • Native plants nineteenth century. It is now naturalized in 21 •Do not buy, sell or plant Oriental bittersweet in Indiana. • Perennial gardens of the 33 states where it was introduced, a region •Help by eradicating Oriental bittersweet on your property. • extending from Maine Wildlife south to Georgia and west to Iowa. In Indiana, This ranking illustrates the results of an assessment conducted • Lakes and rivers by the Invasive Plant Species Assessment Working Group it is locally abundant (IPSAWG), which is made up of many organizations and agencies in the southern third of concerned about invasive plant species. IPSAWG’s goal is to assess • Human Health the state and in several which plant species may threaten natural areas in Indiana and counties in northwest develop recommendations to reduce their use in the state. • Farmland Indiana. For more information about IPSAWG and the assessment tool used to rank invasive species, visit their website: Date Updated: 10/06 www.invasivespecies.IN.gov Control Methods: ALTERNATIVES to Oriental Bittersweet: Vines can be pulled out When using glyphosate necessary to control new by the root and removed or triclopyr, cut the stem 5 seedlings. Always read from the site. If fruits are cm. above ground level. and follow pesticide present, they should be Immediately apply a 25% label directions. bagged and disposed solution of glyphosate of. Certain systemic or triclopyr to the cross- herbicides, such as section of the stem. This glyphosate or triclopyr, that procedure is effective are taken into the roots and at temperatures as low Virgin’s bower kill the entire plant, have as 40°F. A subsequent (Clematis virginiana) been used successfully. foliar application may be Trumpet Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens) Oriental bittersweet smothering native plants. (Picture by: The Nature Conservancy. Eight Easy Ways to Combat Invasive Plants You can help stop the spread of invasive plants by following these 8 easy guidelines: 1. Ask for only non- for invasive species, and and natural areas to assist invasive species when you remove invasives before ongoing efforts to diminish Woolly Dutchman’s Pipe acquire plants. Request that they become a problem. If the threat of invasive (Aristolochia tomentosa) nurseries and garden plants can’t be removed, plants. centers sell only non- at least prevent them from 7. Help educate your Pictures By (Top to Bottom): D. Lieb- going to seed. man, J. Lepore and S. Baskauf. invasive plants. community through 2. Seek information on 4. Clean your boots before personal contacts and in Other Alternatives: invasive plants. Sources and after visiting a natural such settings as garden area to prevent the spread Virgina Creeper include botanical gardens, clubs and civic groups. of invasive plant seeds. (Parthenocissus horticulturists, 8. Support public policies conservationists, and 5. Don’t release aquarium and programs to control quinquefolia) plants into the wild. Crossvine government agencies. invasive plants. 3. Scout your property 6. Volunteer at local parks (Bignonia capreolata) For More Information: Not Recommended: On this assessment and IPSAWG: American bittersweet IPSAWG (Celastrus scandens) www.invasivespecies.IN.gov While American bittersweet On identification and control techniques: is native and non- The Nature Conservancy’s Wildland Weeds invasive, unfortunately, www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu nurseries often mislabel On native plant alternatives and sources: Oriental bittersweet as Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society American bittersweet. It www.inpaws.org is very difficult to find true This grant project made possible with United States Forest Service funds American bittersweet for sale. administered by the IDNR, Division of Forestry. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oriental Bittersweet
    Oriental Bittersweet Department of Environmental Protection Environmental and Geographic Information Center 79 Elm St., Hartford, CT 06106 (860) 424-3540 Invasive Plant Information Sheet Asiatic Bittersweet, Oriental Bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Staff Tree Family (Celastraceae) Ecological Impact: Asiatic bittersweet is a rapidly spreading deciduous vine that threatens all vegetation in open and forested areas. It overtops other species and forms dense stands that shade out native vegetation. Trees and shrubs can be strangled by twining stems that twist around and eventually constrict the flow of plant fluids. Trees can be girdled and weighed down by vines in the canopies, making them more susceptible to damage by wind, snow, and ice storms. There is evidence that Asiatic bittersweet can hybridize with American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), which occurs in similar habitats. Hybridization will destroy the genetic integrity of the native species. Control Methods: The most effective control method for