Summary - the Limits of Pacta Sunt Servanda in International Law

Summary - The Limits of Pacta Sunt Servanda in International Law

The debate on stability and change – or the limits of pacta sunt servanda – has played a central role in the history of international law. The question under which conditions a state may derogate from treaty obligations in case of changed circumstances seems a constant. It is exacer- bated by the inherent characteristic of treaties to “freeze” law at the moment of adoption, thus fixing it at a certain point in time. This dis- tinguishes treaties from international customary law, which – based on state practice and opinio iuris – follows reality, in Dupuy’s words, in de- grees of mimicry. Contrary to the latter, treaties are in permanent tension to the passing of time and changing circumstances. Stability and change were discussed at different times with varying focus. The most intensive debate surrounding these structural elements of the law of treaties seems to have taken place in the inter-war period, in the context of peaceful change: Article 19 of the Covenant of the League of Nations adopted an institutionalized solution, conferring the competence to the Assembly of the League of Nations to suggest treaties that have become inapplicable for revision when these endangered the peace of the world. After the failure of the League of Nations, the mechanisms developed after 1945 rather focused on action taken by the treaty parties. Articles 61 and 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) respectively allow for treaty termination or suspension in cases of supervening impossibility of performance and fundamental change of circumstances. Recent developments added new dimensions to the debate on stability and change. First, the formation of the law of state responsibility as a system of secondary norms and especially the therein conceptualized circumstances precluding wrongfulness increased the available options to accommodate subsequent changes. In particular the “legalization” (Verrechtlichung) of the necessity defence, from “necessity knows no law” to a strictly construed “law of necessity”, diversified states’ means to derogate from treaty obligations without as such endangering treaty stability. Thus, today, the force majeure and necessity defences incorporated in the 2001 Articles on State Responsibility (ILC Articles; Articles

C. Binder, Die Grenzen der Vertragstreue im Völkerrecht: am Beispeil der nachträglichen 671 Änderung der Umstände, Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht 245, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35094-8, © by Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., to be exercised by Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 672 Summary

23 and 25) provide for (temporary) derogation from treaty obligations in extraordinary situations. Second, the formation of increasingly specialized treaty regimes in areas such as human rights, the law of the sea, international economic law and investment law raises the question as to the suitability and applica- bility of the mechanisms of general international law to the respective systems. Mostly known as the phenomenon of fragmentation, the “rise of specialized systems” has also been regarded “as an example of international law’s capacity to adapt to the increasingly complex transnational problems in several functional areas”.1 Thus, do these systems need their own specialized derogation clauses too? Third, the courts and institutions which are regularly established in the respective treaty regimes have added a new dimension to the debate on stability and change as well. With their creation, one of the traditional criticisms voiced with respect to the rebus sic stantibus doctrine – that there was no institution to adjudicate upon it and that any invocation of the doctrine thus implied a dangerous legal insecurity – disappeared. Such institutions offer new possibilities of the debate’s conceptualiza- tion in legal terms. Against this background, this book examines the limits of pacta sunt servanda in cases of subsequent changes of circumstances and compares the functioning of the respective mechanisms established for this purpose: fundamental change of circumstances (Article 62 VCLT), supervening impossibility of performance (Article 61 VCLT), obsolescence, necessity (Article 25 of the ILC Articles) and force majeure (Article 23 of the ILC Articles). In today’s international law, are the mechanisms of general law – of the law of treaties and of the law of state responsibility – sufficient and adequate to allow for flexibility without endangering treaty stability? The investigation thus situates itself at the core of the tension between stability and change. This tension also provides the basis for compari- son and evaluation. Doubtless, flexibility and non-performance may be warranted in certain situations by considerations of justice towards the treaty party which has been struck by change, in the interest of a treaty’s legitimacy and the prevention of breach. Still, derogation needs to be balanced against the requirement of treaty stability and the pacta sunt servanda rule. Any non-performance is therefore to be kept to the

1 T Gazzini/WG Werner/IF Dekker, Necessity across International Law: Introduction, 41 NYBIL 2010, 3, 5. Summary 673 strict minimum; it has to allow for legal certainty and predictability and, as far as possible, protect the legitimate expectations of the treaty partners (Vertrauensschutz). These considerations provide the analytical framework for the exploration of the limits of pacta sunt servanda in international law. More particularly, the mechanisms of the law of treaties as well as of the law of state responsibility which allow for a non-performance of treaty obligations in case of subsequent changes are assessed as regards 1. the material criteria of application; 2. the procedures of invocation; and 3. the legal consequences of reliance. The layers of analysis thus follow the three levels on which the balance between the interests of the treaty partners – the good faith in the due performance of treaty obligations versus the need for derogation under the impression of change – can be struck. It is accordingly asked, to what extent restrictive substantive criteria of application make derogation from treaty obligations more difficult, thereby protecting treaty stability and the good faith of the treaty partners. Or whether it is rather the procedural deferment of the termination’s effect which balances the treaty parties’ positions by establishing a time frame to prepare for the lapse of the treaty. Finally, is there any balance through the legal consequences of termination/suspension/non-performance, e.g. by means of compensation? Chapter 2 is devoted to the tension between stability and change. More particularly, it deals with the need for treaty stability which is important for the functioning of international relations but may also become counterproductive when circumstances change substantially. The Chapter starts by outlining the continued importance of the pacta sunt servanda principle for the functioning of international relations, and even more so, for the recognition of international law as “law” (Part 2.2). Especially in the traditionally decentralized international system without central judicial institution, treaty stability seems essential. It thus comes as no surprise that even institutions/tribunals in particular treaty regimes such as international human rights or investment law consistently emphasize the importance of treaty stability. Still, Part 2.2 likewise shows that pacta sunt servanda, as codified in Article 26 VCLT, is a meta rule. The detailed obligations which derive from treaty performance in good faith depend on the particular treaty and are to be de- termined by means of treaty interpretation. This is most important in today’s international law of cooperation with increasingly dense treaty obligations which reach into formerly exclusively domestic spheres. Compliance with pacta sunt servanda therefore has always directer consequences at the national level as well. 674 Summary

Against that background, Part 2.3 deals with the tension between the static principle of pacta sunt servanda and subsequent changes. Some- times, an adjustment between stability and change seems necessary. On this basis it is shown that the accommodation of change may be required for reasons of justice regarding the party affected by the change; in view of the legitimacy of a treaty; and in order to prevent a treaty’s breach. Part 2.4 is dedicated to the (limited range of) mechanisms which allow for an accommodation of subsequent changes within the treaty; i.e. within the pacta sunt servanda rule. Such accommodation is, for instance, possible through an evolutive/dynamic interpretation of the treaty: especially institutions permanently set up in treaty regimes such as the WTO-Dispute Settlement Body and human rights monitoring institutions (e.g. the European Court of Human Rights) engage in such interpretation. Other options include a restrictive interpretation of the treaty obligations of the state party which was struck by the change. It is likewise possible to offer the respective state a wide margin of appreciation in the fulfilment of its treaty obligations. The principle of good faith is a further tool to ease the tension between stability and change within the treaty regime. Still, these options are clearly limited. This is perhaps best illustrated with the ICJ’s rejection of the “approximate application” of a treaty in the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros case (1997). Chapter 2 comes to the conclusion that the tension between stability and change may only be solved in few instances within the treaty regime. For this reason, the subsequent Chapters 3-6 are dedicated to the external limits of pacta sunt servanda. Hence, they deal with those mechanisms which allow states to derogate from treaty obligations in cases of subsequent changes. Chapter 3 starts with discussing the mechanisms of the general law of treaties: supervening impossibility of performance and fundamental change of circumstances, as codified in Articles 61 and 62 VCLT. The “traditional counterpart” of the pacta sunt servanda rule, fundamental change of circumstances, is dealt with first. Part 3.2 shows that, historically, reliance on the rebus sic stantibus doctrine was also (mis-)used to shed inconvenient or burdensome treaty obligations and consequently was a danger to treaty stability. Against that background, the restrictive framing of Article 62 VCLT led to a welcome clarification and limitation of the rebus sic stantibus doctrine’s scope of application. In view of its restrictions, however, Article 62 VCLT hardly ever lends itself to derogations from treaty obligations and offers only limited means for reactions to change. Summary 675

This is also reflected in the scarce state practice and jurisprudence. The ECJ in the Racke case seems to be the only international tribunal ever to have accepted reliance on a fundamental change of circumstances. Still, the ECJ applied only a restricted standard of review, namely whether the Council had made manifest errors of assessment concerning the conditions of Article 62’s VCLT application. Equally rare are examples of state practice. The Netherlands’ reliance on a fundamental change of circumstances in the early 1980s to suspend a treaty on development cooperation with Suriname due to human rights violations in the country appears to be one of the few recent examples of the doctrine’s invocation. Part 3.3 is dedicated to supervening impossibility of performance (Arti- cle 61 VCLT) as the second mechanism of the law of treaties to accommodate change. It shows that also Article 61’s criteria of application are most difficult to meet. This is less due to the provision’s restrictive wording, but rather to its very high substantive threshold: amongst others, Article 61 VCLT requires the impossibility of performance to be caused by the permanent disappearance or destruction of an object indispensable for the execution of the treaty for reliance to be permissi- ble. Jurisprudence tended to broaden the provision’s scope; for instance by including the disappearance of legal regimes in Article 61’s VCLT scope of application. This was, however, “compensated” by a broad understanding of the possible replacement of the “object indispensable for the execution of the treaty” which led to a consistent refusal to rec- ognize supervening impossibility of performance. Already the PCIJ did not consider the disappearance of a currency regime (gold coins) in the Serbian/Brazilian Loans cases to constitute an impossibility as its equivalent in gold value was still available. All in all, impossibility of performance is an exception which has hardly been invoked to derogate from treaty obligations. Nor has it ever been accepted by an international tribunal: while Article 61 VCLT was discussed in the Gabčíkovo- Nagymaros case and in the LAFICO v. Burundi arbitration, the argument was rejected in both cases. Thus, already due to the provisions’ restrictive substantive criteria of application, fundamental change of circumstances and supervening impossibility of performance are clearly focused on treaty stability. While this is positive in view of legal certainty, predictability and the necessary functioning of international relations, the mechanisms of the law of treaties, Articles 61 and 62 VCLT, are of little use for the accommodation of change. 676 Summary

As is shown in Part 3.4, the procedures of the general law of treaties (Articles 65 et seq. VCLT) also have deficiencies when it comes to the balancing of the treaty parties’ positions in cases of subsequent changes of circumstances. The VCLT’s procedures are complex and long which seems particularly problematic in cases of urgent changes. Moreover, their main focus on dispute settlement leaves the treaty partners only limited time to prepare for the lapse of the treaty. The outcome – the procedures end with a non-binding decision of a Conciliation Commis- sion – further weakens the VCLT’s procedural requirements. It thus comes as no surprise that, especially in more urgent cases, states only rarely comply with their procedural obligations. Hence, only the very “core” of the VCLT’s procedures (such as the duty to notify and the observance of certain minimum timelines until termination takes effect) may be considered as codification of customary international law. Espe- cially the mechanisms of Article 66 VCLT and the procedure before the Conciliation Commission are de facto dead law. Part 3.5 argues that also the VCLT’s regime concerning the legal consequences of termination (and suspension) is insufficient to adequately balance the treaty parties’ interests in cases of subsequent changes. The VCLT establishes a binary system and only allows for treaty termination or suspension (Articles 70 and 72 VCLT). Although the non- incorporation of renegotiation or judicial/authoritative adaption of a treaty to the changes was well grounded, their omission reduces the possibilities to balance the diverging positions of the treaty partners. This is, in particular, so because the VCLT’s termination and suspension regime does not even provide for any adjustment (e.g. through compensation) in cases of a partial performance of treaty obligations by one party at the moment of termination/suspension. This lacuna is especially problematic in cases of treaty suspension, since in such cases, due to the non-permanent character of the allocations, one cannot rely on other considerations such as unjust enrichment. Overall, the mechanisms of the general law of treaties offer only limited options to balance the treaty parties’ interests in case of termination/suspension. Against that background, Part 3.6 looks into obsolescence as an additional instrument for the accommodation of change. Obsolescence is characterized by the complete disappearance of the (political, legal, social and economic) context which surrounded the conclusion of a treaty. While obsolescence is not mentioned in the VCLT, it has increasingly been recognized after certain provisions of the Austrian State Treaty were declared obsolete in 1990. On this basis, it is argued that obsolescence may usefully complement the VCLT’s Summary 677 termination and suspension regime. Since the lapse of the treaty occurs automatically when the circumstances in which it was concluded have completely disappeared, the notification of obsolescence is merely of declaratory – and not constitutive – character. Given its declaratory effect, the procedural obligations are less onerous than in cases of reliance on formal termination grounds: in Austria, for instance, obsolescence is not subject to an actus contrarius and, consequently, to parliamentary approval as is usually necessary in case of political treaties and treaties whose contents modify or complement existing laws. In fact, Austria particularly welcomed the obsolescence’s reduced procedural requirements. Its state practice thus evidences somehow “modern” forms of reliance on obsolescence, namely as an instrument of Rechtsbe- reinigung. Bilateral treaties on visa requirements with Eastern European states, for instance, which lost their scope of application in the context of the accession of these states to the Schengen area, are thus declared obsolete on the basis of a simple exchange of notes. Nevertheless, declarations of obsolescence remain the exception. Among the possible reasons are the instrument’s limited publicity and its informality, which comply only insufficiently with the need for stability and legal certainty generally required in international relations. Overall, as is shown in Chapter 3, the law of treaties establishes merely inadequate means for the accommodation of change. Chapter 4 examines necessity and force majeure as the most important mechanisms of the law of state responsibility to derogate from treaty obligations in cases of subsequent changes of circumstances. Both mechanisms were incorporated in Articles 25 and 23 of the 2001 ILC Articles on State Responsibility and are generally accepted as codifying customary international law. As circumstances precluding wrongfulness, necessity and force majeure are secondary rules of international law and require a prima facie breach of international (here: treaty) obligations as a precondition for their invocation. In view of their restrictive criteria of application, the circumstances precluding wrongfulness of the law of state responsibility focus on (treaty) stability as well. The customary law based necessity defence (Article 25 of the ILC Arti- cles), which is examined in Part 4.2, allows for the non-performance of treaty obligations under certain restrictive conditions, when an essential state interest is threatened by a grave and imminent peril. Article 25 of the ILC Articles is the definite achievement in codifying the defence. It stands in sharp contrast to the older approach to the defence. Histori- cally, necessity was considered as part of the right to self-preservation of a state and thus, given the importance of the interests at stake, de 678 Summary facto was not subjected to any rules. While this is perhaps best expressed in the adage “necessity knows no law”, the necessity defence as incorporated in Article 25 of the ILC Articles is a tightly framed “law of necessity”. The restrictive wording of Article 25 of the ILC Articles is reflected in the rare cases where necessity has been relied upon. Recently, however, the defence attracted attention in connection with Argentina’s economic crisis of 2001-02, in which the country systematically defended the derogation from its obligations towards foreign investors with the state of necessity. And yet, necessity (as incorporated in Article 25 of the ILC Articles) seems to have been only twice accepted by an international tribunal: in the LG&E (2006) and the Continental Casualty (2009) cases. But even in these cases, the investment tribunals relied primarily on the treaty based emergency exceptions and only turned to Article 25 of the ILC Articles to confirm their conclusions. Part 4.3 analyses the force majeure defence (Article 23 of the ILC Arti- cles) as means to derogate from treaty obligations. It demonstrates that the conditions for reliance on force majeure are stringent. As is shown, force majeure is characterized by the elements of unforeseeability, irre- sistibility and externality which have to be proven by the state wishing to invoke the defence. Generally speaking, force majeure may be distinguished from necessity by the characteristic lack of free will, as evidenced in the English expression “act of god”. The defence’s narrow restrictive criteria of application are corroborated by the rare state practice and jurisprudence. Reliance on force majeure (i.e. on Article 23 of the ILC Articles) has remained the exception and has never been accepted by an international tribunal/institution. The only case where it was discussed more extensively (before being rejected) seems to be the ICSID decision Aucoven v. Venezuela (2003). On the other hand, the defence gained relative prominence in the jurisprudence of the Iran-US Claims Tribunal, which partly qualified the revolutionary conditions in Iran after the overthrow of the Shah as force majeure. Part 4.4 is dedicated to the de facto non existent procedural requirements for reliance on necessity and force majeure. As held by Special Rapporteur Crawford: the circumstances precluding wrongfulness function as a “shield rather than as a sword”. One can therefore rely on these defences even when a case on an alleged breach of international obligations is already pending before an international institution. This facilitates an expeditious means for the state which is burdened by the changed circumstances. Conversely, the de facto missing procedural requirements pose a challenge to treaty stability and the good faith of the Summary 679 other treaty parties which are given no time to prepare for the treaty’s lapse. The legal consequences of reliance on the circumstances precluding wrongfulness, which are examined in Part 4.5, remain largely unad- dressed by the ILC Articles on State Responsibility. True, reliance on the circumstances precluding wrongfulness does not have a permanent impact on the existence of a treaty. The duty to perform revives once the necessity or force majeure situation has disappeared. Otherwise, however, Article 27 of the ILC Articles is formulated as non-prejudice clause and does not take a position whether compensation is to be paid. Still, a general duty to compensate the other treaty parties for their “material” losses was increasingly accepted in literature, state practice and jurisprudence. This opens certain room to adjust the treaty parties’ positions in terms of compensation. In case of force majeure, ex gratia compensations are possible. In sum, Chapter 4 shows that the circumstances precluding wrongfulness of the law of state responsibility, necessity and force majeure, care- fully frame a state’s possibilities to derogate from treaty obligations in cases of subsequent changes of circumstances without endangering treaty stability. Especially the “legalisation” of the necessity defence has brought a welcome certainty into the debate on stability and change. Against that background, Chapter 5 undertakes to compare the mechanisms of the law of treaties and those of the law of state responsibility. This with the particular objective in mind of assessing whether the formation of necessity and force majeure has broadened a state’s possibilities to derogate from treaty obligations in cases of subsequent changes of circumstances. Part 5.2 starts with examining the similarities between the different mechanisms. It argues that the substantive criteria of application of fundamental change of circumstances (Article 62 VCLT) and necessity (Article 25 of the ILC Articles) on the one hand and supervening impossibility of performance (Article 61 VCLT) and force majeure (Arti- cle 23 of the ILC Articles) on the other hand are quite comparable. That is why the different mechanisms can, in principle, be applied to the same kind of situations. This is evidenced in the few cases where changed circumstances were at stake: in LAFICO v. Burundi and the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros case, for instance, states have relied on both, the mechanisms of the law of treaties as well as on those of the law of state responsibility, interchangeably to argue a non-performance of treaty obligations. 680 Summary

