DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effect of Metals on Growth, Reproduction and Attachment of Zoosporic True Fungi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effect of Metals on Growth, Reproduction and Attachment of Zoosporic True Fungi View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sydney eScholarship The effect of metals on growth, reproduction and attachment of zoosporic true fungi By Linda Henderson School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Sydney 28 February 2018 Declaration The work described in this thesis is exclusively my own investigation and has not previously been submitted for the award of a degree at this or any other institution. Linda Henderson February 2018 i Authorship attribution statement Chapter 1 of this thesis, excluding Section 1.1, is published as; Henderson, L, Lilje, E. Robinson, K, Gleason FH, Lilje O, 2017. ‘Effects of toxic metals on chytrids, fungal-like organisms and higher fungi’ In: The fungal community: its organisation and role in the ecosystem 4th Ed. J. Dighton and F. White (eds.) CRC Press. The various contributions to this chapter are published within the Contributions section (p. 448) of Henderson et al. 2017. Only those sections of the chapter which I have written (30.1; 30.2.1; 30.3; 30.4; 30.7 in Henderson et al. 2017) have been included in this thesis. Chapter 2 of this thesis is published as; Henderson, L., Ly, M., Robinson, K., Gleason, F., Lilje, O. 2018. Maximum temperature for growth and reproduction is similar in two soil isolates of Gaertneriomyces semiglobifer (Spizellomycetales, Chytridiomycetes) from different soil environments in north eastern New South Wales, Australia. Nova Hedwigia: Journal of Cryptogamic Science 106: 485-497. I designed the study, extracted the data and wrote the draft of the manuscript. Chapter 3 of this thesis is published as Henderson L, Pilgaard B, Gleason FH, Lilje O, 2015. Copper (II) lead (II), and zinc (II) reduce growth and zoospore release in four zoosporic true fungi from soils of NSW, Australia. Fungal Biology 119: 648–55. I co-designed the study, extracted the data and wrote the drafts of the manuscript. Chapter 4 of this thesis has been submitted to the journal Nova Hedwigia for publication as; Henderson, L, Marano, AV, Truszewski E, Gleason FH and Lilje, O, 2018. Copper (ll), Lead (ll) and Zinc (ll) reduce the rate of attachment in three zoosporic true fungi from soils of NSW, Australia. I designed the study, extracted the data and wrote the drafts of the manuscript. ii In addition to the statements above, in cases where I am not the corresponding author of a published item, permission to include the published item has been granted by the corresponding author. Linda Henderson 20th February 2018 As supervisor for the candidature upon which this thesis is based, I can confirm that the authorship attribution statements above are correct. Dr Osu Lilje 20th February 2018 iii Acknowledgements Thanks to both my supervisors, to whom I owe a great deal. Dr Osu Lilje for teaching me essential laboratory techniques, also for her consistent encouragement and support throughout my research. Dr Frank H Gleason has inspiring my passion for research in the field of zoosporic fungi and for his constant encouragement and advice. I would like to thank all the members of the Lilje microbiology lab and the Dr Peter McGee fungal lab for help and support when I needed it most. Especially, thanks to Dr Katie Robinson and Dr Mai-An Ly for help with molecular techniques. Thanks to Bo Pilgaard for help in designing the growth experimental protocol. Dr Agostina Marano and Dr José Ivanildo de Souza provided invaluable advice on chytrid attachment protocol. The Australian Microscopy & Microanalysis Research Facility node (Sydney Microscopy & Microanalysis) at the University of Sydney is gratefully acknowledged for training and providing access to microscopy facilities. Most of all, I would like to acknowledge Gavin, Ellen, Lauren and James, for their continuous love and support, without which this work would not have been possible. Gratias tibi ago, Domine. iv Table of contents Declaration....................................................................................................................................... i Authorship attribution statement ....................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... iv Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: General introduction ..................................................................................................... 2 1.1 The lifecycle of zoosporic true fungi (chytrids) and their role in soil ................................ 2 1.2 Effects of toxic metals on chytrids, fungal-like organisms and higher fungi .................... 6 1.2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 Fungal Communities in metal-polluted and metal-rich soils .................................. 7 1.2.3 Mechanisms of fungal resistance and tolerance to metals ................................. 12 1.2.4 Physiological responses of fungi to toxic metal stress ........................................ 13 1.2.4.1 Toxicity .................................................................................................. 13 1.2.4.2 Sporulation and germination .................................................................. 15 1.2.4.3 Enzyme and metabolite activity .............................................................. 17 1.2.4.4 Non-enzymatic responses ...................................................................... 