Asiatic Bittersweet is to prevent establishment by annually monitoring for and removing small plants. Eradication of established plants is difficult due to the persistent seed bank in the soil. Larger plants are best controlled by cutting combined with herbicide treatment. Mechanical Control: Light infestations of a few small plants can be controlled by mowing or cutting vines and hand pulling roots. Weekly mowing can eradicate plants, but less frequent mowing ( 2-3 times per year) will only stimulate root suckering. Cutting and uprooting plants is best done before fruiting. Vines with fruits should be bagged and disposed of in the trash to prevent seed dispersal. Heavy infestations can be controlled by cutting vines and immediately treating cut stems with herbicide.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Weeds of the Appalachian Region
    $10 $10 PB1785 PB1785 Invasive Weeds Invasive Weeds of the of the Appalachian Appalachian Region Region i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments……………………………………...i How to use this guide…………………………………ii IPM decision aid………………………………………..1 Invasive weeds Grasses …………………………………………..5 Broadleaves…………………………………….18 Vines………………………………………………35 Shrubs/trees……………………………………48 Parasitic plants………………………………..70 Herbicide chart………………………………………….72 Bibliography……………………………………………..73 Index………………………………………………………..76 AUTHORS Rebecca M. Koepke-Hill, Extension Assistant, The University of Tennessee Gregory R. Armel, Assistant Professor, Extension Specialist for Invasive Weeds, The University of Tennessee Robert J. Richardson, Assistant Professor and Extension Weed Specialist, North Caro- lina State University G. Neil Rhodes, Jr., Professor and Extension Weed Specialist, The University of Ten- nessee ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank all the individuals and organizations who have contributed their time, advice, financial support, and photos to the crea- tion of this guide. We would like to specifically thank the USDA, CSREES, and The Southern Region IPM Center for their extensive support of this pro- ject. COVER PHOTO CREDITS ii 1. Wavyleaf basketgrass - Geoffery Mason 2. Bamboo - Shawn Askew 3. Giant hogweed - Antonio DiTommaso 4. Japanese barberry - Leslie Merhoff 5. Mimosa - Becky Koepke-Hill 6. Periwinkle - Dan Tenaglia 7. Porcelainberry - Randy Prostak 8. Cogongrass - James Miller 9. Kudzu - Shawn Askew Photo credit note: Numbers in parenthesis following photo captions refer to the num- bered photographer list on the back cover. HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE Tabs: Blank tabs can be found at the top of each page. These can be custom- ized with pen or marker to best suit your method of organization. Examples: Infestation present On bordering land No concern Uncontrolled Treatment initiated Controlled Large infestation Medium infestation Small infestation Control Methods: Each mechanical control method is represented by an icon.
    [Show full text]
  • Vanduzeea Arquata and Enchenopa Binotata Discrimination of Whole Twigs, Leaf Extracts and Sap Exndates
    Host-selection behavior of nymphs of Vanduzeea arquata and Enchenopa binotata Discrimination of whole twigs, leaf extracts and sap exndates Agnes Kiss Division of Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109; Present address: Agricultural Production Division, Room 413 SA-18, Office of Agriculture, Bureau for Science and Technology, Agency for International Development, Washington, DC 20523, USA Keywords: host-discrimination, Homoptera, Membracidae, Vanduzeea arquata, Enchenopa binotata, secondary compounds, alkaloids, phloem sap, hop-tree Ptelea trifoliata Abstract The host-discrimination behavior of two species of phloem-feeding membracid nymphs was examined through pair-wise choice experiments using whole twigs, leaf extracts and sap exudates. Both species have restricted host ranges in the field: Vanduzeea arquata is monophagous, while Enchenopa binotata may best be considered narrowly oligophagous in that it represents a complex of sympatric, reproductively isolated populations each associated with a different species or genus of plants. Nymphs of both species settled preferentially on twigs of their respective host plants but those of V. arquata showed absolute discrimination while those orE. binotata selected the alternative twigs a small percentage of the time. Vanduzeea arquata nymphs also showed a greater sensitivity to plant extracts, as a larger proportion of their responses, both positive and negative, were significant. Leaf extracts of all plants tested discouraged ingestion but not probing, and most nymphs exhibited a positive probing response to the extracts of their respective hosts. Only the sap exudates of the hop-tree (Ptelea trifoliata) inhibited ingestion. Enchenopa binotata nymphs from the population associated with the hop-tree also showed a negative response to these extracts but only at a higher concentration.