Notwithstanding these similarities as regards the mechanisms’ material criteria of application, there are structural differences between the law of treaties and the law of state responsibility. These are dealt with in Part 5.3. The ILC, when drafting the Articles on State Responsibility, distinguished between primary and secondary rules. The ILC Articles do not define the content and extent of state obligations, whose breach gives rise to state responsibility; they are merely concerned with the consequences which flow from their breach. Consequently, an (apparent) breach of a primary obligation is a precondition for the application of the law of state responsibility. It is shown that these differences largely correspond to the distinction between the law of treaties and the law of state responsibility. These two branches are clearly separated and categorically different. While the law of treaties establishes, in principle, primary rules and obligations, the law of state responsibility provides for secondary obligations that regulate the consequences of a breach of the primary obligation. The differences entail, as is shown in Part 5.4, the different functioning of the mechanisms of the law of treaties and of the law of state responsibility. Most importantly as regards 1. their mode of application, 2. procedures and 3. consequences of reliance. First, the law of state responsibility requires a prima facie breach of treaty obligations. The regime of state responsibility is thus only reached when a treaty has not been correctly suspended or terminated in accordance with the law of treaties. This implies a two step approach, with the non-performance grounds of the law of state responsibility coming after those of the law of treaties. Second, the procedures of reliance on the mechanisms of the law of state responsibility are much less complex than those established in the law of treaties (Articles 65 et seq. VCLT). As stated, necessity and force majeure function “as a shield rather than as a sword” and can still be relied upon in ongoing proceedings. This may be explained, inter alia, by the event based approach of the law of state responsibility and the ex post concept of reliance which is only possible once a prima facie violation has occurred. Third, also the legal consequences of reliance are different. While, in principle, reliance on Articles 61 and 62 VCLT has permanent consequences for the treaty relationship – successfully invoked it ends the treaty relation –, the operation of necessity or force majeure depends on the duration of the impediment and the treaty relation revives once the impediment disappears. The VCLT does not deal with compensation or any other form of adjustment between the treaty parties in case of termination. Conversely, in cases of a successful reliance on necessity, compensation is generally due. Summary 681

On this basis, Part 5.5 shows that the mechanisms of the law of state responsibility, especially the legalization of the necessity defence, broaden the possibilities of states to derogate from treaty obligations. They di- versify the possibilities to react to subsequent changes while, at the same time, maintaining an optimal balance between the treaty parties. To exemplify, the mechanisms of the law of state responsibility are – due to their reduced procedural requirements – an exit option for ex- treme cases. They are important for a state which is affected by changed circumstances and needs to derogate quickly from its treaty obligations. Conversely, the duty of compensation even in cases of a successful reliance on necessity leaves room to adjust the different treaty parties’ positions. This is not only a welcome reflection of the idea of “justice”. From a longer term perspective, the duty to compensate could contribute to a – cautious – flexibilisation of the necessity defence. Furthermore, reliance on the circumstances precluding wrongfulness will be the only means to derogate from treaty obligations when treaties codify customary international law. Likewise, considerations of domestic law induce at times a preference for the less cumbersome mechanisms of the law of state responsibility. While the invocation of necessity or force majeure is generally possible as decision of the executive branch alone, treaty termination (and suspension) frequently requires parliamentary approval. Finally, the mechanisms of the law of state responsibility allow more readily to derogate from treaty obligations when interests of the international community are at stake than those of the law of treaties. The 2001 ILC Articles mirror the changing structure of international law and the growing “verticalization” of international relations in fields such as human rights. More generally, they reflect an increasingly value oriented international community. This stands in contrast to particularly Articles 61 and 62 VCLT which are – as the totality of the VCLT – expression of a rather horizontally conceived law of interstate relations. In sum, the circumstances precluding wrongfulness increase the range of mechanisms to derogate from treaty obligations in cases of subsequent changes of circumstances; at least at the abstract and theoretical level. At the same time, the (welcome) focus on treaty stability of all mechanisms (of the law of treaties as well as the law of state responsibility) makes their weakening of pacta sunt servanda marginal. The narrow formulation of fundamental change of circumstances (Article 62 VCLT) and necessity (Article 25 of the ILC Articles) and the high material threshold of impossibility of performance (Article 61 VCLT) and force 682 Summary majeure (Article 23 of the ILC Articles) is likewise reflected in the limited state practice and jurisprudence. It implies that all mechanisms are merely reduced means for the accommodation of change. While this is welcome in view of the necessary predictability of performance and the stability of international relations, derogation from treaty obligations is only rarely possible. Moreover, as shown in Part 5.6, the criteria of application of all mechanisms (fundamental change of circumstances, impossibility of performance, obsolescence, necessity and force majeure) reflect the problem of general (international) law which has to remain applicable to multiple situations. Their abstract wording and elements take only insufficient account of case specific characteristics and the particularities of different treaty regimes. This becomes especially evident when applying the non-performance provisions of general international law to the specific regimes. Even more, since the dense net of state obligations in these regimes increases the need to accommodate change and enable corre- sponding derogations from treaty obligations. In short, the growing need for flexibility can only insufficiently be resolved by the mechanisms of general international law. For this reason, Chapter 6 examines non-performance options – termination clauses as well as treaty based emergency exceptions – in different treaty regimes, namely in human rights law, the law of the sea, the GATT/WTO-regime and international investment law. All the regimes examined provide for a “system adequate” derogation from treaty obligations on the basis of specific provisions which may also be relied upon when circumstances change. They thus contribute to ease the tension between stability and change in line with the requirements of the respective treaty regime. Put differently, the debate on stability and change seems to increasingly move from general international law into the different subsystems. Historically, the main “opponent” of treaty stability was the rebus sic stantibus doctrine (Article 62 VCLT). Today, it is primarily the treaty based termination clauses and emergency exceptions which function as the external limits of the pacta sunt servanda rule in cases of subsequent changes of circumstances. As shown in Part 6.2, the majority of treaty regimes (in human rights law, international economic law, the law of the sea and international investment law) contain regime specific termination clauses. These clauses offer a primarily procedural solution to the tension between stability and change. The establishment of minimum timelines (generally between six months and one year) after which the denunciation takes effect leaves the other treaty parties a certain time to prepare for the lapse Summary 683 of the treaty. This contributes to legal certainty since an exit from the treaty is not linked to compliance with (necessarily vague and general) substantive criteria. Only treaties of disarmament and arms control include material termination conditions such as the occurrence of extraordinary events which threaten supreme state interests. Still, an empirical analysis of state practice in the respective regimes shows that notwithstanding the incorporation of procedural termination provisions in most of the treaties examined, states have only excep- tionally left treaty regimes. In today’s international law of cooperation, permanent exit does not seem to be an option. Part 6.3 investigates the increased need for temporary non- performance. An empirical analysis of states’ derogation practice shows that temporary non-performance is rather frequent. That is why the “system adequate” formulation of treaty based emergency exceptions, which takes due account of the requirements of the respective regimes, is particularly needed. The treaty specific emergency exceptions differ sometimes significantly from the necessity defence under general international law. For instance, emergency exceptions in human rights treaties (e.g. Article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) mirror the vertical structure of these treaties, which aim at the protection of individuals. They subject a state’s derogation from its human rights obligations to strict rules and also establish a monitoring system with a regular international control of derogations through human rights treaty bodies. The emergency exceptions thus not only reflect the importance of interests involved: human rights. The monitoring system also provides for international control in an area where states do not necessarily have a reciprocal interest in compliance with treaty obligations. The treaty exceptions contribute to legal certainty, since, given the establishment of regime specific criteria, derogation from treaty obligations becomes more predictable. At the same time, they illustrate the fragmentation of international law. The debate on stability and change is conducted with increasingly differentiated instruments in the various treaty regimes. As shown in Part 6.4, the incorporation of treaty based termination provisions and emergency exceptions calls for norm conflict resolution techniques in order to clarify their relationship to general international law. The relationship is to be solved differently in the law of treaties and the law of state responsibility. 684 Summary

The lex specialis principle applies to the relationship between treaty based termination clauses and the mechanisms of the general law of treaties (Articles 61 und 62 VCLT). It points to the more special norm – generally the treaty provision. A treaty’s termination provisions will thus be regularly applicable as lex specialis. The two step approach applies to the relationship between treaty based emergency exceptions and the necessity defence of the law of state responsibility (Article 25 of the ILC Articles). One has thus to establish first whether the treaty based emergency exception is applicable. If it is, the derogation is lawful and there is no need to refer to the customary law based necessity defence. Since there is not even an apparent breach of treaty obligations, any ref- erence to the circumstances precluding wrongfulness of the law of state responsibility would be incorrect. Also the two step approach consequently points to the treaty provision which is generally examined first. This is welcome in particular in the case of necessity. It takes optimal account of the specific characteristics of treaty based emergency exceptions which draw the “limits of pacta sunt servanda” in a regime adequate way. What is more, cases of temporary non-performance are comparatively frequent. For this reason, an orderly derogation with the least possible impact on the treaty relations and a maximum protection of the treaty partners’ good faith seems particularly important. Part 6.5 analyses the jurisprudence of international investment tribunals in the Argentine crisis and shows that the positive effect of a treaty regime specific fine tuning, the advantages of a “system adequate” incorporation of emergency exceptions, is reduced when international tribunals incoherently apply the provisions or wrongly understand their rapport with the law of state responsibility. The opportunity in jurisprudence to determine the abstract elements of the necessity defence more precisely and the chance to establish a correct relationship between the treaty based emergency exceptions and Article 25 of the ILC Articles has thus not been realized – or not yet (?) To the contrary, the limits of pacta sunt servanda were drawn very differently by the investment tribunals. This reduces predictability and prevents legal certainty which should guide any derogation from treaty obligations. From the perspective of fragmentation, the diverging decisions of the investment tribunals in the Argentine crisis demonstrate compellingly the important unifying function of general international law when it comes to deal with stability and change. On the basis of a (correct!) treaty interpretation, the elements of the customary law based necessity defence could, for instance, have been drawn upon to concretize the treaty based emergency exceptions and could thus have contributed to Summary 685 their consistent application. Precondition for this is, however, an accu- rate understanding of international law by the respective institutions. This would require knowledge of the limits of treaty interpretation, the classification of the law of state responsibility as system of secondary norms and the correct use of methods for the solution of norm conflicts. The contradictory decisions of the investment tribunals in the Argen- tine crisis were not so much caused by treaty norms which were in- compatible with general international law. Rather, it was the investment tribunals’ problematic application of the respective norms. More generally formulated, the threats to coherence and unity of international law were less the specific provisions of a treaty regime but rather their application. In fact, the unity and remaining relevance of international law – central questions of the fragmentation debate in view of the proliferation of specialized treaty regimes – are primarily in the hands of the regimes’ institutions. These, however, frequently act in accordance with the particularities of their treaty regime and care (too) little about general international law. What is thus needed, is a more universalist vision on international law with respect to central questions such as the relationship between treaty based emergency exceptions and the mechanisms of general international law (here: the customary law based necessity defence). Only a correct handling of international law’s toolbox to deal with change will make it possible to solve the tension between stability and change adequately, i.e. in the interest of an optimal adjustment of the treaty parties’ positions, in line with legal certainty and predictability. That is why this book is a plea for an exacter dogmatic as well as a deepened examination of the relationship between general international law and particular treaty regimes from a universalist perspective.