18 1.2.5 Concluding remarks ................................................................................................. 20 Chapter 2: A comparison of temperature effects on the same isolate (Gaertneriomyces semiglobifer) from different locations in NSW .................................................. 22 2.1 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 24 2.3 Materials and methods ................................................................................................ 26 2.3.1 Isolate collection and maintenance .................................................................... 26 v 2.3.2 Preparation of inoculum .................................................................................... 26 2.3.3 Identification of isolate ....................................................................................... 27 2.3.4 Temperature effects on colony growth size (growth on solid PYG) .................... 28 2.3.5 Temperature effects on biomass over time (growth yield in liquid PYG) ............. 28 2.3.6 Temperature effects on the number of zoospores released ............................... 29 2.3.7 Maximum temperature for growth recovery ........................................................ 29 2.3.8 Statistical Method ............................................................................................... 29 2.4 Results ....................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.1 Identification of fungal isolate ............................................................................. 30 2.4.2 Temperature effects on colony size (growth on solid media) .............................. 30 2.4.3 Temperature effects on biomass over time (growth yield in liquid PYG) ............. 30 2.4.4 Temperature effects on the number of zoospores released ............................... 31 2.4.5 Maximum temperature for growth recovery ........................................................ 31 2.5 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 34 Chapter 3: The effect of three metals on growth and reproduction of four isolates of zoosporic fungi .......................................................................................................................... 38 3.1 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 40 3.3 Materials and methods ................................................................................................ 42 3.3.1 Selection and maintenance of isolates ............................................................... 42 3.3.2 Preparation of inoculum .................................................................................... 43 3.3.3 Growth in liquid media........................................................................................ 43 3.3.4 Zoospore release ............................................................................................... 43 vi 3.3.5 Survival .............................................................................................................. 44 3.3.6 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................. 44 3.4 Results .......................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diversity and Phylogeny of Suillus (Suillaceae; Boletales; Basidiomycota) from Coniferous Forests of Pakistan
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY ISSN Print: 1560–8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596 13–870/2014/16–3–489–497 http://www.fspublishers.org Full Length Article Diversity and Phylogeny of Suillus (Suillaceae; Boletales; Basidiomycota) from Coniferous Forests of Pakistan Samina Sarwar * and Abdul Nasir Khalid Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54950, Pakistan *For correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Suillus (Boletales; Basidiomycota) is an ectomycorrhizal genus, generally associated with Pinaceae. Coniferous forests of Pakistan are rich in mycodiversity and Suillus species are found as early appearing fungi in the vicinity of conifers. This study reports the diversity of Suillus collected during a period of three (3) years (2008-2011). From 32 basidiomata of Suillus collected, 12 species of this genus were identified. These basidiomata were characterized morphologically, and phylogenetically by amplifying and sequencing the ITS region of rDNA. © 2014 Friends Science Publishers Keywords: Moist temperate forests; PCR; rDNA; Ectomycorrhizae Introduction adequate temperature make the environment suitable for the growth of mushrooms in these forests. Suillus (Suillaceae, Basidiomycota, Boletales ) forms This paper described the diversity of Suillus (Boletes, ectomycorrhizal associations mostly with members of the Fungi) with the help of the anatomical, morphological and Pinaceae and is characterized by having slimy caps, genetic analyses as little knowledge is available from forests glandular dots on the stipe, large pore openings that are in Pakistan. often arranged radially and a partial veil that leaves a ring or tissue hanging from the cap margin (Kuo, 2004). This genus Materials and Methods is mostly distributed in northern temperate locations, although some species have been reported in the southern Sporocarp Collection hemisphere as well (Kirk et al ., 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • For Review Only 377 Algomyces Stechlinensis Clustered Together with Environmental Clones from a Eutrophic 378 Lake in France (Jobard Et Al
    Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology Page 18 of 43 1 Running head: Parasitic chytrids of volvocacean algae. 2 3 Title: Diversity and Hidden Host Specificity of Chytrids infecting Colonial 4 Volvocacean Algae. 5 Authors: Silke Van den Wyngaerta, Keilor Rojas-Jimeneza,b, Kensuke Setoc, Maiko Kagamic, 6 Hans-Peter Grossarta,d 7 a Department of ExperimentalFor Limnology, Review Leibniz-Institute Only of Freshwater Ecology and Inland 8 Fisheries, Alte Fischerhuette 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany 9 b Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, Campus San Pedro, Apdo. 10138-1000, San Jose, Costa Rica 10 c Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, 11 Japan 12 d Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Maulbeerallee 2, 14476 Potsdam, 13 Germany 14 15 Corresponding Author: 16 Silke Van den Wyngaert, Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of 17 Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhuette 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany 18 Telephone number: +49 33082 69972; Fax number: +49 33082 69917; e-mail: [email protected], 19 [email protected] 20 21 22 23 1 Page 19 of 43 Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 24 ABSTRACT 25 Chytrids are zoosporic fungi that play an important, but yet understudied, ecological role in 26 aquatic ecosystems. Many chytrid species have been morphologically described as parasites on 27 phytoplankton. However, the majority of them have rarely been isolated and lack DNA sequence 28 data. In this study we isolated and cultivated three parasitic chytrids, infecting a common 29 volvocacean host species, Yamagishiella unicocca. In order to identify the chytrids, we 30 characterized morphology and life cycle, and analyzed phylogenetic relationships based on 18S 31 and 28S rDNA genes.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Chytrids of Taiwan (II)
    ChenBot. Bull. and ChienAcad. Sin. Some (1998) chytrids 39: 4756 of Taiwan 47 Some chytrids of Taiwan (II) Shu-Fen Chen1,3 and Chiu-Yuan Chien2 1Department of Food Health, Chia-Nan College of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan Hsien, Taiwan 717, Republic of China 2Institute of Biological Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan 117, Republic of China (Received April 11, 1997; Accepted August 28, 1997) Abstract. This paper describes and illustrates twelve species of monocentric chytrids that were isolated and purified. They include: Rhizidium windermerense Canter, R. ramosum Sparrow, Rhizophlyctis hyalina (Karling) Sparrow, Rhizophydium biporosum (Couch) Barr, R. chlorogonii (Serbinow) Jaczewski, R. condylosum Karling, R. elyensis Sparrow, R. macrosporum Karling, R. patellarium Scholz, Spizellomyces punctatum (Koch) Barr, S. acuminatus (Barr) Barr, and S. pseudodichotomus Barr. Except for Rhizophydium elyensis, all species described above are new to Taiwan. Keywords: Chytridiales; Chytridiomycetes; Spizellomycetales; Taiwan. Introduction was used to isolate and culture the organisms. The me- dium consisted of soluble starch 5 g/L, yeast extract 0.25 It is clear that as early as 1846 Braun had observed g/L, K HPO 0.25 g/L, MgSO 7H O 0.125 g/L, and agar 2 4 4 2 chytrids on fresh-water algae (Sparrow, 1960). Sparrows 12 g/L (or agar 1 g/L as 1/4 YpSs slush). Developmental Aquatic Phycomycetes (1960) and Karlings stages and morphological characters were examined us- Chytridiomycetarum Iconographia (1977) are based on ing the light microscope and scanning electron microscope. observation of freshly collected material or of gross cul- Axenic cultures were kept on slants of Emersons 1/4 YpSs tures.
    [Show full text]
  • S41467-021-25308-W.Pdf
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25308-w OPEN Phylogenomics of a new fungal phylum reveals multiple waves of reductive evolution across Holomycota ✉ ✉ Luis Javier Galindo 1 , Purificación López-García 1, Guifré Torruella1, Sergey Karpov2,3 & David Moreira 1 Compared to multicellular fungi and unicellular yeasts, unicellular fungi with free-living fla- gellated stages (zoospores) remain poorly known and their phylogenetic position is often 1234567890():,; unresolved. Recently, rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses of two atypical parasitic fungi with amoeboid zoospores and long kinetosomes, the sanchytrids Amoeboradix gromovi and San- chytrium tribonematis, showed that they formed a monophyletic group without close affinity with known fungal clades. Here, we sequence single-cell genomes for both species to assess their phylogenetic position and evolution. Phylogenomic analyses using different protein datasets and a comprehensive taxon sampling result in an almost fully-resolved fungal tree, with Chytridiomycota as sister to all other fungi, and sanchytrids forming a well-supported, fast-evolving clade sister to Blastocladiomycota. Comparative genomic analyses across fungi and their allies (Holomycota) reveal an atypically reduced metabolic repertoire for sanchy- trids. We infer three main independent flagellum losses from the distribution of over 60 flagellum-specific proteins across Holomycota. Based on sanchytrids’ phylogenetic position and unique traits, we propose the designation of a novel phylum, Sanchytriomycota. In addition, our results indicate that most of the hyphal morphogenesis gene repertoire of multicellular fungi had already evolved in early holomycotan lineages. 1 Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France. 2 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. ✉ Petersburg, Russia. 3 St.
