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0. Versã…O Final Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto Fernando Henrique Crepaldi Cordeiro O romance policial contemporâneo pelos caminhos da paródia: uma vertente metalinguística São José do Rio Preto 2014 Fernando Henrique Crepaldi Cordeiro O romance policial contemporâneo pelos caminhos da paródia: uma vertente metalinguística Tese apresentada como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras, junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, Área de Concentração – Teoria da Literatura, do Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto. Orientador: Profª Drª Sônia Helena de Oliveira Raymundo Piteri São José do Rio Preto 2014 Fernando Henrique Crepaldi Cordeiro O romance policial contemporâneo pelos caminhos da paródia: uma vertente metalinguística Tese apresentada como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras, junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, Área de Concentração – Teoria da Literatura, do Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto. Comissão Examinadora Profª Drª Sônia Helena de Oliveira Raymundo Piteri UNESP – São José do Rio Preto Orientador Profª Drª Marisa Corrêa Silva Universidade Estadual de Maringá Profª Drª Márcia Valéria Zamboni Gobbi UNESP – Araraquara Profª Drª Maria Heloísa Martins Dias UNESP – São José do Rio Preto Prof. Dr. Arnaldo Franco Júnior UNESP – São José do Rio Preto São José do Rio Preto 06 de março de 2014 RESUMO Este trabalho propõe-se a estudar o romance policial contemporâneo brasileiro e português, mais especificamente Tratado das paixões da alma (1990), de António Lobo Antunes; Longe de Manaus (2005), de Francisco José Viegas; O Xangô de Baker Street (1995), de Jô Soraes e Bufo & Spallanzani (1985), de Rubem Fonseca, levando principalmente em consideração o papel que a paródia desempenha nesses textos, pois, ao subverterem as convenções do romance policial tradicional, essas obras promovem um alargamento dos “limites” desse gênero. Nas narrativas contemporâneas, ao contrário do que acontecia no romance de enigma e no noir, a investigação deixa de ser vista apenas como um meio de se chegar à solução dos casos, tornando-se um dos elementos fundamentais da narração. Essa mudança, segundo nossa perspectiva, está relacionada à desestabilização de conceitos como “verdade”, “autoridade”, “objetividade”, que eram os alicerces dos textos policiais. Quando essas noções são relativizadas, a investigação passa a ser vista nas obras policiais como um processo de leitura de pistas, indícios, detectando-se nas narrativas mais recentes (a partir da década de 1980) um deslocamento estrutural importante em relação ao romance policial tradicional: a ênfase no processo de construção da narrativa do detetive e do romance como um todo. Em outros termos, há um desdobramento da noção de investigação que se expande e contamina toda a obra, pois, além da investigação do detetive e do leitor, vemo-nos diante de uma obra que investiga os seus próprios limites e o de seu gênero, num diálogo que, por um lado, reporta-nos à tradição do romance policial e, por outro, revela-nos a sua construção. Palavras-chave: Romance policial. Paródia. Procedimentos narrativos. Processo metalingüístico. Literatura contemporânea. ABSTRACT This work intends to study the brazilian and portuguese contemporary crime novel, more specifically António Lobo Antunes’ Tratado das paixões da alma (1990); Francisco José Viegas’ Longe de Manaus (2005); Jô Soraes’ O Xangô de Baker Street (1995) and Rubem Fonseca’s Bufo & Spallanzani (1985), taking into account mainly the role played by the parody in these texts because when they subvert the traditional crime novel conventions, these texts promote its’ gender “boundaries” enlargement. In contemporary narratives, unlike what used to happen in the noir and enigma novels, the investigation ceases to be seen as just a mean to reach the cases solution, being one of the narration fundamental elements. This change, according to this work perspective, is related to the destabilization of concepts such as “truth”, “authority”, “objectivity”, which were the crime texts foundations. When these notions are relativized, the investigation starts to be seen in the crime novels as a process of clue and vestige readings, being detected in the more recent narratives (from the 80s) an important structural displacement in relation to the traditional crime novel: the emphasis in the construction process of the detective narrative as well as of the novel as a whole. In other words, there is a deployment of the investigation notion that expands and contaminates the whole work, for, beyond the detective and the reader investigation, it puts us face a novel that investigates its own limits as well as its’ gender’s, in a dialogue that, for the one hand, report to the crime novel tradition and, for the other hand, reveal its own construction. Keywords: Crime novel. Parody. Narrative procedures. Metalinguistic process. Contemporary literature. AGRADECIMENTOS À minha família: pai, mãe, Gu e Bi, obrigado