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Judikaturverzeichnis

Ständiger Internationaler Gerichtshof

Case concerning the Payment in Gold of the Brazilian Federal Loans issued in France, Judgment, 12.7.1929, PCIJ Ser A, No 21, 93. Case concerning the Payment of various Serbian Loans issued in France, Judgment, 12.7.1929, PCIJ Ser A, No 20, 5. Case of the Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex, Judg- ment, 7.6.1932, PCIJ Ser A/B, No 46, 96. Case of the S.S. “Wimbledon”, Judgment, 17.8.1923, PCIJ Ser A, No 1, 15. Designation of the Workers’ Delegate for the Netherlands at the Third Session of the International Labour Conference, Advisory Opinion, 31.7.1922, PCIJ Ser B, No 1, 19. Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations, Advisory Opinion, 21.2.1925, PCIJ Ser B, No 10, 20. Railway Traffic between Lithuania and Poland, Advisory Opinion, 15.10.1931, PCIJ Ser A/B, No 42, 108. The “Société Commerciale de Belgique”, Judgment, 15.6.1939, PCIJ Ser A/B, No 78, 160. The Case of the S.S. “Lotus”, Judgment, 7.9.1927, PCIJ Ser A, No 10, 1. The Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment, 30.8.1924, PCIJ Ser A, No 2, 34. The Oscar Chinn Case, Judgment, 12.12.1934, PCIJ Ser A/B, No 63, 65.

Internationaler Gerichtshof

Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of In- dependence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, 22.7.2010, ICJ Rep 2010, 403.

C. Binder, Die Grenzen der Vertragstreue im Völkerrecht: am Beispeil der nachträglichen 733 Änderung der Umstände, Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht 245, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35094-8, © by Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., to be exercised by Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 734 Judikaturverzeichnis

Admissibility of Hearings of Petitioners by the Committee on South West Africa, Advisory Opinion, 1.6.1956, ICJ Rep 1956, 23. Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case (Greece v Turkey), Judgment, 19.12.1978, ICJ Rep 1978, 3. Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v Paki- stan), Judgment, 18.8.1972, ICJ Rep 1972, 46. Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v Greece), Judgment, 5.12.2011, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/142/16827.pdf. Barcelona Traction Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v Spain), Preliminary Objections, 24.7.1964, ICJ Rep 1964, 6. Barcelona Traction Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v Spain), Judgment, 5.2.1970, ICJ Rep 1970, 3. Case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (De- mocratic Republic of the Congo v Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissi- bility, 3.2.2006, ICJ Rep 2006, 6. Case concerning Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v France), Judgment, 4.6.2008, ICJ Rep 2008, 177. Case concerning East Timor (Portugal v Australia), Judgment, 30.6.1995, ICJ Rep 1995, 90. Case concerning Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana v Namibia), Judg- ment, 13.12.1999, ICJ Rep 1999, 1045. Case concerning Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v Belgium), Preliminary Objections, 15.12.2004, ICJ Rep 2004, 279. Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v Bahrain), Jurisdiction and Admissi- bility, 1.7.1994, ICJ Rep 1994, 112. Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v Bahrain), Jurisdiction and Admissi- bility, 15.2.1995, ICJ Rep 1995, 6. Case concerning Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v Norway), Judgment, 14.6.1993, ICJ Rep 1993, 211. Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 26.11.1984, ICJ Rep 1984, 392. Judikaturverzeichnis 735

Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America), Merits, 27.6.1986, ICJ Rep 1986, 14. Case concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v United States of America), Judgment, 6.11.2003, ICJ Rep 2003, 161. Case concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v Uru- guay), Judgment, 20.4.2010, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/135/ 15877.pdf. Case concerning Rights of Nationals of the United States of America in Morocco (France v the United States of America), Judgment, 27.8.1952, ICJ Rep 1952, 176. Case concerning the Application of the Convention of 1902 governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v Sweden), Judgment, 28.11.1958, ICJ Rep 1958, 55. Case concerning the Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v Nicaragua), Judgment, 13.7.2009, ICJ Rep 2009, 213. Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Pre- liminary Objections, 11.6.1998, ICJ Rep 1998, 275. Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judgment, 10.10.2002, ICJ Rep 2002, 303. Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v Thailand), Merits, 15.6.1962, ICJ Rep 1962, 6. Case concerning the Territorial Dispute between Libya and Chad (Lib- yan Arab Jamirihiya v Chad), Judgment, 3.2.1994, ICJ Rep 1994, 6. Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehe- ran (United States v Iran), Judgment, 24.5.1980, ICJ Rep 1980, 3. Competence of the General Assembly for the Admission of a State to the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, 3.3.1950, ICJ Rep 1950, 4. Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v Canada), Jurisdiction, 4.12.1998, ICJ Rep 1998, 432. Fisheries Jurisdiction Cases (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v Iceland; Federal Republic of Germany v Iceland), Jurisdiction, 2.2.1973, ICJ Rep 1973, 3. Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso v Republic of Mali), Judgment, 22.12.1986, ICJ Rep 1986, 554. 736 Judikaturverzeichnis

Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), Judgment, 25.9.1997, ICJ Rep 1997, 7. International Status of South-West Africa, Advisory Opinion, 11.7.1950, ICJ Rep 1950, 128. Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania (2nd phase), Advisory Opinion, 18.7.1950, ICJ Rep 1950, 221. Interpretation of the Agreement of 25 March 1951 between the WHO and Egypt, Advisory Opinion, 20.12.1980, ICJ Rep 1980, 73. Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Af- rica in Namibia (South-West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, 21.6.1971, ICJ Rep 1971, 16. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Pal- estinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, 9.7.2004, ICJ Rep 2004, 136. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, 8.7.1996, ICJ Rep 1996, 226. North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v the Netherlands), Judgment, 20.2.1969, ICJ Rep 1969, 3. Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, 2.12.1963, ICJ Rep 1963, 15. Nuclear Tests Case (New Zealand v France), Judgment, 20.12.1974, ICJ Rep 1974, 457. South West Africa Cases (Ethiopia v South Africa; Liberia v South Af- rica), Preliminary Objections, 21.12.1962, ICJ Rep 1962, 319.

Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte

A and Others v the United Kingdom, Appl No 3455/05, Judgment (GC), 19.2.2009, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 2009. Aksoy v Turkey, Appl No 21987/93, Judgment, 18.12.1996, Reports 1996-VI. Demir and Others v Turkey, Appl No 21380/93, Judgment, 23.9.1998, Reports 1998-VI. Handyside v the United Kingdom, Appl No 5493/72, Judgment, 7.12.1976, Ser A, No 24. Judikaturverzeichnis 737

Lawless v Ireland (No 3), Appl No 332/57, Judgment, 1.7.1961, Ser A, No 3. National Union of Belgian Police v Belgium, Judgment, Appl No 4464/70, 27.10.1975, Ser A, No 19. Winterwerp v the Netherlands, Appl No 6301/73, Judgment, 24.10.1979, Ser A, No 33.

Europäische Menschenrechtskommission

Cyprus v Turkey I & II, Appl Nos 6780/74, 6950/75, Report of the Commission, 10.7.1976. Denmark, Norway and Sweden v Greece II, Appl No 4448/70, Report of the Commission, 4.10.1976. Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands v Greece I, Appl Nos 3321/67, 3322/67, 3323/67, 3344/67, Report of the Commission, 5.11.1969.

Interamerikanischer Menschenrechtsgerichtshof

Caso Caesar v Trinidad y Tobago, Fondo, Reparaciones y Costas, 11.3.2005, Ser C, No 123, http://www.corteidh.or.cr/pais.cfm?id_ Pais=27. Interpretation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man within the Framework of Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights, Rechtsgutachten OC-10-89, 14.7.1989, 29 ILM 1990, 378. Loyaza Tamayo v Peru, Cumplimiento de Sentencia, 17.11.1999, Ser C, No 60, http://www.corteidh.or.cr/pais.cfm?id_Pais=8. Marta Colomina and Liliana Velásquez v Venezuela, Resolución, 2.12.2003, Ser E, No 1, http://www.corteidh.or.cr/pais.cfm?id_Pais=13. Responsabilidad por Expedición y Aplicación de Leyes Violatorias de la Convención, Rechtsgutachten OC-14-94, 9.12.1994, http://www. corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_14_esp.pdf. 738 Judikaturverzeichnis

VN-Menschenrechtsausschuss

Consuelo Salgar de Montejo v Colombia, Communication No 64/1979, UN Doc Supp No 40 (A/37/40), 168 (1982). Jorge Landinelli Silva v Uruguay, Communication No 34/1978, UN Doc Supp No 40 (A/36/40), 130 (1981).

Europäischer Gerichtshof

C-90/63, Commission of the EEC v Luxembourg and Belgium, Judg- ment, 13.11.1964. C-101/84, Commission v Italy, Judgment, 11.7.1985. C-145/85, Denkavit Belgie NV v Belgium, Judgment, 5.2.1987. C-162/96, Racke v Hauptzollamt Mainz, Judgment, 16.6.1998. C-266/81, SIOT v Ministero delle finanze, Judgment, 16.3.1983.

ICSID-Tribunale

Amco Asia Corp, Pan American Development, Ltd and PT Amco In- donesia v Republic of Indonesia, ICSID Case No ARB/81/1, Jurisdic- tion, 25.9.1983, 1 ICSID Reports 377. American Manufacturing & Trading, Inc v Republic of Zaire, ICSID Case No 93/1, Award, 21.2.1997, 5 ICSID Reports 11. Asian Agricultural Products Ltd v Republic of Sri Lanka, ICSID Case No ARB/87/3, Award, 21.6.1990, ICSID Reports 246. Autopista Concesionada de Venezuela, CA (“Aucoven”) v Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, ICSID Case No ARB/00/5, Award, 23.9.2003, http://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesR H&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC610_En&caseId=C192. Burlington Resources Inc v Republic of Ecuador, ICSID Case No ARB/08/5, Decision on Jurisdiction, 2.6.2010, http://italaw.com/sites/ default/files/case-documents/ita0106.pdf. CMS Gas Transmission Company v The Republic of Argentina, ICSID Case No ARB/01/8, Award, 12.5.2005, 44 ILM 2005, 1205. Judikaturverzeichnis 739

CMS Gas Transmission Company v Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/01/8, Decision of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Application of Annulment of the Argentine Republic, 25.9.2007, http://ita.law. uvic.ca/documents/CMSAnnulmentDecision.pdf. Continental Casualty Company v The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/03/9, Award, 5.9.2008, http://ita.law.uvic.ca/documents/ ContinentalCasualtyAward.pdf. Continental Casualty Company v The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/03/9, Decision on the Application for Partial Annul- ment of the Award of the Argentine Republic, 16.9.2011, http://italaw.com/cases/329. El Paso Energy International Company v The Argentine Republic, IC- SID Case No ARB/03/15, Award, 31.10.2011, http://italaw.com/ cases-by-respondent?field_case_respondent_tid=34. Enron Corporation and Ponderosa Assets LP v The Argentine Repub- lic, ICSID Case No ARB/01/3, Award, 22.5.2007, http://ita.law.uvic. ca/documents/Enron-Award.pdf. Enron Corporation and Ponderosa Assets LP v Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/01/3, Decision of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Application of Annulment of the Argentine Republic, 30.7.2010, http://italaw.com/documents/EnronAnnulmentDecision.pdf. Hrvatska elektroprivreda dd v Republic of Slovenia, ICSID Case No ARB/05/24, Decision on the Treaty Interpretation Issue, 12.6.2009, http://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesR H&actionVal=viewCase&reqFrom=Home&caseId=C69. Impregilo SpA v Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/07/17, Award, 21.6.2011, http://italaw.com/cases-by-respondent?field_case_ respondent_tid=34. LG&E Energy Corp, LG&E Capital Corp and LG&E International, Inc v Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/02/1, Decision on Li- ability, 3.10.2006, http://ita.law.uvic.ca/documents/LGEArgentina Liability.pdf. Metalclad Corporation v The United Mexican States, ICSID Case No ARB(AF)/97/1, Award, 30.8.2000, 5 ICSID Reports 209. Metalpar SA and Buen Aire SA v The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/03/5, Award, 6.6.2008, http://ita.law.uvic.ca/documents/ Metalpar-awardsp.pdf. Mr Patrick Mitchell v Democratic Republic of the Congo, ICSID Case No ARB/99/7, Decision on the Application for Annulment of the 740 Judikaturverzeichnis

Award, 1.11.2006, http://italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ ita0537.pdf. Parkerings-Compagniet AS v Republic of Lithuania, ICSID Case No ARB/05/8, Award, 14.8.2007, http://italaw.com/cases-by-respondent? field_case_respondent_tid=402. Sempra Energy International v The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/02/16, Award, 28.9.2007, http://ita.law.uvic.ca/documents/ SempraAward.pdf. Sempra Energy International v Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/02/16, Decision on the Argentine Republic’s Application of An- nulment of the Award, 29.6.2010, http://italaw.com/documents/Sem- praAnnulmentDecision.pdf. Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona SA, and Vivendi Univer- sal SA v The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/03/19, Deci- sion on Liability, 30.7.2010, http://italaw.com/cases-byrespon dent?field_case_respondent_tid=34. Total SA v Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/04/1, Decision on Liability, 27.12.2010, http://italaw.com/cases-by-respondent?field_ case_respondent_tid=34.

Sonstige Internationale Schiedsgerichte

Air Service Agreement Case (United States v France), 9.12.1978, XVIII RIAA 417. Arbitration regarding the Iron Rhine (‘IJzeren Rijn’) Railway (Belgium v The Netherlands), Award, 24.5.2005, http://www.pcacpa.org/ showpage.asp?pag_id=1155. BP v Libyan Arab Republic, Schiedsspruch Lagergren, 10.10.1973, 53 ILR 297. Case Concerning the Delimitation of Maritime Boundary between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal, 31.7.1989, XX RIAA 119. Company General of the Orinoco Case, 31.7.1905, X RIAA 184. Decision regarding Delimitation of the Border between Eritrea and Ethiopia, 13.4.2002, XXV RIAA 83. Dispute concerning the Course of the Frontier between BP 62 and Mount Fitzroy. ‘Laguna del Desierto’ (Argentina v Chile), 21.10.1994, 113 ILR 1. Judikaturverzeichnis 741

French Company of Venezuelan Railroads Case, 31.7.1905, X RIAA 285. Group Plc v Republic of Argentina, Final Award, 24.12.2007, http://ita. law.uvic.ca/documents/BG-award_000.pdf. Himpurna California Energy Ltd v PT PLN (Persero), Final Award, 4.5.1999, XXV Yearbook Commercial Arbitration 2000, 13. Island of Palmas Case (United States v The Netherlands), Award (Einzelschiedsrichter Max Huber), 4.4.1928, II RIAA 829. Karaha Bodas Company LLC v Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak Dan Gas BumiNegara and PT PLN (Persero), Final Award, 18.12.2000, 16(3) Mealey’s International Arbitration Report 2001, 2. Lac Lanoux Arbitration, 16.11.1957, 24 ILR 1957, 101. Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company (LAFICO) and the Repub- lic of Burundi, 4.3.1991, 96 ILR 279. National Grid plc v The Argentine Republic, Award, 3.11.2008, http://ita.law.uvic.ca/documents/NGvArgentina.pdf. Nykomb Synergetics Technology Holding AB v Republic of Latvia, Case No 118/2001, Award, 16.12.2003, IIC 2003, 182. Rainbow Warrior (New Zealand v France), 30.4.1990, 82 ILR 499. Russian Claim for Interest on Indemnities (Russia v Turkey), Award, 11.11.1912, XI UNRIAA 421. Spanish Zone of Morocco Case (Spain v United Kingdom), Schieds- spruch Max Huber, 23.10.1924, 2 RIAA 615. Texaco Overseas Petroleum Company, California Asiatic Oil Company v Libya, Schiedsspruch RJ Dupuy, 19.1.1977, 17 ILM 1978, 3. The Ottoman Empire Lighthouses Concession Case (France v Greece), Award, 24.7.1956, XII RIAA 155.