    [Show full text]
  • Ectomycorrhizal Communities Associated with a Pinus Radiata Plantation in the North Island, New Zealand
    ECTOMYCORRHIZAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH A PINUS RADIATA PLANTATION IN THE NORTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Katrin Walbert Bioprotection and Ecology Division Lincoln University, Canterbury New Zealand 2008 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ECTOMYCORRHIZAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH A PINUS RADIATA PLANTATION IN THE NORTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND by Katrin Walbert Aboveground and belowground ectomycorrhizal (ECM) communities associated with different age classes of the exotic plantation species Pinus radiata were investigated over the course of two years in the North Island of New Zealand. ECM species were identified with a combined approach of morphological and molecular (restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing) analysis. ECM species richness and diversity of a nursery in Rotorua, and stands of different ages (1, 2, 8, 15 and 26 yrs of age at time of final assessment) in Kaingaroa Forest, were assessed above- and belowground; furthermore, the correlation between the above- and belowground ECM communities was assessed. It was found that the overall and stand specific species richness and diversity of ECM fungi associated with the exotic host tree in New Zealand were low compared to similar forests in the Northern Hemisphere but similar to other exotic plantations in the Southern Hemisphere. Over the course of this study, 18 ECM species were observed aboveground and 19 ECM species belowground. With the aid of molecular analysis the identities of Laccaria proxima and Inocybe sindonia were clarified.
    [Show full text]
  • Collecting and Recording Fungi
    British Mycological Society Recording Network Guidance Notes COLLECTING AND RECORDING FUNGI A revision of the Guide to Recording Fungi previously issued (1994) in the BMS Guides for the Amateur Mycologist series. Edited by Richard Iliffe June 2004 (updated August 2006) © British Mycological Society 2006 Table of contents Foreword 2 Introduction 3 Recording 4 Collecting fungi 4 Access to foray sites and the country code 5 Spore prints 6 Field books 7 Index cards 7 Computers 8 Foray Record Sheets 9 Literature for the identification of fungi 9 Help with identification 9 Drying specimens for a herbarium 10 Taxonomy and nomenclature 12 Recent changes in plant taxonomy 12 Recent changes in fungal taxonomy 13 Orders of fungi 14 Nomenclature 15 Synonymy 16 Morph 16 The spore stages of rust fungi 17 A brief history of fungus recording 19 The BMS Fungal Records Database (BMSFRD) 20 Field definitions 20 Entering records in BMSFRD format 22 Locality 22 Associated organism, substrate and ecosystem 22 Ecosystem descriptors 23 Recommended terms for the substrate field 23 Fungi on dung 24 Examples of database field entries 24 Doubtful identifications 25 MycoRec 25 Recording using other programs 25 Manuscript or typescript records 26 Sending records electronically 26 Saving and back-up 27 Viruses 28 Making data available - Intellectual property rights 28 APPENDICES 1 Other relevant publications 30 2 BMS foray record sheet 31 3 NCC ecosystem codes 32 4 Table of orders of fungi 34 5 Herbaria in UK and Europe 35 6 Help with identification 36 7 Useful contacts 39 8 List of Fungus Recording Groups 40 9 BMS Keys – list of contents 42 10 The BMS website 43 11 Copyright licence form 45 12 Guidelines for field mycologists: the practical interpretation of Section 21 of the Drugs Act 2005 46 1 Foreword In June 2000 the British Mycological Society Recording Network (BMSRN), as it is now known, held its Annual Group Leaders’ Meeting at Littledean, Gloucestershire.