por tudo; À Mirane, obrigado pelo carinho e atenção; Obrigado também ao Blaublau pelo companheirismo; A meus amigos, particularmente, Guilherme e Juliana; A meus parentes: avôs, tios, primos, obrigado pela força; À minha orientadora: Sônia, obrigado pela dedicação e paciência; Aos professores que contribuíram com o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, em especial, Profª Drª Maria Heloísa Martins Dias, Prof. Dr. Arnaldo Franco Júnior, Profª Drª Márcia Valéria Zamboni Gobbi e Profª Drª Marisa Corrêa Silva; À Profª Drª Eunice Cabral, da Universidade de Évora, co-orientadora desta tese, pela recepção em Portugal e pelas valiosas indicações de leitura; À CAPES, pela bolsa de doutorado que viabilizou a realização deste trabalho e pela bolsa sanduíche que possibilitou a pesquisa em Portugal. Ao Guilherme Mariano Martins da Silva pela confecção do abstract e pela revisão das traduções do inglês e ao Gabriel Giglio pelas consultas e traduções de trechos em francês. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO p.7 1. UMA INVESTIGAÇÃO SENTIMENTAL p.23 1.1. O estatuto da ação e dois tipos de textos policiais p.24 1.2. A narrativa sob uma lupa p.29 1.2.1. Orquestração das vozes p.42 1.2.2. Navegando por águas turvas p.53 1.2.3. O texto como enigma p.63 2. TRAJETÓRIAS ENTRE PORTUGAL, BRASIL E ÁFRICA p.78 2.1. Uma narrativa difusa p.79 2.2. Detetives, biógrafos e romancistas p.111 3. O OUTRO LADO DO 221B p.143 3.1. Onde Watson não tem vez p.144 3.2. Humor sem limites p.160 3.3. Holmes no país do carnaval p.182 4. ARTIMANHAS DA NARRAÇÃO p.218 4.1. Baile de máscaras p.222 4.2. A arte das matrioshkas p.246 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS p.279 REFERÊNCAIS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS p.198 7 INTRODUÇÃO Antonio Candido, em “Crítica e Sociologia” (2005, p. 5), diz que a maneira mais expressiva de chamar a atenção para uma verdade é exagerá-la, o que, por sua vez, conduz a uma reação inevitável que desloca essa antiga verdade para a condição de erro. Isso teria acontecido na relação entre a obra literária e seu “acondicionamento social”, considerado imprescindível, no século XIX, para o entendimento de qualquer texto, e visto como uma “falha de visão”, posteriormente. Com a noção de gênero literário ocorreu algo semelhante. Opõe-se, dessa maneira, a importância dos gêneros na teoria clássica, entendidos de forma normativa e prescritiva, de modo que “[...] a obediência de uma obra às regras do gênero em que se integrava, constituía um factor preponderante na avaliação do seu merecimento.” (AGUIAR E SILVA, 1968, p. 209), à rebelião contra eles que se observa no romantismo, em que há não só a recusa em obedecer às regras de gênero, mas também comparece o questionamento sobre a sua possibilidade de existência. Na atualidade, como atesta Todorov (1970), há uma tendência para conciliar essas duas vertentes, o que implicaria partir da descrição estrutural de objetos particulares, buscando, conforme se verifiquem traços recorrentes, uma definição dos gêneros. Dessa forma, afirmar a singularidade da obra literária não significa negar a “[...] mediação das relações e estruturas gerais que constituem as condições da possibilidade de experiência literária” (AGUIAR E SILVA, 1968, p. 224). Falar em gêneros literários, contudo, não é uma tarefa simples, principalmente tratando-se de literatura contemporânea, uma literatura que cada vez mais testa e transgride seus limites, constituída por textos que interrogam e envolvem o leitor, trazendo-o para dentro de sua estrutura. Os textos tornam-se avessos a qualquer tipo de esquematização, tornam-se híbridos, “pertencem” e não pertencem a um gênero, ou não se enquadram em apenas um, mas em vários. A noção rígida e normativa de gênero cai por terra e a sua própria definição se quer flutuante, sendo significativo atentar também para o fato de que a formalização, a teorização em gêneros está sempre a reboque das obras literárias que, cada vez mais, inovam, transgridem, inventam novas fórmulas a partir das antigas. 8 No caso do gênero policial1, segundo Todorov (1970), a particularidade estrutural sobre a qual ele se constrói foi percebida por George Burton. Para ele, “[...] a narrativa [policial]... superpõe duas séries temporais: os dias do inquérito, que começam com o crime, e os dias do drama que levam a ele.” (apud TODOROV, 1970, p. 95-96). Essa constatação possibilita dizer que, segundo Burton, a principal especificidade do romance policial é o fato de incluir duas histórias: a do crime e a do inquérito. A partir dessa primeira caracterização, e levando em conta a forma de disposição e a ênfase dos aspectos constitutivos desse gênero, Todorov propõe três tipos de romance policial: o “romance de enigma” ou “romance policial clássico”, o “romance noir” e o “romance de suspense”. O “romance policial clássico” traz como marca a ausência da “história do crime”, ou seja, esse romance inicia-se quando o crime já ocorreu e, portanto, essa história termina antes da outra (e, muitas vezes, do romance) começar.
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