WTO Dispute Settlement Body

Argentina—Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear, 14.12.1999, WT/DS121/AB/R. Brazil—Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, 3.12.2007, WT/DS332/AB/R. 742 Judikaturverzeichnis

China—Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products, 21.12.2009, WT/DS363/AB/R. EC—Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, 12.3.2001, WT/DS135/AB/R. EC—Measures concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), 16.1.1998, WT/DS26/AB/R-WT/DS48/AB/R. EC—Sardines, 23.10.2002, WT/DS231/AB/R. European Communities—Measures concerning Meat and Meat Pro- ducts (Hormones), 16.1.1998, WT/DS26/AB/R. Korea—Definitive Safety Measure on Imports of Certain Dairy Pro- ducts, 14.12.1999, WT/DS98/AB/R. US—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, 12.10.1998, WT/DS58/AB/R. US—Offset Act (Byrd Amendment), 16.1.2003, WT/DS217/AB/R- WT/DS234/AB/R. US—Nicaraguan Trade, L/6035 (Panel Report, unadopted).

Internationaler Seegerichtshof

SGH, M/V Saiga (No 2) Case, 1.7.1999, 38 ILM 1999, 1323.

Iran-US Claims Tribunal

Amoco International Finance Corp v Iran, Award No 310-56-3, 14.7.1987, 15 Iran-USCTR 189. Anaconda-Iran, Inc v Iran, Award No ITL 65-167-3, 10.12.1986, 13 Iran-USCTR 199. Avco Corp v Iran Aircraft Industries, Award No 377-261-3, 18.7.1988, 19 Iran-USCTR 200. Blount Brothers, Corp v Iran, Award No 215-52-1, 6.3.1986, 10 Iran- USCTR 56. Collins System International, Inc v Navy of Iran, Award No 526-431-2, 20.1.1992, 28 Iran-USCTR 21. Judikaturverzeichnis 743

Computer Sciences Corp v Iran, Award No 221-65-1, 16.4.1986, 10 Iran-USCTR 269. General Dynamics Telephone Systems Center, Inc v Iran, Award No 192-285-2, 4.10.1985, 9 Iran-USCTR 153. Gould Marketing, Inc v Ministry of Defense of Iran, Award No ITL 24-49-2, 27.7.1983, 3 Iran-USCTR 147. Gould Marketing, Inc v Ministry of Defense of Iran, Award No 136- 49/50-2, 29.6.1984, 6 Iran-USCTR 272. Houston Contracting Co v National Iranian Oil Company, Award No 378-173-3, 22.7.1988, 20 Iran-USCTR 3. INA Corporation v Iran, Award No 184-161-1, 13.8.1985, 8 Iran- USCTR 373. International Schools Services, Inc v National Defense Industries Or- ganization, Award No 290-123-1, 29.1.1987, 14 Iran-USCTR 65. International Schools Services, Inc v NICIC (National Iranian Copper Industries Company), Award No 194-111-1, 10.10.1985, 9 Iran- USCTR 187. International Technical Products Corp v Iran, Award No 186-302-3, 19.8.1985, 9 Iran-USCTR 10. Lockheed Corp v Iran, Award No 367-829-2, 9.6.1988, 18 Iran-USCTR 292. Mobil Oil Iran, Inc et al v Iran, Award No 311-74/76/81/150-3, 14.7.1987, 16 Iran-USCTR 3. Phelps Dodge International Corp and Overseas Private Investment Group v Iran, Award No 217-99-2, 19.3.1986, 10 Iran-USCTR 157. Phillips Petroleum Co, Iran v Iran, ITL, Award No 425-39-2, 29.6.1989, 21 Iran-USCTR 79. Queens Office Tower Associates v Iran National Airlines Corp, Award No 37-172-1, 15.4.1983, 2 Iran-USCTR 247. Questech, Inc v Ministry of National Defense of Iran, Award No 191- 59-1, 25.9.1985, 9 Iran-USCTR 107. Sylvania Technical Systems, Inc v Iran, Award No 180-64-1, 27.6.1985, 8 Iran-USCTR 298. Touche Ross & Co v Iran, Award No 197-480-1, 30.10.1985, 9 Iran- USCTR 284. United States v Iran, Dec No 130-A28-FT, 19.12.2000, unveröffentlicht. 744 Judikaturverzeichnis

Watkins Johnson Co v Iran, Award No 429-370-1, 28.7.1989, 22 Iran- USCTR 218.

Vorfälle aus der internationalen Praxis

Insurrection at Sfax, Tunesia (1881), Societa italiana per l’organizazione internazionale – Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 872. Loadline Convention-Fall (1941), 40/24 Official Opinions of the At- torney General of the United States Advising the President and Heads of Departments in Relation to their Official Duties, 12. Pontusfall, The London Declaration (1871), 18 Martens Nouveau Re- cueil 1873, 278. Properties of Bulgarian Minorities in Greece-Fall (1926), SDN, JO, 7e année, No 2, Februar 1926, Annex 815. Rock Spring Riot (1885, USA), in JB Moore, History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to which the United States has been a Party, Bd VI, 1898, 822. Russian Fur Seals-Streitfall (1893), 86 British and Foreign State Papers 220. Saida Incident (1881, Algerien), in AC Kiss, Répertoire de la pratique française en matière de droit international public, Bd III, 1965, 618. The “Torrey Canyon” (1967), Cmnd 3246, London, Her Majesty’s Sta- tionary Office 1967. The Caroline Affair (1837), 29 British and Foreign State Papers 1129. The Neptune (1797), in JB Moore (Hrsg), International Adjudications: Modern Series, Bd IV, 1931, 372, 433 (Opinion Trumbull). The Paris Commune in France (1871), in AD Lord McNair, Interna- tional Law Opinions, Bd II, 1956, 262. The Wipperman Case (United States of America v Venezuela) (1889 onwards), in JB Moore, History and Digest of the International Arbi- trations to which the United States has been a Party, Bd III, 1898, 3040- 3043. Judikaturverzeichnis 745

Innerstaatliche Gerichte

Den Haager Bezirksgericht, Stichting Verbiedt de Kruisraketten and 14.774 Natural and Legal Persons v The State of the Netherlands, 20.5.1986, 18 NYBIL 1987, 417. Erstinstanzliches Tribunal Strassburg, Badische A-G für Rheinschif- fahrt und Seetransport c Compagnie centrale d’assurances maritimes, 20.2.1927, in AC Kiss, Répertoire de la pratique française en matière de droit international public, Bd I, 1962, 378. Französischer Conseil d’Etat, Prefect of la Gironde v Mahmedi, 18.12.1992, 106 ILR 204. Französischer Conseil d’Etat, Société Nachfolger Navigation Co Ltd, 23.8.1987, 104 Revue de droit international public et de la science poli- tique 1988, 851. Österreichischer Verfassungsgerichtshof, B 196/75, 3.6.1976, 77 ILR 439. Österreichischer Verfassungsgerichtshof, Bregenzer Baubewilligung- Fall, 14.10.1988, Slg 11.500, 347. Österreichischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof, Interpretation of Customs Valuations Statute Case, 28.2.1962, 40 ILR 1. Schweizer Bundesgericht, Kanton Thurgau v Kanton St Gallen, 10.2.1928, BGE 54.1, 188-207, abgedruckt in 1 ZaöRV 1929, 815.

Sachregister

Abbruch diplomatischer Ausbruch von Feindseligkei- oder konsularischer Bezie- ten und Vertrag, siehe auch hungen und Vertrag: 11, Vertragsbeziehung und be- 211, 358 waffnete Konflikte: 11, 490 Abrüstungsverträge: 247, Auslegung, siehe Vertragsin- 562ff terpretation Allgemeiner Rechtsgrundsatz Bad faith (schlechter Glaube): (ARG): 25f, 131, 189, 388f, 54, 99 515 Bewegliches System: 476ff Amerikanische Menschen- CCPR (Pakt über bürgerliche rechtskonvention (AMRK): und politische Rechte): 61, 540, 542f, 54640, 547, 3471, 88, 211344, 357, 359, 375, 572f, 574130 496, 54126, 542ff, 571ff, 624, Änderungsklauseln, siehe Ver- 626 tragsänderung Claims Settlement Declaration Annähernde Vertragsanwen- (CSD): 176ff dung (approximate applica- Clausula rebus sic stantibus, tion; Doktrin der annä- siehe auch grundlegende hernden Vertragsanwen- Umstandsänderung, rebus sic dung): 104ff stantibus Doktrin: 2, 43, 70, Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros-Fall: 104, 113ff, 285, 459 108f Clean hands-Doktrin: 147, Gefahren: 106f 197f, 472, 492, 639 Menschenrechtsverträge: Community interest(s), siehe 109 auch Staatengemeinschafts- Potenzial: 106f interessen: 348, 353, 527, Approximate application, siehe 664 annähernde Vertragsanwen- Compliance: 31f dung Demokratisches Prinzip (De- Argentinische Wirtschaftskri- mokratieprinzip): 62, 289 se (Argentinienkrise): 15, Desuetudo: 11, 62, 267, 270ff, 96, 151, 333, 339, 342, 365, 281f, 285, 288, 306 367, 370f, 375ff, 381, 400, Diplomatenrecht: 334, 358, 412, 417, 420, 423, 426, 449, 597f, 601f 506, 628ff, 645, 652, 654, Doktrin der annähernden 668f Vertragsanwendung, siehe

C. Binder, Die Grenzen der Vertragstreue im Völkerrecht: am Beispeil der nachträglichen 747 Änderung der Umstände, Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht 245, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35094-8, © by Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., to be exercised by Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 748 Sachregister

annähernde Vertragsanwen- sche Menschenrechtskom- dung mission, EKMR): 54742, Draft Declaration on the 573, 576ff Rights and Duties of States: Europäische Menschenrechts- 35 konvention (EMRK): 61182, Effektivität (Wirksamkeit): 62, 76, 85f, 95f, 357, 488, 31f, 60, 70ff, 538, 599 496, 540, 543, 546f, 571ff, Effektivitätsprinzip, siehe 575ff auch Vertragsinterpretation, Europäischer Gerichtshof effet utile-Prinzip: 83 (EuGH): 24, 40, 130, 154, Entschädigung (Entschädi- 156ff, 164, 169ff, 221, 224399, gungspflicht): 13, 238, 233f, 303696, 389, 600228, 602, 264f, 277, 315, 328, 336, 344, 606, 612, 664 430ff, 455, 478f, 488, 507ff, Europäischer Gerichtshof für 516, 521ff, 533, 580, 608, Menschenrechte (EGMR): 637, 640f, 646, 650, 661, 663f 62, 76, 85f, 87, 95, 135, 542, Artikel 27 der ILC-Artikel: 576f 430ff, 445ff, 507, 636f, 640, Europäische Union (EU): 646, 650 303ff, 561, 598, 602ff Ex gratia-Entschädigungen: Flexibilisierungsmechanis- 439, 441, 443ff, 453, 455, men, vertragliche: 17, 478, 508, 663 582165 Höhere Gewalt: 439ff, 478 Force majeure, siehe höhere – – Staatenpraxis und Judika- Gewalt tur: 442ff Fragmentierung: 7f, 533, 657, Notlage: 431 667ff Notstand: 328, 336, 344, Friedvoller Wandel, siehe auch 431ff, 445, 448, 455, 478f, peaceful change: 2 507f, 522, 524, 526, 533, 663f Friendly Relations Declaration: – – Rechtsgrund: 431ff 35 – – Staatenpraxis und Judika- GATS (General Agreement on tur: 434ff, 448f, 637, Trade in Services): 60, 530, 640f, 646, 650 540, 55366, 554, 585, 623304 Vertragliche Regelung: 580, GATT (General Agreement on 585173, 608 Tariffs and Trade): 60, 86f, Erwartungshaltung (der Par- 96, 496, 523, 530, 540, 553ff, teien bzw Betroffenen), sie- 582ff, 594, 622f, 653 he auch Parteienerwartung: GATT/WTO-Regime: 15, 86, 19, 63, 651f 95f, 111, 235, 355, 454, 475, 78 113 Europäische Kommission für 488 , 499 , 526, 531f, 538, Menschenrechte (Europäi- 540, 552ff, 569, 581ff, 595, Sachregister 749

598, 601, 603, 616ff, 622f, – – Bestehen der Umstände 626, 653, 6665 bei Vertragsabschluss: Gegenmaßnahmen: 343, 137f 431f, 437, 440ff, 451, 511150, – – Grenzverträge als Aus- 517163, 524, 527, 601ff nahme zu Artikel 62 Geltendmachung der Rechts- WVK: 143, 173ff institute, siehe auch Verfah- – – Grundlegendheit der Än- ren(serfordernisse): 150f, derungen: 138, 167 183, 226f, 415ff, 501ff, 517, – – keine Herbeiführung 524 durch Rechtsverletzung: in angemessener Zeit, Völ- 147ff, 471, 491 kervertragsrecht (Artikel 45 – – Kreis möglicher Um- WVK): 153f, 158, 166, 231 standsänderungen: 134, rebus sic stantibus: 115, 125, 161ff 150f, 166 – – Tiefgreifende Umgestal- Recht der Staatenverant- tung der verbleibenden wortlichkeit (Artikel 27 der Erfüllungspflichten: ILC-Artikel): 415ff, 503f, 142f, 168f 516, 524 – – Umstände als wesentliche Gentlemen Agreements: 45 Grundlage der Vertrags- „Geologie“ des Völkerrechts: bindung: 141 58 – – Unvorhergesehenheit der Geschlossene Systeme, siehe Änderungen: 138f auch self-contained regimes: Geltendmachung: 150f 596ff, 612, 619f Geschichte: 115ff, 465ff Gewaltverbot: 295, 300, 361f, – – Entstehungsgeschichte 382 des Artikels 62 WVK: Grundlegende Umstandsän- 124ff derung (Artikel 62 WVK), – – Kodifikationsprojekte vor siehe auch clausula rebus sic der WVK: 122ff stantibus, rebus sic stantibus- – – Lehre: 116ff Doktrin: 5, 6, 9, 14, 74, 112, – – Staatenpraxis: 116ff 114ff, 230ff, 236, 248, 313f, Grenzen: 126, 143 459f, 462f, 475, 479, 481, Lehre: 116ff 502, 527, 569, 605, 611, 659f, Rechtsfolgen: 505 664f Staatenpraxis und Judikatur: allgemeine Formel: 124ff 154ff, 234ff Anwendungsvoraussetzun- – – Internationale Tribunale: gen gemäß Artikel 62 WVK: 154ff 132ff, 533, 569 – – Iran-US Claims Tribunal: 176ff 750 Sachregister