    [Show full text]
  • Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycota)
    VOLUME 5 JUNE 2020 Fungal Systematics and Evolution PAGES 17–38 doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.05.02 Taxonomic revision of the genus Zygorhizidium: Zygorhizidiales and Zygophlyctidales ord. nov. (Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycota) K. Seto1,2,3*, S. Van den Wyngaert4, Y. Degawa1, M. Kagami2,3 1Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, 1278-294, Sugadaira-Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan 2Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan 3Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240- 8502, Japan 4Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhuette 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany *Corresponding author: [email protected] Key words: Abstract: During the last decade, the classification system of chytrids has dramatically changed based on zoospore Chytridiomycota ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny. In contrast to well-studied saprotrophic chytrids, most parasitic chytrids parasite have thus far been only morphologically described by light microscopy, hence they hold great potential for filling taxonomy some of the existing gaps in the current classification of chytrids. The genus Zygorhizidium is characterized by an zoospore ultrastructure operculate zoosporangium and a resting spore formed as a result of sexual reproduction in which a male thallus Zygophlyctis and female thallus fuse via a conjugation tube. All described species of Zygorhizidium are parasites of algae and Zygorhizidium their taxonomic positions remain to be resolved. Here, we examined morphology, zoospore ultrastructure, host specificity, and molecular phylogeny of seven cultures of Zygorhizidium spp. Based on thallus morphology and host specificity, one culture was identified as Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics of the Lobulomycetales, a New Order Within the Chytridiomycota David Rabern Simmons
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 5-2007 Systematics of the Lobulomycetales, a New Order within the Chytridiomycota David Rabern Simmons Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Simmons, David Rabern, "Systematics of the Lobulomycetales, a New Order within the Chytridiomycota" (2007). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 671. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/671 This Open-Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. SYSTEMATICS OF THE LOBULOMYCETALES, A NEW ORDER WITHIN THE CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA By David Rabern Simmons B.S. University of Virginia's College at Wise, 2004 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Botany and Plant Pathology) The Graduate School University of Maine May, 2007 Advisory Committee: Joyce E. Longcore, Research Associate Professor of Biology, Advisor Seanna L. Annis, Associate Professor of Mycology Seth Tyler, Professor of Zoology and Cooperating Professor of Marine Sciences Copyright 2007 David Rabern Simmons SYSTEMATICS OF THE LOBULOMYCETALES, A NEW ORDER WITHIN THE CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA By David Rabern Simmons Thesis Advisor: Dr. Joyce E. Longcore An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Botany and Plant Pathology) May, 2007 Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, the polyphyletic order Chytridiales, one of the four orders in the Chytridiomycota, contains several well- supported clades.
    [Show full text]
  • 1993 Li, Heath and Packer.Pdf
    The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiornycota. 11. Cladistic analysis of structural data and description of Neocallimasticales ord.nov. JINLIANCLI, I. BRENTHEATH,] AND LAURENCEPACKER Dep(~rittiet~tof Biology, York Utliversity, North York, Otzt., Cotzodc~M3J IP3 Receivcd May 15, 1992 LI, J., HEATH,I. B., and PACKER,L. 1993. The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiornycota. 11. Cladistic analysis of structural data and description of Neocalli- masticales ord.nov. Can. J. Bot. 71: 393-407. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of thc Chytridiomycota and the chytridiomycetous gut fungi with a cladistic analysis of42 morphological, ultrastructural, and mitotic characters for 38 taxa using both maximum parsimony and distance algorithms. Our analyses show that there are three major clades within the Chytridiomycota: the gut fungi, thc Blastocladiales, and the Spizellomycetales-Chytridialcs- Monoblepharidales. Conscqucntly. we elevated the gut fungi to the order Neocallimasticales ord.nov. Our results suggest that a modified Chytridiales, including the Monoblepharidales. is a monophyletic group. In contrast the Spizellomycetales are paraphyletic because the Chytridiales arose within them. The separation of the traditional Chytridiales into two orders is thus doubtful. Although the Blastocladiales are closer to members of the Spizellomycetales than the Chytridiales, the cladistic analyses of both structural and rRNA sequence data do not support the idea that the Blastocladiales were derived from the Spizellomycetales. We suggest emendations to the classification of the Chytridiomycota and note which groupings require further analysis. Our phylogeny for the currently recognized species of gut fungi is inconsis- tent with the existing classification.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhizophlyctidalesda New Order in Chytridiomycota