    [Show full text]
  • Oriental Bittersweet Orientalcelastrus Bittersweet Orbiculatus Controlcontrol Guidelinesguidelines
    Oriental bittersweet OrientalCelastrus bittersweet orbiculatus ControlControl GuidelinesGuidelines NH Department of Agriculture, Markets & Food, Division of Plant Industry, 29 Hazen Dr, Concord, NH 03301 (603) 271-3488 Common Name: Oriental Bittersweet Latin Name: Celastrus orbiculatus New Hampshire Invasive Species Status: Prohibited (Agr 3800) Native to: Japan, China, Korea Photos by: Douglas Cygan Description: Deciduous vine reaching heights of 40-60'. Bark: Tannish, furrowed. Leaves: Alternate, ovate, bluntly toothed, 3-4'' long by 2/3’s as wide, tapered at the base. Flowers: Small, greenish, blooming in spring. Fruit: Yellow dehiscent capsule surrounding an orange-red aril. Fruits occur in the axils of the stems whereas native bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) fruits at the ends. Zone: 4-8. Habitat: Disturbed edges, roadsides, fields, forests and along rivers and streams. Spread: Birds and humans. Comments: Very aggressive, climbs up and over trees and smothers them. Do not buy wreaths made of these vines. Controls: Difficult to manage. Cutting, pulling, or recommended herbicide use applied to foliage, bark, or cut-stump. General Considerations The introduction of Oriental bittersweet to non infested areas is generally associated with birds and small mammals feeding on the abundant fruits in the fall and excreting the seeds as they move from one area to another. Dispersal is also associated with human activities where earth moving activities occur or when the vines and fruits are collected in the fall for ornamental wreathes and decorations (which is prohibited) and then carelessly discarded. Seed viability and germination rate is relatively high at 90% in the spring of the subsequent growing season, but drops off significantly the following year.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Invasion Threat of the Liana Celastrus Orbiculatus
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal NeoBiota 56: 1–25 (2020)Emerging invasion threat of the liana Celastrus orbiculatus in Europe 1 doi: 10.3897/neobiota.56.34261 RESEARCH ARTICLE NeoBiota http://neobiota.pensoft.net Advancing research on alien species and biological invasions Emerging invasion threat of the liana Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae) in Europe Zigmantas Gudžinskas1, Lukas Petrulaitis1, Egidijus Žalneravičius1 1 Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, Vilnius LT-12200, Lithuania Corresponding author: Zigmantas Gudžinskas ([email protected]) Academic editor: Franz Essl | Received 4 March 2019 | Accepted 12 March 2020 | Published 10 April 2020 Citation: Gudžinskas Z, Petrulaitis L, Žalneravičius E (2020) Emerging invasion threat of the liana Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae) in Europe. NeoBiota 56: 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.56.34261 Abstract The woody vine Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae), Oriental bittersweet, is an alien species that recently has been found to be spreading in Europe. Many aspects of its biology and ecology are still obscure. This study evaluates the distribution and habitats, as well as size and age of stands of C. orbiculatus in Lithuania. We investigated whether meteorological factors affect radial stem increments and determined seedling recruit- ment in order to judge the plant’s potential for further spread in Europe. We studied the flower gender of C. orbiculatus in four populations in Lithuania and found that all sampled individuals were monoecious, although with dominant either functionally female or male flowers. Dendrochronological methods enabled us to reveal the approximate time of the first establishment of populations of C. orbiculatus in Lithuania.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plant Inventory 21St Century Planting Design and Management
    Tree of Heaven, Ailanthus altissima Species characteristics: • Deciduous Tree • Size: up to 80 feet • Flowers: clusters of yellow-green flowers at the ends of upper branches • Leaves: pinnately compound with 11-14 leaflets • Fruit: seeds develop in the fall, each seed is con tained in a sumara, yellow green changing to orange red in fall, brown in winter • Bark: gray with a snake skin like texture, lenticles WINCHESTER What makes this plant so aggressive? HIGH SCHOOL • Rapid growth rate, saplings can grow 3-4 feet per year • Mature tree can produce 350,00 seeds per year • Seeds are transported by wind and water. • Roots give off a toxin that can inhibit the growth of other plants. • Root sprouts up to 50 feet from trunk. N Why is this plant so damaging to native plant communities? It out competes native species for light. It forms impenetrable SHORE ROAD thickets and tolerates adverse soil conditions. SKILLINGS ROAD 0 50 100 200 Factors that limit species growth: It is intolerant of full shade. Management strategies • Hand pulling of seedlings. • Cutting twice per year, once in June, and again September 15th. • Herbicide application, cut trees and apply undiluted GRIFFIN triclopyr (Brush-B-Gone) to the stump or cut and PHOTOGRAPHY MUSEUM spray resprouts. JENKS CENTER POLICE STATION Species characteristics: • Deciduous woody twining vine FIRE • Size: Can reach 18 meters in height STATION • Flowers: female plants produce small greenish flowers • Leaves: variable in size and shape, alternate arrangement, broadly oblong to sub orbicular,
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Plants of Louisiana