– – Staatenpraxis: 158ff 526f, 532, 643391, 659, 661f, – – Subjektive Theorie: 153 664f – – Subjektivität: 153, 170 Anwendungsvoraussetzun- – – und Obsoleszenz: 273, gen: 391ff 286f – – außerhalb des staatlichen – – und Suspendierung: 149 Einflussbereichs: 394ff, – – und Verfahrenserforder- 405ff nisse: 233ff – – keine Herbeiführung der – – völkerrechtliche Veranke- force majeure Situation: rung: 129ff 388, 398, 413f, 471f Guter Glaube (good faith), sie- – – keine Inkaufnahme der he auch Vertrauensschutz: höheren Gewalt: 399 2426, 26, 33, 35, 37, 40, 50ff, – – Unmöglichkeit der Ver- 57, 61181, 98ff, 107345, 110ff, tragserfüllung: 397f, 117, 143, 150, 152, 215, 220, 410ff, 468 246, 252, 347, 398, 416, 418f, – – Unvorhersehbarkeit: 503, 508142, 515, 659 395f, 408f Grenzen: 103ff – – unwiderstehliche Gewalt: Umdeutung von Vertrags- 392f, 402ff pflichten: 99ff Geltendmachung („Verfah- – – Untergang rechtlicher ren“): 416ff, 503 Regime: 99f Geschichte: 386f und Vertragserfüllung: 40, Rechtsfolgen: 422ff 44, 51ff, 98ff, 515 – – Auswirkungen auf Ver- Verhandlungspflichten: tragsband: 444ff 102f, 220 – – Dauer: 428ff Handelsverträge, siehe auch – – Entschädigung: 439ff, GATS, GATT, WTO- 445, 508f Übereinkommen: 29, 143, Staatenpraxis und Judikatur: 5362, 552f, 562 399ff, 403ff, 424f, 442f 464ff Harvard Research Draft: 36f, völkerrechtliche Veranke- 123f, 183, 241, 242471 rung: 388ff Havana Convention on Trea- Humanitäre Abkommen: 29, ties: 36, 122f, 183f, 198 200, 332, 334, 357f, 473, 513, Höhere Gewalt (Artikel 23 617, 624 der ILC-Artikel, force ma- Humanitäre Intervention: jeure): 9, 14, 112, 189, 317f, 362f, 524, 527 355, 385ff, 416, 424, 426, ICSID-Konvention: 541, 453ff, 464, 466, 468ff, , 473f, 557ff, 568f 476, 478, 484f, 493f, 499, 507, 512, 516, 518, 520, 523, Sachregister 751

ILC-Artikel zur Staatenver- 454, 475, 527, 529f, 531, 533, antwortlichkeit (ILC- 538, 540f, 556ff, 568, 571, Artikel), siehe auch Not- 586177, 592ff, 617, 622, 626318, stand, höhere Gewalt, 652f, 657, 665 Rechtwidrigkeitsausschluss- Investitionsschutztribunale: gründe: 6, 14, 148f, 317ff, 15, 339f, 342, 365, 367, 370, 338ff, 350, 353f, 384, 386, 375, 377, 379f, 382, 496, 539, 425, 430, 439, 441, 448, 594f, 628ff, 665, 668f 453ff, 458, 486, 491ff, 503, Iran-US Claims Tribunal: 39, 510ff, 661ff 131, 176ff, 390, 394296, 395, Innerstaatliches Recht und 401, 403ff, 411ff, 424f, 428ff, Umstandsänderung: 148, 444f, 455, 477, 498112, 608, 159, 162, 284, 287ff, 312, 665 519ff, 551, 663 Irrtum: 11 Integrale Verträge (integrale Ius cogens: 26, 43, 128, 146127, Vertragsbestimmungen): 181, 215, 222391, 225401, 233, 247f 310, 316, 330, 359ff, 375, Interamerikanischer Men- 381ff, 473f, 476, 481, 511149, schenrechtsgerichtshof: 511, 519, 528, 621, 6634 25, 38, 542 Ius cogens superveniens: 1040, International Law Commission 66, 213 (ILC), siehe auch Völker- Kapitulationsverträge: 1246, rechtskommission: 3, 11, 148, 159, 162, 165, 186 35, 42f, 51, 55163, 56165, 73, 77, Kodifikation (Kodifikations- 89, 124, 127, 134f, 144, 147, projekte, -werke): 24, 33, 149, 152f, 182, 185ff, 192, 36, 43, 64187, 71, 122ff, 183, 197, 206, 215ff, 220f, 239f, 189, 198, 248, 334ff, 338, 544 246, 253, 265f, 271, 317, 335, Konsens, siehe auch Parteien- 340, 346, 347, 355136, 360ff, konsens: 23, 27, 45, 107, 372, 387ff, 435425, 437, 450, 188, 473, 536, 558 486, 48776, 490, 495, 508, 528, Legitimationsmethode: 636f 598, 609 Legitimität: 27, 30f, 69f, 87, Interpretation, siehe Vertrags- 111, 174225, 615, 628, 652, 659 interpretation Lex posterior: 86270 Interpretations- und Ver- Lex specialis: 86270, 139, 286, schmelzungsmethode: 312, 497ff, 598, 603243, 604ff, 634ff, 642, 651 627, 634349, 642390, 643, 644f, Intertemporales Recht: 77ff, 646398, 654, 667 83f Margin of appreciation, siehe Investitionsrecht: 6, 15, 60, auch staatlicher Ermessens- 63, 95, 96, 111, 385262, 400, 752 Sachregister

spielraum: 18, 90, 94, 97, Anwendungsvoraussetzun- 576 gen: 190ff Menschenrechtsausschuss der – – betreffend einzelner Ver- VN (MRA, HRC, Human tragsbestimmungen (Arti- Rights Committee): 88, kel 44 WVK): 199f 135, 363, 547, 573127, 576f, – – für Vertragsdurchführung 624 unerlässlicher Gegen- Menschenrechtsverträge: 29, stand: 190ff, 204ff 61f, 76, 79, 84f, 92, 109ff, – – keine Herbeiführung 200, 238451, 246, 354, 357, durch Rechtsverletzung: 48878, 496, 513, 543ff, 568f, 196ff, 210f, 471f 571ff, 608, 617f, 620, 653, – – und Suspendierung: 6665 194ff annähernde Vertragsanwen- – – Unmöglichkeit der Ver- dung: 109f tragserfüllung: 194f, Ermessensspielraum bei der 209ff Umsetzung: 95f Gattungsschulden: 193f, Interpretation: 61f, 84ff 201, 207 Kündigung: 542ff Geltendmachung (Verfah- Notstandsklauseln: 571ff ren): 224, 230 Minderheitenschutzverträge: Geschichte: 183ff 157 – – Artikel 61 WVK: 184ff Moralische Unmöglichkeit: – – vor der WVK: 183f 169, 194, 212f, 483f rechtliche Unmöglichkeit: Mündliche Verträge: 9, 46 191f Nachfolgende Praxis, siehe Rechtsfolgen: 504129, 505 auch spätere Praxis: 4, 47, Staatenpraxis und Judikatur: 83, 270, 273, 278, 281ff 189, 201ff, 462ff und Obsoleszenz (Praxis der Untergang rechtlicher Re- Nichtanwendung): 273, gime: 192, 202ff 278, 281ff völkerrechtliche Veranke- Nachträgliche Unmöglichkeit rung: 187ff der Erfüllung (Artikel 61 Neuverhandlung (Neuver- WVK): 9, 14, 112, 132, handlungsoption): 4, 10, 182ff, 236f, 313f, 470f, 484f, 261ff, 315, 661 492, 497, 509f, 527, 533, 610, Nichtanwendung (Praxis der 659f, 665 Nichtanwendung), siehe Absurdität der Vertragser- auch nachfolgende Praxis, füllung: 192f desuetudo: 11, 267, 270f, Allgemeine Formel: 187f 281f, 288, 304f, 311 Sachregister 753

Nichtigkeit von Verträgen, – – schwere und unmittelbar siehe auch Ungültigkeit: drohende Gefahr: 349ff, 227, 473, 491 371ff, 470 Normenkonflikt: 310, 481, – – wesentliches Interesse: 497, 606, 654, 668 347ff, 365ff Normenkonfliktlösungstech- Artikel 25 der ILC-Artikel: niken (-mechanismen), sie- 345ff, 471f he auch lex specialis, lex Doktrin: 326ff posterior, Trennungsmetho- Entschädigung: 431ff, 508f de, Zweischritteansatz: 15, – – Kriterien zur Festsetzung: 494, 539, 627, 643, 654, 658, 449ff 667 – – Rechtsgrund: 436ff Notlage (Artikel 24 der ILC- – – Staatenpraxis und Judika- Artikel): 319, 322ff, 343f, tur: 442ff 431ff, 437, 440f, 500114, 643391 – – Umfang: 446f Notstand (Notstandseinrede, – – Verfahren zur Festset- Artikel 25 der ILC-Artikel): zung: 448f 6, 9, 15, 96, 112, 115, 149, – – Zeitpunkt: 445f 199, 213, 267, 317ff, 322f, Geltendmachung („Verfah- 325ff, 385ff, 392f, 399, 401, ren“): 415ff, 504, 516f 421ff, 429ff, 452ff, 457f, – – Artikel 27 der ILC- 448f, 482f, 486, 503, 507, Artikel: 416 509, 515ff, 518f, 520, 522ff, – – Rechtsprechung: 416f 526, 532f, 572, 594f, 626f, Geschichte: 112, 120, 325ff, 646ff, 651ff, 657, 659, 661ff 440f, 458ff Anwendungsvoraussetzun- – – Kodifikation im Rahmen gen: 345ff, 465f der ILC-Artikel: 338ff – – Beitragselement: 355f, – – „Necessity knows no 379f, 471f, 649f law“: 326ff – – einzige Möglichkeit (only – – Verrechtlichung der Not- means-Kriterium): 351ff, standseinrede: 334ff 374ff, 647f konzeptuelle Einordnung: – – kein Ausschluss durch 343ff völkerrechtliche Ver- Rechtsfolgen, siehe auch pflichtung: 356ff, 381, Entschädigung: 421ff, 505ff 473 – – Auswirkungen auf Ver- – – kein Eingriff in ius cogens: tragsband: 422ff, 505ff 359ff, 381ff, 473 – – Dauer: 425ff, 525f – – kein Eingriff in wesentli- Staatenpraxis und Judikatur: che Interessen: 353ff, 327ff, 339ff, 364ff, 416ff, 365f 434ff, 461ff, 622ff, 633ff 754 Sachregister

und Gewaltverbot: 362f, – – Verwobenheit mit dem 382f historischen Kontext: und Recht auf Selbsterhalt: 278, 314, 468 326ff, 331ff, 383, 453, 459, und desuetudo: 270ff, 281, 620, 662 288 und Staatengemeinschaftsin- und grundlegende Um- teressen: 338, 482, 509ff standsänderung: 269, 287, und Völkervertragsrecht: 312 495f, 499ff, 596f, 614ff, und innerstaatliches Recht: 629ff, 642ff, 668 289, 312f, 519169 völkerrechtliche Veranke- und rechtliche Unmöglich- rung: 338ff keit: 273, 308ff, 312 Obsoleszenz (Obsoleterklä- und Rechtsbereinigung: rung): 9, 11, 14, 112f, 213, 302ff, 316 267ff, 312f, 316, 457, 461, Verträge über die Abschaf- 465ff, 471, 476f, 498, 502, fung des Sklavenhandels: 504128, 507, 519169, 533, 659, 310 661, 665 Obsoleterklärung, siehe Ob- Anwendungsfälle im EU soleszenz Kontext: 303ff Opinio iuris, siehe auch Feindstaatenklauseln der Rechtsüberzeugung: 188, SVN: 294ff 250 Literatur: 269ff, 284f Pacta sunt servanda (Artikel 26 österreichische Praxis: 302ff WVK): 1f, 4, 18ff, 33, 37ff, österreichischer Staatsver- 49ff, 55, 61f, 71, 74, 102, 104, trag: 274ff 108, 114, 246, 273, 289, 657 Pariser Friedensvertrag: Pakt über bürgerliche und po- 290ff litische Rechte, siehe CCPR Staatenpraxis: 268, 274ff Parteienerwartung, siehe auch Erwartungshaltung: 19, Strukturmerkmale: 274ff, 55 96 311ff 29 , 62, 137, 182, 562 , 651f – – deklaratorische Wirkung: Parteienkonsens, siehe auch 283ff, 498 Konsens: 4, 20, 69f, 77, 84f, – – nachfolgende Anwen- 87, 101, 110, 123, 263, 312 dungspraxis: 281ff Parteiwille, siehe auch Partei- – – nachfolgender Wegfall des enkonsens, Wille, Willenser- 274 Kontexts: 279f, 311, 471, klärung: 78f, 87 , 103f, 467, 476f 141, 153, 220, 236, 619 – – Verfahren der Obsoleter- Peaceful change, siehe auch klärung: 285ff, 308f, 312, friedvoller Wandel: 2, 72, 502, 504128 105ff, 114, 122, 145 Sachregister 755

