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Numerical, Analytical, and Experimental Studies Of Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-14-2017 Numerical, Analytical, and Experimental Studies of Reciprocating Mechanism Driven Heat Loops for High Heat Flux Cooling Olubunmi Tolulope Popoola Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC004065 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Heat Transfer, Combustion Commons, and the Other Mechanical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Popoola, Olubunmi Tolulope, "Numerical, Analytical, and Experimental Studies of Reciprocating Mechanism Driven Heat Loops for High Heat Flux Cooling" (2017). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3505. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3505 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida NUMERICAL, ANALYTICAL, AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF RECIPROCATING MECHANISM DRIVEN HEAT LOOPS FOR HIGH HEAT FLUX COOLING A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING by Olubunmi Tolulope Popoola 2017 To: Dean John L. Volakis College of Engineering and Computing, This dissertation, written by Olubunmi Tolulope Popoola, Numerical, Analytical, and Experimental Studies of Reciprocating Mechanism Driven Heat Loops for High Heat Flux Cooling, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. ________________________________ George Dulikravich ________________________________ Cheng-Xian Lin _______________________________ Walter Tang ________________________________ Ibrahim Nur Tansel ________________________________ Yiding Cao, Major Professor Date of Defense: November 14, 2017 The dissertation of Olubunmi Tolulope Popoola is approved. _________________________________ Dean John L. Volakis College of Engineering and Computing, _________________________________ Andrés G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development and Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2017 ii © Copyright 2017 by Olubunmi Tolulope Popoola All rights reserved. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my family for all of their love and support. I would not be as ambitious or successful without your encouragement. iv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION NUMERICAL, ANALYTICAL, AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF RECIPROCATING MECHANISM DRIVEN HEAT LOOPS FOR HIGH HEAT FLUX COOLING by Olubunmi Tolulope Popoola Florida International University, 2017 Miami, Florida Professor Yiding Cao, Major Professor The Reciprocating Mechanism Driven Heat Loop (RMDHL) is a novel heat transfer device that utilizes reciprocating flow, either single-phase or two-phase flow, to enhance the thermal management in high tech inventions. The device attains a high heat transfer rate through a reciprocating flow of the working fluid inside the heat transfer device. Although the concept of the device has been tested and validated experimentally, analytical or numerical studies have not been undertaken to understand its working mechanism and provide guidance for the device design. The objectives of this study are to understand the underlying physical mechanisms of heat transfer in internal reciprocating flow, formulate corresponding heat transfer correlations, conduct an experimental study for the heat transfer coefficient, and numerically model the single-phase and two-phase operations of the RMDHL to predict its performance under different working conditions. The two-phase flow boiling model was developed from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) model, and a virtual loop written in C programming language was used to eliminate the need for fluid structure interaction (FSI) modelling. The accuracy of v several turbulence formulations, including the Standard, RNG, and Realizable k-ɛ Models, Standard and SST k-ω Models, Transition k -kL- ω Model, and Transition SST Model, have been test in conjunction with a CFD solver to select the most suitable turbulence modelling techniques. The numerical results obtained from the single-phase and two-phase models are compared with relevant experimental data with good agreement. Three-dimensional numerical results indicate that the RMDHL can meaningfully reduce the peak temperature of an electronic device and result in significantly more uniform temperature across the device. In addition to the numerical study, experimental studies in conjunction with analytical studies are undertaken. Experimental data and related heat transfer coefficient as well as practically useful semi-empirical correlations have been produced, all of which provide archival information for the design of heat transfer devices involving a reciprocating flow. In particular, this research will lead to the development of more powerful RMDHLs, achieve a heat flux goal of 600 W/cm2, and significantly advance the thermal management at various levels. Considering the other advantages of coolant leakage free and the absence of cavitation problems, the RMDHL could also be employed for aerospace and battery cooling applications. vi TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER ............................................................................................................ PAGE CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................1 1.1 Background and Theory .................................................................................... 6 1.2 Reciprocating Heat Transfer in the RMDHL.................................................. 12 1.3 Objectives ....................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................. 16 2.1 Emerging Frontiers for the RMDHL .............................................................. 16 2.1.1 Battery Pack cooling (temperature uniformity) .......................................... 16 2.1.2 Liquid cooling system employing a RMDHL with leakage free ................ 20 2.1.3 Aerospace (Body forces, cavitation, and high heat flux application) ......... 22 2.1.4 New weapons based on directed energy systems (very high heat flux) ..... 23 2.2 Oscillating Flow Systems and their Analytical Solutions .............................. 23 2.2.1 Dimensionless Numbers associated with Oscillatory Flow ........................ 29 2.2.2 Governing Equations .................................................................................. 33 2.2.3 Velocity Profile ........................................................................................... 37 2.2.3 Transition to turbulence .............................................................................. 45 2.2.4 Turbulence Modelling for A Reciprocating Mechanism Driven Heat loop 46 vii 2.2.5 Mass of vaporization ( mv ) ............................................................................. 48 2.2.6 Pressure drop ................................................................................................... 50 2.2.7 Thermodynamic Principles ............................................................................. 51 2.8 Convective Heat Transfer Correlations .......................................................... 57 CHAPTER THREE: EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES .................................................. 69 3.1. Design and Construction of a Single-Phase Testing Rigs .............................. 71 3.1.1. Evaporator design for bulk temperature measurements .............................. 79 3.1.2. Surface/volume requirement in the condenser section .............................. 82 3.2 Experiment Setup for Single-Phase Heat Transfer Correlation ...................... 83 3.3 Design and Construction of a Two-Phase Experimental Setup ...................... 88 3.4 Single-Phase Heat Transfer Correlations ........................................................ 92 3.5. Temperature Measurements of Single-Phase Heat Transfer Experiments ... 104 CHAPTER FOUR: NUMERICAL STUDIES ......................................................... 107 4.1 Governing Equations for Single-Phase Flow ................................................ 112 4.2 Two-phase Numerical Models For RMDHL ...................................................... 113 4.2.1 Continuity Equation .................................................................................. 118 viii 4.2.1.1. Mass Transfer from the Wall to Vapor ............................................. 118 4.2.2. Energy Equation........................................................................................ 119 4.2.3. The Momentum Equation ........................................................................ 121 4.2.3.1. Interphase drag force ( F D ) .............................................................. 122 4.2.3.2. Interphase lift force ( F lift ) ................................................................ 122 4.2.3.3. Turbulent dispersion force ( F td ) .................................................... 123 4.2.3.4. Wall lubrication force ( F wl )............................................................. 124 4.2.3.5. Virtual mass
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