    Rare Plants of Louisiana Agalinis filicaulis - purple false-foxglove Figwort Family (Scrophulariaceae) Rarity Rank: S2/G3G4 Range: AL, FL, LA, MS Recognition: Photo by John Hays • Short annual, 10 to 50 cm tall, with stems finely wiry, spindly • Stems simple to few-branched • Leaves opposite, scale-like, about 1mm long, barely perceptible to the unaided eye • Flowers few in number, mostly born singly or in pairs from the highest node of a branchlet • Pedicels filiform, 5 to 10 mm long, subtending bracts minute • Calyx 2 mm long, lobes short-deltoid, with broad shallow sinuses between lobes • Corolla lavender-pink, without lines or spots within, 10 to 13 mm long, exterior glabrous • Capsule globe-like, nearly half exerted from calyx Flowering Time: September to November Light Requirement: Full sun to partial shade Wetland Indicator Status: FAC – similar likelihood of occurring in both wetlands and non-wetlands Habitat: Wet longleaf pine flatwoods savannahs and hillside seepage bogs. Threats: • Conversion of habitat to pine plantations (bedding, dense tree spacing, etc.) • Residential and commercial development • Fire exclusion, allowing invasion of habitat by woody species • Hydrologic alteration directly (e.g. ditching) and indirectly (fire suppression allowing higher tree density and more large-diameter trees) Beneficial Management Practices: • Thinning (during very dry periods), targeting off-site species such as loblolly and slash pines for removal • Prescribed burning, establishing a regime consisting of mostly growing season (May-June) burns Rare Plants of Louisiana LA River Basins: Pearl, Pontchartrain, Mermentau, Calcasieu, Sabine Side view of flower. Photo by John Hays References: Godfrey, R. K. and J. W. Wooten.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plants and the Green Industry
    42 Harrington et al.: Invasive Plants and the Green Industry INVASIVE PLANTS AND THE GREEN INDUSTRY By Robin A. Harrington1, Ronald Kujawski2, and H. Dennis P. Ryan3 Abstract. There are many motivations for introducing plant offices were recommending the planting of introduced species to areas outside their native range. Non-native species, such as autumn olive (Elaegnus umbellata) and plants can provide food, medicine, shelter, and ecosystem multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), for wildlife food and cover. services, as well as aesthetic value. However, some species, Despite the many benefits provided by introduced species, such as Norway maple (Acer platanoides), Japanese barberry there has been growing concern recently among land (Berberis thunbergii), and Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus managers regarding the negative impacts when introduced orbiculatus), have escaped from cultivation, with severe species escape cultivation and become invasive in local ecological and economic consequences. The approval of a habitats. Invasive plant species pose a major threat to National Invasive Species Management Plan in June 2001 biodiversity, habitat quality, and ecosystem function. Invasive has major implications for future plant introductions and plants can also have devastating economic impacts, through has generated concern in the green industry. There is loss of revenue (reduced agricultural and silvicultural general agreement among plant professionals regarding (1) production in the presence of invasive species) and the high a need for education of industry people and client groups costs associated with control programs. The magnitude of on the issue of invasive species, (2) minimizing economic these impacts resulted in Executive Order 13112, issued by disruption to the nursery industry, and (3) requirements for President Clinton on February 3, 1999, directing all federal objective data to support listing of species as invasive.
    [Show full text]
  • Celastrus Orbiculatus Thunb.) Biology, Ecology, and Impacts in New Zealand
    Climbing spindle berry (Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.) biology, ecology, and impacts in New Zealand SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION 234 Peter A. Williams and Susan M. Timmins Published by Department of Conservation PO Box 10-420 Wellington, New Zealand Science for Conservation is a scientific monograph series presenting research funded by New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC). Manuscripts are internally and externally peer-reviewed; resulting publications are considered part of the formal international scientific literature. Individual copies are printed, and are also available from the departmental website in pdf form. Titles are listed in the DOC Science Publishing catalogue on the website, refer http://www.doc.govt.nz under Publications, then Science and Research. © Copyright November 2003, New Zealand Department of Conservation ISSN 1173–2946 ISBN 0–478–22519–9 In the interest of forest conservation, DOC Science Publishing supports paperless electronic publishing. When printing, recycled paper is used wherever possible. This report was prepared for publication by DOC Science Publishing, Science & Research Unit; editing by Helen O’Leary and layout by Ruth Munro. Publication was approved by the Manager, Science & Research Unit, Science Technology and Information Services, Department of Conservation, Wellington. CONTENTS Abstract 5 1. Introduction 6 2. Objectives 6 3. Methods 7 4. Results and Discussion 7 4.1 Taxonomy and description 7 4.2 History and distribution 9 4.3 Habitat 11 4.4 Morphology and growth 13 4.5 Physiology 14 4.6 Phenology and reproduction 15 4.7 Population dynamics 16 4.8 Ecological impacts 17 4.9 Weed management 18 5. Conclusions 23 6. Acknowledgements 23 7.