Präzedenzwirkung: 651f Verhältnis zum Völkerver- Primärnorm(en): 15, 317, tragsrecht: 318ff, 499, 533, 320, 331, 338, 343f, 361f, 615f, 640, 642, 645ff, 666ff 457, 459, 461, 486ff, 494, Zurechnung: 395, 405ff 497, 499, 597216, 598222, 615, Rechtliche Unmöglichkeit: 644ff 191, 273588, 285, 308f Rebus sic stantibus Doktrin, und Artikel 61 WVK: 191 siehe auch clausula rebus sic und Obsoleszenz: 273588, stantibus, grundlegende Um- 285, 308f standsänderung: 2, 3, 5, 40, Rechtsfolgen (allgemein): 13, 72ff, 104, 114ff, 122ff, 127ff, 15, 37, 115, 127, 198, 283, 132, 136, 139f, 144ff, 152, 287, 313, 318, 336, 459f, 154ff, 158ff, 166ff, 174ff, 476ff, 498, 504ff, 526, 545, 491 180ff, 228, 234, 248 , 314, 598, 614 14 116 329, 528, 539 , 567 , 609, Rechtsfolgen bei Völker- 611f, 657ff, 666ff rechtsverletzung: 490ff Recht auf Selbsterhalt: 119f, Rechtsfolgen im Recht der 326ff, 347, 352, 383, 453, Staatenverantwortlichkeit: 459, 620, 662 336, 416, 422ff, 452, 455, und Notstand: 326ff, 347, 486ff, 522, 641, 663 352, 459, 662 Auswirkungen auf das Ver- Recht der Staatenverantwort- tragsband: 422ff lichkeit, siehe auch Rechts- Dauer: 425ff widrigkeitsausschlussgrün- Entschädigung: 430ff, 508 de: 6, 9, 12ff, 42, 112, 148f, Höhere Gewalt: 428ff, 197f, 243, 252, 264, 317ff, 439ff 457ff, 464, 485ff, 494, 503ff, Notstand: 426ff, 431ff, 509, 508f, 511ff, 532, 606, 614f, 522 607258, 627, 636, 640, 644f, Staatenpraxis und Judikatur: 653f, 657f, 661, 663f, 667 424ff, 442ff

als Sekundärnormenregime: Rechtsfolgen in den Vertrags- 317ff, 338, 344, 361, 439, regimen: 545, 551, 555, 453, 457ff, 485ff, 599f, 657, 558, 569, 607f 668 GATT/WTO-Regime: 555 Strukturunterschiede zum Investitionsrecht: 558 Völkervertragsrecht: 457f, Menschenrechte: 545 485ff, 501, 504ff, 521 Seerecht: 551 und Staatengemeinschaftsin- Rechtsfolgenregime der teressen: 517f WVK: 14, 125, 149, 184, 195, 227f, 237ff, 267, 287, 315, 504f, 530f, 661 756 Sachregister

binäres System: 261ff 523ff, 532ff, 600, 644, 657, Defizite: 244ff, 260ff 659, 661ff Entstehungsgeschichte: Einwilligung (Artikel 20 der 239, 248 ILC-Artikel): 149, 322, 343, 394 fehlender Lastenausgleich: 431, 437, 440, 644 264ff force majeure, siehe höhere Staatenpraxis und Judikatur: Gewalt 254ff höhere Gewalt (Artikel 23 und Vertragsstabilität: 257ff der ILC-Artikel): 385ff Vertragsbeendigung (Artikel Notlage (Artikel 24 der 70 WVK): 239f, 254ff ILC-Artikel): 319, 322ff, Vertragssuspendierung (Ar- 343f tikel 72 WVK): 248ff, 253ff, Notstand (Artikel 25 der 257ff ILC-Artikel): 325ff völkerrechtliche Veranke- Rechtsfolgen: 421ff rung: 243ff, 249f – – Auswirkungen auf Ver- Rechtsmissbrauch: 54, 75, 98, tragsband: 422ff 147, 528f – – Entschädigung: 430ff, Rechtsquellen: 34, 388 446f, 450f Rechtssicherheit: 8, 12, 14, Selbstverteidigung (Artikel 46, 63, 108, 111, 174225, 180, 22 der ILC-Artikel): 326, 394 227, 241, 243, 244, 246, 257, 644 260, 289, 311, 315, 350, 415, „Verfahren“: 415ff 455, 457, 512, 523ff, 539, – – Rechtslage gem Artikel 27 569, 571121, 616, 652, 655, der ILC-Artikel: 416 663, 666ff – – Verfahrenspflichten in der Rechtsüberzeugung, siehe Rechtsprechung: 416f auch opinio iuris: 1, 11, 250, Registrierungspflicht (bei 267, 275f, 281f, 288 Verträgen): 47 Rechtswidrigkeitsausschluss- Repressalien, siehe Gegen- gründe des Rechts der maßnahmen Staatenverantwortlichkeit, Revision (Vertragsrevision), siehe auch Notstand, Notla- siehe auch Vertragsänderung, ge, höhere Gewalt: 6, 9, Satzungsrevision: 2, 3, 10, 199, 260, 267, 317ff, 337f, 87, 89, 102, 104, 120ff, 158ff, 342f, 359, 418, 421ff, 437, 261f, 314 439f, 452f, 456500, 458, 461, Reziprozität (Reziprozitäts- 468, 472, 475, 479, 490, 493f, überlegungen, -erwägun- 495f, 499ff, 501, 503ff, 505, gen, -element): 27, 29, 31, 507f, 510ff, 515, 517, 519ff, 45119, 68f, 200, 238451, 54433, 571, 573, 591 Sachregister 757

Rüstungskontrollverträge: Self-judging clauses, siehe 530190, 540, 562ff, 567ff, 610, Selbstbeurteilungsklauseln 653, 666 Sekundärnorm(en): 6, 15, Satzungsänderung (Sat- 317, 320, 331, 338, 344, 361, zungsrevision): 99322, 294, 439, 453, 457f, 461, 486ff, 301f 494f, 497, 499, 598, 615, 638, Satzung der OAS: 35 644ff, 657, 661, 668 Satzung der Vereinten Natio- Spätere Praxis, siehe auch nen (SVN), siehe auch UN nachfolgende Praxis: 4, 11, Charter: 3, 33, 35, 47, 73, 84258, 296, 299 99f, 160, 164, 268, 273588, Spannung zwischen stability 294ff, 308712, 312 und change, siehe auch pacta Schadenersatz bei Völker- sunt servanda und rebus sic rechtsverletzung: 38, 184, stantibus Doktrin: 1f, 4, 7f, 198, 244, 265, 446f, 449ff, 12ff, 64187, 73ff, 102ff, 111, 453, 478, 48674, 492, 49498, 113ff, 121f, 124, 144, 152, 524 181, 237, 244, 315, 318, Schriftlichkeit 321ff, 415, 457f, 512, 519, bei Verträgen (Artikel 2(1.a) 529, 535, 539, 544, 568, 570, WVK): 2431, 46 595, 652f, 657ff, 665ff Notifikation der Vertragsbe- Staaten, als Herren des Ver- 60 71 endigung (-suspendierung): trags: 20, 23, 30 , 32, 34 , 38 218377, 221, 223, 227, 501, 62, 66, 70f, 94ff, 135f, 545 , 554f 547f, 564, 574ff, 602, 605 Seerecht: 15, 39, 58f, 63, 235, Staatengemeinschaftsinteres- 342, 526, 531, 538, 540, sen, siehe auch community 549ff, 568f, 571, 578ff, 615f, interest(s): 68, 182251, 316, 620, 622, 625f, 653, 665, 6676 338, 342, 481f, 494, 509ff, Seerechtsübereinkommen 517f, 531f (SRÜ): 59, 64187, 370, 388274, Staatennachfolge in Verträge, 500114, 513, 531, 5364, 549ff, siehe auch Staatensukzessi- 190 551 568, 579ff, 600228, 617, 619, on: 11, 65 , 66, 146, 265 , 620294, 625 490 Selbstbeurteilungsklauseln Staatensukzession, siehe auch (self-judging clauses): 53, Staatennachfolge: 146, 163, 284 94, 564, 585f, 593, 594210 192 , 213, 308 – good faith review: 53 bei Verlust der rechtlichen Self-contained regimes, siehe Verfügungsgewalt: 213, 308 auch geschlossene Systeme: und grundlegende Um- 596ff, 612274 standsänderung: 163 758 Sachregister

Staatlicher Ermessensspiel- Rechtsfolgen (Artikel 72 raum (bei der Vertragsum- WVK): 238, 248ff, 254, setzung), siehe auch margin 256ff, 264, 266 of appreciation: 18, 52f, 90, Verfahren: 215, 223, 233ff 93ff, 112, 347, 365, 467, 564f, Territorialregime: 126, 128, 576f, 585, 592, 659 144, 243473, 480 Staatswillenstheorie: 27 Treaties over Time: 3, 11 Stabilität der internationalen Trennungsmethode, siehe Beziehungen: 20, 63, 106, auch Zweischritteansatz: 124, 231427, 311, 329, 455, 474 499ff, 614ff, 627, 637, 640ff, Statusverträge: 144, 146, 646, 651, 654, 667 48053 Treu und Glauben: 19, 27, Stillschweigen (der anderen 3471, 44, 147f, 167 Vertragsparteien): 283, 537 Übereinstimmung der Ver- Strukturunterschiede tragsparteien (Willensüber- zwischen Primär- und Se- einstimmung), siehe auch kundärnormen: 486ff Konsens, Parteienkonsens: zwischen Völkervertrags- 44, 84258 recht und Recht der Staaten- Ultima ratio-Prinzip: 467, verantwortlichkeit: 15, 457, 474ff 466, 485ff, 499, 501, 504, 511 UN Charta (UN Charter), Subsysteme, siehe auch Ver- siehe auch Satzung der Ver- tragsregime, Fragmentie- einten Nationen: 101, 362158 rung: 7, 533, 573128, 596ff, Unequal treaties, siehe auch 604, 620, 657, 665f, 668f ungleiche Verträge: 45 Suspendierung (von Verträ- Ungerechtfertigte Bereiche- gen): 38, 40, 100, 113, 125, rung (bereicherungsrecht- 128, 133, 141, 149, 157, 162, liche Erwägungen): 238453, 164, 187, 190, 194ff, 200ff, 265f, 315, 437, 450, 508, 521, 211f, 215, 223, 233ff, 238, 661 247ff, 254, 256ff, 264, 266, Ungleiche Verträge, siehe auch 273, 315, 424, 4607, 501f, 504, unequal treaties: 12, 45118, 505131, 507ff, 513, 514, 516, 69194 520f, 566f, 570, 573, 575, Ungültigkeit, siehe auch Nich- 578, 612, 661 tigkeit: 11, 37, 41, 49, 12857, Artikel 61 WVK: 187, 151, 268, 273, 320, 491 194ff, 211f Untergang rechtlicher Re- Artikel 62(3) WVK: 133, gime: 99ff, 110, 185, 192, 149 202ff, 207f, 314, 660 Vereinte Nationen (VN): 164, 295ff Sachregister 759

Verfahren (allgemein): 13, 15, – – GATT/WTO-Regime: 53, 139, 209, 283f, 305f, 318, 554, 585 448, 458, 477ff, 494, 498, – – Investitionsrecht: 561 501ff, 517, 519ff, 526, 530f, – – Menschrechte: 544f 533f, 664 – – Seerecht: 551, 580 „Verfahren“ im Recht der Vergleichskommission: 215, Staatenverantwortlichkeit, 221f, 225f, 230ff, 237, 260, siehe auch Geltendmachung: 315, 530, 613, 660f 14, 415ff, 455, 503f, 510, 516, Verhandlungspflicht: 102ff, 524 106, 214, 219f, 229, 236447, Artikel 27 der ILC-Artikel: 262, 606 416 Vertrag (pactum) Rechtsprechung: 416ff Bezeichnung: 45 und Vertrauensschutz: Bindungswille (Zustimmung 419ff zum Vertrag): 20, 31, 45ff, Verfahren(serfordernisse) des 70, 84, 111 Völkervertragsrechts, siehe Bindungswirkung: 50f, 55 auch Geltendmachung: 14, Definition: 9f, 36, 44f 37, 113, 122, 12342, 124f, Elemente: 44ff, 48 128f, 151, 183, 214ff, 234, Friedensfunktion: 28 236, 260, 315f, 472, 501f, Mündliche Verträge: 9, 46 508, 530, 660ff Pflicht zur Vertragserfül- bei Obsoleterklärung (Ob- lung: 50f soleszenz): 267, 270, 274, Rechtsfolgewille: 45 283ff, 287, 289, 292, 294, Registrierung (Art 102 302, 305, 311ff, 316, 478 SVN): 47f gem Artikel 65ff WVK: Verträge in Kraft (in force): 151, 223ff, 237 41f, 48ff Geschichte: 215ff Willensübereinstimmung Problematik: 229ff (Parteienkonsens): 44, 48 Staaten- und Gerichtspraxis: Vertragliche Kündigungs- 233ff und Rücktrittsbestimmun- und Vertragsstabilität: 223ff gen: 13, 15, 139, 158, 233, Verhandlungen: 234ff 254, 313, 474f, 496ff, 533, völkerrechtliche Veranke- 538f, 539ff, 595, 604, 606, rung: 217ff 609, 610, 612ff, 627, 653f, in Vertragsregimen: 540ff, 666f 568, 611ff Abrüstungsverträge und – – Abrüstungs- und Rüs- Rüstungskontrollabkom- tungskontrollverträge: men: 562ff, 568ff, 610, 653 564, 567 760 Sachregister

– – Rücktrittsbestimmungen: 66, 87, 89, 135, 222, 270, 562ff 535ff, 555 – – Staatenpraxis: 565ff und Interpretation: 87, 89 GATT/WTO-Regime: Vertragsanpassung (durch ein 552ff Drittorgan): 101, 103, 107, – – Rücktrittsbestimmungen: 238, 258, 261, 263, 315, 661 553ff Vertragsbeziehung – – Staatenpraxis: 556 und bewaffnete Konflikte, Investitionsrecht: 556ff siehe auch Ausbruch von – – Kündigungsbestimmun- Feindseligkeiten: 11, 66, gen: 557ff 136, 220f, 255 – – Staatenpraxis: 559ff und der Abbruch diplomati- Menschenrechte: 541ff scher oder konsularischer – – Kündigungsbestimmun- Beziehungen, siehe auch gen: 542ff Abbruch diplomatischer – – Staatenpraxis: 546ff oder konsularischer Bezie- Seerecht: 549ff hungen und Vertrag: 11 – – Kündigungsbestimmun- Vertragsinterpretation (In- gen: 549ff terpretation, Auslegung, – – Staatenpraxis: 551ff Vertragsauslegung): 17f, Vertragliche Notstandsklau- 41, 51, 55ff, 63, 75ff, 105, seln: 8, 375, 454, 473ff, 106f, 111f, 138, 13888, 140, 495f, 499f, 535, 538f, 570ff, 168, 178, 194, 204, 208f, 263, 596, 614ff, 629ff, 651, 653f, 281, 362, 499, 602, 613, 616, 666ff 623, 635, 641, 643f, 652, GATT/WTO-Regime: 658f, 668 583ff, 622f Artikel 31-33 WVK: 51, Investitionsrecht: 593ff, 55f, 78223, 89, 138, 616 629ff Artikel 31(3.c) WVK: 77, Menschenrechte: 571ff, 624, 499, 643 626 Effektivitätsprinzip (effet Seerecht: 579ff, 625 utile-Prinzip): 83, 89f, 101f Staatenpraxis und Judikatur: evolutiv-dynamische: 61182, 574ff, 581, 586ff, 594f, 622ff 62, 76ff, 81ff, 86, 90, 110f, Verhältnis zur völkerge- 590 wohnheitsrechtlichen Not- Grenzen: 88f standseinrede: 499, 596, institutionalisierte Verträge: 613ff, 622ff, 629ff 84, 87f Vertragsänderung, siehe auch Menschenrechtsverträge: Revision, Satzungsänderung: 62, 84ff, 110 nach Wortlaut: 56f, 89 Sachregister 761