    mycological research 112 (2008) 1031–1048 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres Rhizophlyctidalesda new order in Chytridiomycota Peter M. LETCHER*, Martha J. POWELL, Donald J. S. BARR, Perry F. CHURCHILL, William S. WAKEFIELD, Kathryn T. PICARD Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 411 Hackberry Lane, 319 Biology, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA article info abstract Article history: Rhizophlyctis rosea (Chytridiomycota) is an apparently ubiquitous, soil-inhabiting, cellulose- Received 10 January 2008 degrading chytrid that is the type for Rhizophlyctis. Previous studies have revealed multiple Received in revised form zoospore subtypes among morphologically indistinguishable isolates in the R. rosea com- 27 February 2008 plex sensu Barr. In this study we analysed zoospore ultrastructure and combined nu- Accepted 18 March 2008 rRNA gene sequences (partial LSU and complete ITS1–5.8S–ITS2) of 49 isolates from globally Corresponding Editor: distributed soil samples. Based on molecular monophyly and zoospore ultrastructure, this Gordon W. Beakes group of Rhizophlyctis rosea-like isolates is designated as a new order, the Rhizophlyctidales. Within the Rhizophlyctidales are four new families (Rhizophlyctidaceae, Sonoraphlyctidaceae, Keywords: Arizonaphlyctidaceae, and Borealophlyctidaceae) and three new genera (Sonoraphlyctis, Arizona- Phylogeny phlyctis, and Borealophlyctis). rDNA Rhizophlyctis ª 2008 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Ultrastructure Zoospore
    [Show full text]
  • Clade (Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Chytridiomycota)
    TAXONOMIC STATUS OF GENERA IN THE “NOWAKOWSKIELLA” CLADE (KINGDOM FUNGI, PHYLUM CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA): PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF MOLECULAR CHARACTERS WITH A REVIEW OF DESCRIBED SPECIES by SHARON ELIZABETH MOZLEY (Under the Direction of David Porter) ABSTRACT Chytrid fungi represent the earliest group of fungi to have emerged within the Kingdom Fungi. Unfortunately despite the importance of chytrids to understanding fungal evolution, the systematics of the group is in disarray and in desperate need of revision. Funding by the NSF PEET program has provided an opportunity to revise the systematics of chytrid fungi with an initial focus on four specific clades in the order Chytridiales. The “Nowakowskiella” clade was chosen as a test group for comparing molecular methods of phylogenetic reconstruction with the more traditional morphological and developmental character system used for classification in determining generic limits for chytrid genera. Portions of the 18S and 28S nrDNA genes were sequenced for isolates identified to genus level based on morphology to seven genera in the “Nowakowskiella” clade: Allochytridium, Catenochytridium, Cladochytrium, Endochytrium, Nephrochytrium, Nowakowskiella, and Septochytrium. Bayesian, parsimony, and maximum likelihood methods of phylogenetic inference were used to produce trees based on one (18S or 28S alone) and two-gene datasets in order to see if there would be a difference depending on which optimality criterion was used and the number of genes included. In addition to the molecular analysis, taxonomic summaries of all seven genera covering all validly published species with a listing of synonyms and questionable species is provided to give a better idea of what has been described and the morphological and developmental characters used to circumscribe each genus.
    [Show full text]
  • About TERI the Bioresources and Biotechnology Division the Mycorrhiza Network and the Centre for Mycorrhizal Culture Collection
    Vol. 11 No. 3 October 1999 About TERI A dynamic and flexible organization with a global vision and a local focus, TERI was established in 1974. While in the initial period the focus was mainly on documentation and information dissemination activities, research activities in the fields of energy, environment, and sustainable development were initiated towards the end of 1982. The genesis of these activities lay in TERIs firm belief that efficient utilization of energy, sustainable use of natural resources, large-scale adoption of renewable energy technologies, and reduction of all forms of waste would move the process of development towards the goal of sustainability. The Bioresources and Biotechnology Division Focusing on ecological, environmental, and food security issues, the Divisions activities include working with a wide variety of living organisms, sophisticated genetic engineering techniques, and, at the grassroots level, with village communities. The Division functions through four areas: Microbial Biotechnology, Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Tissue Culture, and Forestry/Biodiversity. The Division is actively engaged in mycorrhizal research. The Mycorrhiza Network has specifically been created to help scientists across the globe in carrying out research on mycorrhiza. The Mycorrhiza Network and the Centre for Mycorrhizal Culture Collection Established in April 1988 at TERI, New Delhi, the Mycorrhiza Network first set up the MIC (Mycorrhiza Information Centre), the same year, and the CMCC (Centre for Mycorrhizal Culture Collection) a national germplasm bank of mycorrhizal fungi in 1993. The general objectives of the Mycorrhiza Network are to strengthen research, encourage participation, promote information exchange, and publish the quarterly newsletter, Mycorrhiza News. The MIC has been primarily responsible for establishing an information network, which facilitates information sharing among the network members and makes the growing literature on mycorrhiza available to researchers.
    [Show full text]