    [Show full text]
  • American Bittersweet Deciduous (Celastrus Scandens) Plant Pages: Native Family: Celastraceae Trees & Shrubs Map #10
    Vine American Bittersweet Deciduous (Celastrus scandens) Plant Pages: Native Family: Celastraceae Trees & Shrubs Map #10 Leaves: simple, oval coming to an abrupt point; finely serrated, shiny, smooth, lustrous dark green, greenish-yellow to yellow fall color. Buds: alternate, small, round with 6 hard scales. Stems: brown to tan, smooth, lenticels barely visible. Bark: not important. Flowers: can be male, female and perfect flowers on one plant or sepa- rate male and female plants; in clusters at the tips of the stems; not showy; Fruits: very attractive, 3-lobed capsule that splits and curls backward; yel- low-orange inside with crimson arils (seed coverings); ripens in Oct.; used for floral arrangements. Habit: vigorous, twining vine that grows to 20’ with support. Culture: tolerates almost any soil including dry; pH adaptable; full sun for best fruiting. Can get crown gall and Euonymus scale like vining Euony- mus. Cultivars: Male and female plants not kept separated well in the trade but may find cultivars ‘Indian Maiden’ and ‘Indian Brave’. Related species: Chinese Bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) has become a serious inva- sive species in the New England states; flowers are in axillary clusters in- stead of at the terminals. Credits: Photos from: www.midwestlandscapeplants.org and various other .edu websites unless noted. Text from: “Manual of Woody Landscape Plants” by Michael Dirr; “Tree Identification Characteristics (abridged)” from the University of Illinois Extension; www.midwestlandscapeplants.org; and misc. other sources. This publication may not be sold except to cover the cost of reproduction when used as part of an educational program of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
    [Show full text]
  • Bittersweet (Celastrus Scandens & Celastrus Orbiculatus)
    NYFA Quarterly Newsletter Winter 2017 Page 5 of 24 bank, waiting to be examined and have its genetic For my first field season, I primarily used the secrets unlocked. research award provided to me by NYFA for This year, ash seed production was scarce and traveling to my various research sites; from Akron spotty. Instead of sitting idle, we set out to collect and Basom in Genesee County to the Finger Lakes some of the species common to ash dominant forests. National Forest and additional Ithaca-based sites in Presumably, once EAB decimates our ash forests Schuyler and Tompkins County. So far, I have here in New York, we can expect understory species analyzed four communities that support American to suffer too, particularly in areas swarming with bittersweet populations, and hope to document plant other invasives like Japanese barberry and stiltgrass. communities at four more sites next summer. With We taught identification of 10 different native plants this information, I am hoping to determine a to our volunteer collectors and took in seeds from disturbance threshold for the species, and compare Mimulus ringens, Schizachyrium scoparium, Rhus it with sites inundated with Oriental bittersweet. copallinum, and others. These collections will live in American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) has a Colorado at the National Seeds of Success seed bank. NYS CoC (Coefficient of Conservatism) rating of 6 This program is part of a larger plan to develop a (see Rich Ring’s article in the Spring 2016 network of seed collectors: people who care about newsletter for an explanation on CoC values). This our native plants and want to do their part to help means the species generally has a narrow range of conserve them.
    [Show full text]
  • Minnesota's Top 124 Terrestrial Invasive Plants and Pests
    Photo by RichardhdWebbWebb 0LQQHVRWD V7RS 7HUUHVWULDO,QYDVLYH 3ODQWVDQG3HVWV 3ULRULWLHVIRU5HVHDUFK Sciencebased solutions to protect Minnesota’s prairies, forests, wetlands, and agricultural resources Contents I. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 II. Prioritization Panel members ....................................................................................................... 4 III. Seventeen criteria, and their relative importance, to assess the threat a terrestrial invasive species poses to Minnesota ...................................................................................................................... 5 IV. Prioritized list of terrestrial invasive insects ................................................................................. 6 V. Prioritized list of terrestrial invasive plant pathogens .................................................................. 7 VI. Prioritized list of plants (weeds) ................................................................................................... 8 VII. Terrestrial invasive insects (alphabetically by common name): criteria ratings to determine threat to Minnesota. .................................................................................................................................... 9 VIII. Terrestrial invasive pathogens (alphabetically by disease among bacteria, fungi, nematodes, oomycetes, parasitic plants, and viruses): criteria ratings
    [Show full text]