Parteienkonsens: 89f 551, 595, 627, 652, 654, 663, restriktive (souveränitäts- 668 freundliche): 18, 90ff, 377 Verwirkung (Artikel 45 und Vertragsrevision: 89f, WVK), siehe auch Geltend- 506 machung: 151, 224, 231 zeitgenössische (contempo- Völkerbund: 2, 99ff, 110, 157, ranous): 77f, 80, 83 192f, 202f, 205, 207f, 368 Vertragspflichten Völkerbundsatzung: 2, 33ff, 130 korrelativ: 45 47 , 72, 121f reziprok: 2956, 45, 509 Völkergewohnheitsrecht: 1, 10, 17, 24f, 43, 66, 92, 111, Vertragsregime, siehe auch 166 Subsysteme, GATT/WTO- 129ff, 155, 157 , 174, 186f, 189, 215, 217ff, 234, 236, Regime, Investitionsrecht, 531 Menschenrechtsverträge, 240f, 249f, 258 , 287f, 310, Seerecht: 6, 8ff, 15, 17, 32f, 312, 315, 338ff, 390, 502, 59 38, 57, 60, 62f, 66, 95, 110f, 514f, 544, 551 , 592, 601, 154155, 182, 235, 237, 244, 636f, 646, 661, 663 246, 260, 264, 267, 316, 319, Völkerrecht der Koexistenz: 31 454, 458, 475, 520172, 526ff, 6 , 58 535ff, 652f Völkerrecht der Kooperation: Vertragsstabilität: 2, 4, 12f, 6, 17f, 55, 57ff, 111, 181f, 17, 27, 36f, 44f, 64, 73, 98, 316, 530, 570, 616, 657, 5 108, 119, 124, 150, 161, 181, 659ff, 666 195, 200, 206, 215, 223ff, Investitionsrecht: 60 229f, 252, 257ff, 261, 273f, spezialisierte Vertragsregime: 285ff, 315, 318, 330, 425, 60f, 182, 316, 653 430, 455, 457, 474, 486, 522, Wirtschaftsrecht: 60, 582, 5 524, 528, 532, 535, 657f, 660, 653, 666 664 Völkerrecht der Koordinati- Vertragssuspendierung, siehe on: 631, 17, 57f, 111, 459, Suspendierung 472, 657, 659 Vertragsverletzung (Artikel Völkerrechtskommission: 3, 26 60 WVK): 11, 132, 247, 253, 6, 24 , 37, 71, 88, 114, 130, 492 142, 186, 188, 191, 203, 206, 462 Vertrauensschutz, siehe auch 241 , 245, 250, 270, 317, guter Glaube, Rechtssicher- 331, 336, 343, 347f, 361, 386, heit: 12f, 19, 111, 150, 224, 438, 461, 486, 644f 227, 230, 286, 289f, 292, Völkerrecht(ssystem) (inter- 311f, 384, 416, 419ff, 429f, nationales System) 455, 501, 503, 524, 528, 530, dezentral: 4, 110, 180, 384, 448, 528, 658 762 Sachregister

horizontal, siehe auch WVK, horizontale Konzeption: horizontale Konzeption: 510ff, 517 13, 33, 58171, 245, 316, 509ff, Wille, siehe auch Parteienkon- 663 sens, Parteiwille: 20, 22f, Vorsorgeprinzip: 350, 372f 27, 44, 48, 83f, 107, 141, 273, Wiener Diplomatenrechts- 605f, 616, 621298, 654, 667 konvention (WDK): 64187, Willenseinigung: 9 218, 334, 358, 601 Willenserklärung, siehe auch Wiener Konsularrechtskon- Wille, Willenseinigung, Par- vention (WKK): 13588, 164, teienkonsens, Parteiwille: 218 44 Wiener Vertragsrechtskonfe- WTO-Übereinkommen: 86270, renz: 24f, 42, 73207, 128, 87, 530, 540, 553ff, 569 13585, 145124, 150, 153, 187f, WVK I, siehe Wiener Vertrags- 197, 215ff, 224400, 226411, 231, rechtskonvention 239f, 245, 249f, 258529, 259, WVK II: 149137, 188, 206, 273591, 48053, 48468 214355, 219379 Wiener Vertragsrechtskon- Zwang: 11, 491 vention (WVK), siehe auch Zweischritteansatz, siehe auch Vertragsinterpretation, Trennungsmethode: 495f, -änderung, etc. 499f, 614, 616, 626f, 634, Anwendungsbereich (Arti- 637f, 641f, 651, 654, 667f kel 73 WVK): 11, 2431

Fallregister

Ständiger Internationaler Internationaler Gerichtshof Gerichtshof Accordance with International Case concerning the Payment Law of the Unilateral Decla- in Gold of the Brazilian ration of Independence in Federal Loans issued in Respect of Kosovo: 93297 France: 201f, 207, 331, 367, Admissibility of Hearings of 386266 Petitioners by the Commit- Case concerning the Payment tee on South West Africa: of various Serbian Loans is- 105 sued in France: 201f, 207f, Aegean Sea Continental Shelf 331, 367, 401, 449f, 479 Case: 46, 81, 173 Case of the Free Zones of Up- Appeal Relating to the Jurisdic- per Savoy and the District of tion of the ICAO Council: Gex: 155157 251502, 252, 255f Case of the S.S. “Wimbledon”: Application of the Interim Ac- 208, 92, 597 cord of 13 September 1995: Designation of the Workers’ 488, 514156 Delegate for the Netherlands Barcelona Traction Light and at the Third Session of the Power Company, Limited, International Labour Con- 1964: 99f, 203, 205, 208 ference: 45120 Barcelona Traction Light and Exchange of Greek and Turkish Power Company, Limited, Populations: 50142 1970: 348, 353 Railway Traffic between Case concerning Armed Activi- Lithuania and Poland: ties on the Territory of the 220384 Congo: 222 The “Société Commerciale de Case concerning Certain Ques- Belgique” (Socobel-Fall): tions of Mutual Assistance in 367, 386266 Criminal Matters: 52f The Case of the S.S. “Lotus”: Case concerning East Timor 23, 69193, 91 (Osttimor-Fall): 361155 The Mavrommatis Palestine Case concerning Ka- Concessions: 46122, 98318, sikili/Sedudu Island: 80 99321 Case concerning Legality of The Oscar Chinn Case: 374 Use of Force: 369, 382

C. Binder, Die Grenzen der Vertragstreue im Völkerrecht: am Beispeil der nachträglichen 763 Änderung der Umstände, Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht 245, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35094-8, © by Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., to be exercised by Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 764 Fallregister

Case concerning Maritime De- Case concerning the Land and limitation and Territorial Maritime Boundary between Questions between Qatar Cameroon and Nigeria, and Bahrain, 1994: 47 2002: 80 Case concerning Maritime De- Case concerning the Temple of limitation and Territorial Preah Vihear: 80235 Questions between Qatar Case concerning the Territorial and Bahrain, 1995: 57 Dispute between Libya and Case concerning Maritime De- Chad: 50140, 57, 146, 173222 limitation in the Area be- Case Concerning United States tween Greenland and Jan Diplomatic and Consular Mayen: 26 Staff in Teheran (Teheraner Case concerning Military and Geisel-Fall): 597f, 601 Paramilitary Activities in Competence of the General and against Nicaragua, 1984: Assembly for the Admission 499112 of a State to the United Na- Case concerning Military and tions: 88, 643392 Paramilitary Activities in Fisheries Jurisdiction (Estai- and against Nicaragua, 1986: Fall): 368, 581159, 582161, 625 607259 Fisheries Jurisdiction Cases Case concerning Oil Platforms (Nordsee-Fischerei-Fälle): (Ölplattformen-Fall): 85262, 129f, 155f, 158, 161, 168f, 97 175, 219, 228, 265551, 460, Case concerning Pulp Mills on 467, 479, 606f the River Uruguay: 82 Frontier Dispute: 173 Case concerning Rights of Na- Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Pro- tionals of the United States ject: 39, 43, 49, 54, 76, 79226, of America in Morocco: 81ff, 89, 102ff, 106ff, 130, 52153, 80 154ff, 161, 163, 166, 167ff, Case concerning the Applica- 173, 189, 194291, 197300, 199, tion of the Convention of 202f, 204, 209ff, 219f, 230, 1902 governing the Guar- 234, 235ff, 253, 263f, 319, dianship of Infants: 208f 321, 339, 341, 34695, 347, 349, Case concerning the Dispute 355135, 356137, 368f, 372ff, 379, Regarding Navigational and 417, 423f, 432, 435, 450, Related Rights: 81245, 82f, 461ff, 488f, 504ff, 522 , 607ff, 92f 659 Case concerning the Land and International Status of South- Maritime Boundary between West Africa: 100, 110, 200, Cameroon and Nigeria, 202, 208 1998: 50 Fallregister 765

Interpretation of Peace Treaties Lawless v Ireland (No 3): with Bulgaria, Hungary and 577147 Romania (2nd phase): 89 National Union of Belgian Po- Interpretation of the Agree- lice v Belgium: 87274 ment of 25 March 1951 bet- Winterwerp v the Netherlands: ween the WHO and Egypt: 86268 214, 219, 222 Legal Consequences for States Europäische of the Continued Presence Menschenrechtskommission of South Africa in Namibia Cyprus v Turkey I & II: 573128 (South-West Africa) not- Denmark, Norway and Sweden withstanding Security v Greece II: 54742, 578151 Council Resolution 276 240 Denmark, Norway, Sweden (1970): 81 and the Netherlands v Legal Consequences of the Greece I: 54742, 578151 Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Terri- Interamerikanischer tory (Mauerfall): 97, 339, Menschenrechtsgerichtshof 342, 366, 375, 378, 381, 624, Caso Caesar v Trinidad y To- 626 181 Legality of the Threat or Use bago: 61 of Nuclear Weapons (Atom- Interpretation of the American waffengutachten): 299f, Declaration of the Rights 332f and Duties of Man within North Sea Continental Shelf the Framework of Article 64 384 of the American Convention Cases: 220 , 605 268 300 on Human Rights: 86 Northern Cameroons: 94 , 91 241, 254 Loyaza Tamayo v Peru: 38 148 Marta Colomina and Liliana Nuclear Tests Case: 26, 52 91 South West Africa Cases: 47129 Velásquez v Venezuela: 38 Responsabilidad por Expedi- Europäischer Gerichtshof für ción y Aplicación de Leyes Menschenrechte Violatorias de la Conven- ción: 2540 A and Others v the United 141 148 Kingdom: 576 , 577 VN-Menschenrechtsaus- Aksoy v Turkey: 577f schuss Demir and Others v Turkey: Consuelo Salgar de Montejo v 577f 311 Handyside v the United King- Colombia: 624 dom: 95308 Jorge Landinelli Silva v Uru- guay: 624 766 Fallregister

Europäischer Gerichtshof 632344, 633ff, 642f, 645, 646398, C-90/63, Commission of the 646ff, 654 EEC v Luxembourg and CMS Gas Transmission Com- Belgium: 602239 pany v Argentine Republic, C-101/84, Commission v Italy: Decision of the Ad Hoc 389 Committee on the Applica- C-145/85, Denkavit Belgie NV tion of Annulment of the v Belgium: 389 Argentine Republic: 435f, 495f, 498109, 500, 634, 637f, C-162/96, Racke v Hauptzoll- 379 amt Mainz: 24, 40, 130, 154, 639 , 640f, 646, 651, 654 157f, 164, 167, 169, 172f, Continental Casualty Com- 175, 181, 221, 224399, 233, pany v The Argentine Re- 475, 502, 529189, 602237, 612, public: 365, 376, 380, 427, 454, 475, 496, 500, 506, 664 189 188, C-266/81, SIOT v Ministero 529 , 589 630, 633f, 637f, delle finanze: 303696 640f, 645f, 648ff, 654, 665 Continental Casualty Com- ICSID-Tribunale pany v The Argentine Re- public, Decision on the Ap- Amco Asia Corp, Pan Ameri- plication for Partial Annul- can Development, Ltd and ment of the Award of the PT Amco Indonesia v Re- Argentine Republic: 631 public of Indonesia: 3994 El Paso Energy International American Manufacturing & Company v The Argentine Trading, Inc v Republic of Republic: 380, 631, 633f, Zaire: 452495, 47950 649, 651, 654 Asian Agricultural Products Enron Corporation and Pon- Ltd v Republic of Sri Lanka: derosa Assets LP v The Ar- 406 gentine Republic: 340, 370, Autopista Concesionada de 203 371 , 376, 378, 400, 402, Venezuela, CA (“Aucoven”) 412f, 423, 449, 630f, 633ff, v Bolivarian Republic of Ve- 636, 642f, 643ff, 649, 651, nezuela: 389, 399, 402ff, 654 408ff, 414 Enron Corporation and Pon- Burlington Resources Inc v derosa Assets LP v Argen- Republic of Ecuador: 400318 tine Republic, Decision of CMS Gas Transmission Com- the Ad Hoc Committee on pany v The Republic of Ar- the Application of Annul- gentina: 333, 340, 346, 351, 145 ment of the Argentine Re- 358 , 367, 370f, 375f, 378f, 75 356 384 public: 340 , 631, 635f, 380f, 383, 412 , 422 , 423, 405 643f, 648 , 649ff 435f, 450, 477ff, 620f, 630, Fallregister 767

Hrvatska elektroprivreda dd v Argentine Republic: 34076, Republic of Slovenia: 400318 630, 631343, 633f, 647401, 648f, Impregilo SpA v Argentine 654 Republic: 630f, 633f, 654 Total SA v Argentine Republic: LG&E Energy Corp, LG&E 96, 630, 631343, 633f, 651, 654 Capital Corp and LG&E In- ternational, Inc v Argentine Sonstige Internationale Republic: 340, 351116, 365, Schiedsgerichte 181 367 , 370f, 376, 378ff, 417, Air Service Agreement Case: 384 422 , 423, 426, 435f, 454, 355133 287 345 475, 529, 618 , 630, 632 , Arbitration regarding the Iron 633f, 636f, 644ff, 654, 665 Rhine (‘IJzeren Rijn’) Rail- Metalclad Corporation v The way: 79226, 83, 91, 92295, 93297 94 United Mexican States: 39 BP v Libyan Arab Republic: Metalpar SA and Buen Aire SA 38 v The Argentine Republic: Case Concerning the Delimita- 630, 632, 634, 654 tion of Maritime Boundary Mr Patrick Mitchell v Democ- between Guinea-Bissau and ratic Republic of the Congo, Senegal: 81 Decision on the Application Company General of the Ori- for Annulment of the noco Case: 328ff, 366, 434, 384 50 Award: 422 , 479 436, 460f Parkerings-Compagniet AS v Decision regarding Delimita- Republic of Lithuania: tion of the Border between 318 400 Eritrea and Ethiopia: 80 Sempra Energy International v Dispute concerning the Course The Argentine Republic: of the Frontier between BP 203 340, 346, 367, 370, 371 , 62 and Mount Fitzroy. ‘La- 376, 378, 380, 400, 402, 412, guna del Desierto’: 80, 89, 48 415, 423, 449f, 478 , 496, 500 630f, 633ff, 641ff, 645ff, 654 French Company of Venezue- Sempra Energy International v lan Railroads Case: 327f, Argentine Republic, Deci- 330, 386 sion on the Argentine Re- Group Plc v Republic of Ar- public’s Application of An- gentina: 631, 633f, 637ff, nulment of the Award: 646, 650, 654 75 340 , 496, 500, 631, 637, Himpurna California Energy 641f, 644, 646, 651 Ltd v PT PLN (Persero): Suez, Sociedad General de 400318, 408344 Aguas de Barcelona SA, and Vivendi Universal SA v The 768 Fallregister

Island of Palmas Case (United WTO Dispute Settlement States v The Netherlands): Body 247 79, 81 Argentina—Safeguard Mea- Karaha Bodas Company LLC sures on Imports of Foot- v Perusahaan Pertambangan wear: 587182 Minyak Dan Gas BumiNe- Brazil—Measures Affecting gara and PT PLN (Persero): Imports of Retreaded Tyres: 318 400 589 290 Lac Lanoux Arbitration: 91 China—Measures Affecting Libyan Arab Foreign Invest- Trading Rights and Distribu- ment Company (LAFICO) tion Services for Certain and the Republic of Bu- Publications and Audiovis- rundi: 189, 199, 202, 205, ual Entertainment Products: 210, 339, 375, 389, 400, 589 329 403 , 405, 413f, 461, 463f EC—Measures Affecting As- National Grid plc v The Ar- bestos and Asbestos- gentine Republic: 380, 631, Containing Products: 96, 371 633f, 637 , 649, 654 589187, 590 Nykomb Synergetics Techno- EC—Measures concerning logy Holding AB v Republic Meat and Meat Products 318 of Latvia: 400 (Hormones) (Hormon- Rainbow Warrior: 24, 240, fleisch-Fall): 373, 623 255, 319ff, 323, 338f, 389, EC—Sardines: 3892 400, 410, 423, 489 Korea—Definitive Safety Russian Claim for Interest on Measure on Imports of Cer- Indemnities (Russische Ent- tain Dairy Products: 587182 schädigungen-Fall): 330, US—Import Prohibition of 266 367, 386 , 389, 401 Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Spanische Zone von Marokko- Products: 86f, 590 Fall: 395 US—Offset Act (Byrd Texaco Overseas Petroleum Amendment): 3892 Company, California Asiatic US—Nicaraguan Trade, 36 Oil Company v Libya: 25 L/6035: 591199 The Ottoman Empire Light- houses Concession Case: Internationaler 442 Seegerichtshof SGH, M/V Saiga (No 2) Case: 339, 370ff, 374, 417, 468, 582161, 625, 626 Fallregister 769

Iran-US Claims Tribunal Phelps Dodge International Amoco International Finance Corp and Overseas Private Corp v Iran: 498112 Investment Group v Iran: Anaconda-Iran, Inc v Iran: 445 3995, 390, 399316, 403330, 413358, Phillips Petroleum Co, Iran v 424392, 395, 428407 Iran: 178, 180 Avco Corp v Iran Aircraft In- Queens Office Tower Associ- dustries: 404 ates v Iran National Airlines 468 Blount Brothers, Corp v Iran: Corp: 444 407f Questech, Inc v Ministry of Collins System International, National Defense of Iran: 95 392 334 39 , 131, 179f, 407, 424 , Inc v Navy of Iran: 404 409 Computer Sciences Corp v 429 , 477 469 Sylvania Technical Systems, Inc Iran: 445 359 394 General Dynamics Telephone v Iran: 405, 413 , 424 , Systems Center, Inc v Iran: 428 404, 411 Touche Ross & Co v Iran: 445 Gould Marketing, Inc v Minis- United States v Iran: 445 try of Defense of Iran, 1983: Watkins-Johnson Co v Iran: 390285, 403f, 405336, 407, 413358, 424 414362, 424, 428 Gould Marketing, Inc v Minis- Vorfälle aus der try of Defense of Iran, 1984: internationalen Praxis 404334 Insurrection at Sfax: 366 Houston Contracting Co v Loadline Convention-Fall: National Iranian Oil Com- 164f, 460, 502f, 611f pany: 408, 424392 Pontusfall: 120, 161181 INA Corporation v Iran: 608 Properties of Bulgarian Minori- International Schools Services, ties in Greece-Fall: 331, 435 Inc v National Defense In- Rock Spring: 443 dustries Organization: Russian Fur Seals-Streitfall: 390285, 425, 445 367, 581159, 582161, 625316 International Schools Services, Saida Incident: 443f Inc v NICIC (National Ira- The “Torrey Canyon”: 368, nian Copper Industries 454498, 579154, 580198, 581 Company): 425396, 445 The Caroline Affair: 330 International Technical Pro- The Neptune: 327, 374216 ducts Corp v Iran: 407342 The Paris Commune in France: Lockheed Corp v Iran: 411 444 Mobil Oil Iran, Inc et al v Iran: The Wipperman Case: 396303 178, 390, 424392 770 Fallregister

Innerstaatliche Gerichte Französischer Conseil d’Etat, Den Haager Bezirksgericht, Société Nachfolger Naviga- 498 Stichting Verbiedt de Kruis- tion Co Ltd: 368, 454 , 582 raketten and 14.774 Natural Österreichischer Verfassungs- 516 and Legal Persons v The gerichtshof, B 196/75: 253 State of the Netherlands: Österreichischer Verfassungs- 220382 gerichtshof, Bregenzer Bau- Erstinstanzliches Tribunal bewilligung-Fall: 62 Strassburg, Badische A-G Österreichischer Verwaltungs- für Rheinschiffahrt und See- gerichtshof, Interpretation of Customs Valuations Sta- transport c Compagnie cen- 36 trale d’assurances maritimes: tute Case: 25 309713 Schweizer Bundesgericht, Kan- ton Thurgau v Kanton St Französischer Conseil d’Etat, 156 Prefect of la Gironde v Gallen: 154 , 166ff, 459f Mahmedi: 250f, 256 Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht

Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht Hrsg.: A. von Bogdandy, A. Peters

Bde. 27–59 erschienen im Carl Heymanns Verlag KG Köln, Berlin (Bestellung an: Max-Planck-Institut für Völkerrecht, Im Neuenheimer Feld 535, 69120 Heidelberg); ab Band 60 im Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

245 Christina Binder: Die Grenzen der Vertragstreue im Völkerrecht. 2013. XL, 770 Seiten. Geb. E 119,99 244 Cornelia Hagedorn: Legitime Strategien der Dissensbewältigung in demokratischen Staaten. 2013. XX, 551 Seit en. Geb. E 99,99 243 Marianne Klumpp: Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und Ständiges Revisionsgericht des Mercosur. 2013. XX, 512 Seiten. Geb. E 94,99 242 Karen Kaiser (Hrsg.): Der Vertrag von Lissabon vor dem Bundesverfassungsgericht. 2013.

XX, 1635 Seiten. Geb. E 199,99 241 Dominik Steiger: Das völkerrechtliche Folterverbot und der ,,Krieg gegen den Terror ,, . 2013. XXX, 821 Seiten. Geb. E 139,99 240 Silja Vöneky, Britta Beylage-Haarmann, Anja Höfelmeier, Anna-Katharina Hübler (Hrsg.): Ethik und Recht - Die Ethisierung des Rechts/Ethics and Law - The Ethicalization of Law. 2013. XVIII, 456 Seiten. Geb. E 94,99 239 Rüdiger Wolfrum, Ina Gätzschmann (eds.): International Dispute Settlement: Room for Innovations? 2013 . X IV, 445 S eiten. Geb. E 94,95 zzgl. landesüblicher MwSt. 23:8 Isabel Röcker Die Pflicht zur rahmenbeschlusskonformen Auslegung nationalen Rechts. 2013 . X XI II, 410 S89 eiten. Geb. E ,95 23:7 Maike Kuhn Die Europäische Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik im Mehrebenensystem. 2012. XIII, 325 Seiten. Geb. E 79,95 236 Armin von Bogdandy, Ingo Venzke (eds.): International Judicial Lawmaking. 2012. XVI I, 509 Seiten. Geb. E 94,95 zzgl. landesüblicher MwSt. 235 Susanne Wasum-Rainer, Ingo Winkelmann, Katrin Tiroch (eds.): Arctic Science, International Law and Climate Change. 2012. XIX74 , 3 Seiten. Geb . E 84,95 zzgl. landesüblicher MwSt. 234 Mirja A. Trilsch: Die Justiziabilität wirtschaftlicher, sozialer und kultureller Rechte im innerstaatlichen Recht. 2012. XIX, 559 Seiten. Geb. E 99,95 233 Anja Seibert-Fohr (ed.): Judicial Independence in Transition. 2012. XIII, 1378 Seiten. Geb. E 169,95 zzgl. landesüblicher MwSt. 232 Sandra Stahl: Schutzpflichten im Völkerrecht - Ansatz einer Dogmatik. 2012. XXX, 505 Seiten. Geb. E 94,95 231 Thomas Kleinlein: Konstitutionalisierung im Völkerrecht. 2012. XLII, 940 Seiten. Geb. E 149,95 230 Roland Otto: Targeted Killings and International Law. 2012. XVIII, 661 Seiten. Geb. E 109,95 zzgl. landesüblicher MwSt. 229 Nele Matz-Lück, Mathias Hong (Hrsg.): Grundrechte und Grundfreiheiten im Mehrebenensystem - Konkurrenzen und Interferenzen. 2012. VIII, 394 Seiten. Geb. E 89,95 228 Matthias Ruffert, Sebastian Steinecke: The Global Administrative Law of Science, 2011. IX, 140 Seiten. Geb. E 59,95 zzgl. landesüblicher MwSt. 227 Sebastian Pritzkow: Das völkerrechtliche Verhältnis zwischen der EU und Russland im Energiesektor. 2011. XXIV, 304 Seiten. Geb. E 79,95 226 Sarah Wolf : Unterseeische Rohrleitungen und Meeresumweltschutz. 2011. XXIII, 442 Seiten. Geb. E 94,95 225 Clemens Feinäugle: Hoheitsgewalt im Völkerrecht. 2011. XXVI, 418 Seiten. Geb. E 89,95 224 David Barthel: Die neue Sicherheits- und Verteidigungsarchitektur der Afrikanischen Union. 2011. XXV, 443 Seiten. Geb. E 94,95 223 Tilmann Altwicker: Menschenrechtlicher Gleichheitsschutz. 2011. XXX, 549 Seiten. Geb. E 99,95 222 Stephan Bitter: Die Sanktion im Recht der Europäischen Union. 2011. XV, 351 Seiten. Geb. E 84,95 221 Holger Hestermeyer, Nele Matz-Lück, Anja Seibert-Fohr, Silja Vöneky (eds.): Law of the Sea in Dialogue. 2011. XII, 189 Seiten. Geb. E 69,95 zzgl. landesüblicher MwSt. 220 Jan Scheffler: Die Europäische Union als rechtlich-institutioneller Akteur im System der Vereinten Nationen. 2011. XXXV, 918 Seiten. Geb. E 149,95 219 Mehrdad Payandeh: Internationales Gemeinschaftsrecht. 2010. XXXV, 629 Seiten. Geb. E 99,95 218 Jakob Pichon: Internationaler Strafgerichtshof und Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen. 2011. XXVI, 399 Seiten. Geb. E 89,95 217 Michael Duchstein: Das internationale Benchmarkingverfahren und seine Bedeutung für den gewerblichen Rechtsschutz. 2010. XXVI, 528 Seiten. Geb. E 99,95 216 Tobias Darge: Kriegsverbrechen im nationalen und internationalen Recht. 2010. XXXV, 499 Seiten. Geb. E 94,95 215 Markus Benzing: Das Beweisrecht vor internationalen Gerichten und Schiedsgerichten in zwischenstaatlichen Streitigkeiten. 2010. L, 846 Seiten. Geb. E 139,95 214 Urs Saxer: Die internationale Steuerung der Selbstbestimmung und der Staatsentstehung. 2010. XLII, 1140 Seiten. Geb. E 169,95 213 Rüdiger Wolfrum, Chie Kojima (eds.): Solidarity: A Structural Principle of International Law. 2010. XIII, 238 Seiten . Geb. E 69,95 zzgl. landesüblicher MwSt. 212 Ramin S. Moschtaghi: Die menschenrechtliche Situation sunnitischer Kurden in der Islamischen Republik Iran. 2010. XXIII, 451 Seiten. Geb. E 94,95 211 Georg Nolte (ed.): Peace through International Law. The Role of the International Law Commission. 2009. IX, 195 Seiten. Geb. E 64,95 zzgl. landesüblicher MwSt. 210 Armin von Bogdandy, Rüdiger Wolfrum , Jochen von Bernstorff, Philipp Dann, Matthias Goldmann (eds.): The Exercise of Public Authority by International Institutions. 2010. XIII, 1005 Seiten. Geb. E 149,95 zzgl. landesüblicher MwSt. 209 Norman Weiß: Kompetenzlehre internationaler Organisationen. 2009. XVIII, 540 Seiten. Geb. E 99,95 208 Michael Rötting: Das verfassungsrechtliche Beitrittsverfahren zur Europäischen Union. 2009. XIV, 317 Seiten. Geb. E 79,95 207 Björn Ahl: Die Anwendung völkerrechtlicher Verträge in China. 2009. XIX, 419 Seiten. Geb.E 89,95 206 Mahulena Hofmann: Von der Transformation zur Kooperationsoffenheit? 2009. XIX, 585 Seiten. Geb. E 99,95 205 Rüdiger Wolfrum, Ulrike Deutsch (eds.): The European Court of Human Rights Over- whelmed by Applications: Problems and Possible Solutions. 2 0 0 9. VIII, 128 Seiten.Geb . E 59, 95 zzgl. landesüblicher MwSt. 204 Niels Petersen: Demokratie als teleologisches Prinzip. 2 0 09. XXVII, 280 Seiten. Geb. E 79, 95 203 Christiane Kamardi: Die Ausformung einer Prozessordnung sui generis durch das ICTY unter Berücksichtigung des Fair-Trial-Prinzips. 20 09. XVI, 424 Seiten. Geb. E 89, 95 202 Leonie F. Guder : The Administration of Debt Relief by the International Financial Institutions. 20 09. XVIII, 355 Seiten. Geb. E 84, 95 zzgl. landesüblicher MwSt. 201 Silja Vöneky, Cornelia Hagedorn, Miriam Clados, Jelena von Achenbach: Legitimation ethischer Entscheidungen im Recht. 2009. VIII, 351 Seiten. Geb. E 84,95 200 Anja Katarina Weilert: Grundlagen und Grenzen des Folterverbotes in verschiedenen Rechtskreisen. 2009. XXX, 474 Seiten. Geb. E 94,95 199 Suzette V. Suarez: The Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf. 2008. XVIII, 276 Seiten. Geb. E 79,95 zzgl. landesüblicher MwSt. 198 Felix Hanschmann: Der Begriff der Homogenität in der Verfassungslehre und Europa- rechtswissenschaft. 2008. XIII, 370 Seiten. Geb. E 84,95 197 Angela Paul : Kritische Analyse und Reformvorschlag zu Art. II Genozidkonvention. 2008. XVI, 379 Seiten. Geb. E 84,95 196 Hans Fabian Kiderlen: Von Triest nach Osttimor. 2008. XXVI, 526 Seiten. Geb. E 94,95 195 Heiko Sauer: Jurisdiktionskonﬂikte in Mehrebenensystemen. 2008. XXXVIII, 605 Seiten. Geb. E 99,95