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Divoký Kůň a Pratur Mají Naprosto Výjimečné Postavení Ve Formování Evropské Krajiny Posledních Tisíciletí I Pro Lidskou Kulturu a Historii

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Divoký Kůň a Pratur Mají Naprosto Výjimečné Postavení Ve Formování Evropské Krajiny Posledních Tisíciletí I Pro Lidskou Kulturu a Historii Divoký kůň (Equus ferus) a pratur (Bos primigenius): klíčové druhy pro formování české krajiny ODBORNÁ STUDIE Listopad 2014 Dostál et al. 2014: ____Divoký kůň (Equus ferus) a pratur (Bos primigenius):_klíčové druhy pro formování české krajiny Dalibor Dostál1, Martin Konvička2,3, Lukáš Čížek2,3, Martin Šálek3,4, Jan Robovský2, Eva Horčičková5, Miloslav Jirků2,3 1 Česká krajina o.p.s., Šultysova 170, 284 01 Kutná Hora; [email protected] 2 Biologické centrum Akademie věd České republiky, v.v.i., Branišovská 31a, 370 05 České Budějovice 3 Přírodovědecká fakulta, Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, Branišovská 31a, 370 05 České Budějovice 4 Ústav biologie obratlovců Akademie věd ČR, v.v.i., Květná 8, 603 65 Brno 5 Přírodovědecká fakulta, Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2 Vydala Česká krajina o.p.s. 2014 Abstract: Two specialized grazers extirpated by men, wild horse and aurochs, played an important role in shaping of the European landscape, as well as human civilization. Although these two species gave rise to the most important domestic animals, domestic horse and cattle, basic information on their appearance, ecology, evolutionary history and domestication remained unknown until recently. However, the advancement of ancient DNA genetic analyses from subfossil biological material, together with new archeological and paleontological evidence allowed researchers to reveal previously undetectable traits, such as the original coat colour of wild horses (bay to black). Importantly, the presence of wild horses from Iberia to Alaska has been confirmed, together with habitat preferences of aurochs prior to the advent of human civilization, which pushed them to suboptimal habitats in deep forests which became (as in European bison) their last refuge. With the extinction of wild horses and aurochs, Europe lost the entire guild of specialized large grazers. These, unlike cloven-hoofed animals, are able to halt the otherwise inevitable overgrowth of non-forest habitats on which much of European biodiversity depends, by woody vegetation. Currently, numerous projects are taking place throughout Europe, aiming to introduce natural grazing to restore lost ecological interactions using dedomesticated horses and cattle. As shown by numerous examples abroad, of the >400 horse and >400 cattle breeds worldwide, only a small fraction is suitable for the purposes of natural grazing. The information presented herein is essential for responsible and long-term sustainable setting of modern extensive perennial grazing management schemes in the Czech Republic and the Europe as a whole. Utilisation of animals which match their wild ancestors both morphologically and ecologically can significantly reduce costs of nature management, especially in the case of biologically important non- forest habitats. bibliografická citace: Dostál D., Konvička M., Čížek L., Šálek M. Robovský J., Horčičková E., Jirků M. 2014: Divoký kůň (Equus ferus) a pratur (Bos primigenius): klíčové druhy pro formování české krajiny. Česká krajina, Kutná Hora, 125 pp. Fotografie na titulní straně: Jeskynní malby z Lascaux ve Francii (foto archiv), hřebec exmoorského pony jménem Zulu (foto Exmoorponybreeding.info); býk Manolo Uno, první generace zpětně šlechtěného pratura v rámci projektu TaurOs (foto Ronald Goderie) 2 Dostál et al. 2014: ____Divoký kůň (Equus ferus) a pratur (Bos primigenius):_klíčové druhy pro formování české krajiny Předmluva Člověk dnešní západní civilizace již vnímá svět jinak než před sto lety a mnohdy si vůbec neuvědomuje, jak obrovskou úlohu v jeho vlastní historii sehráli domácí tur (skot) a domácí kůň. Lze dokonce říci, že z domestikovaných druhů tito sehráli roli nejdůležitější. Tur se nenahraditelně ‒ jako pracovní síla a zdroj obživy ‒ uplatnil v zemědělství představujícím základ života lidí. Ruku v ruce s ním šel kůň, jehož záda nosila nespočítaná vojska i s jejich slavnými vojevůdci, stejně jako obchodníky, kočovníky, šiřitele nových kulturních tradic a myšlenek, kteří pak dohromady spřádali onu pavučinu lidských dějin. Divocí předci těchto zvířat kdysi obývali opravdu rozsáhlé plochy světové souše: divoký tur (pratur) velkou část Evropy, Asie a severní Afriky a divoký kůň velkou část Evropy, Asie a Severní Ameriky. Kde jsou tato zvířata, která pro nás tolik znamenala, dnes? Majestátný pratur s rohy dlouhými až přes jeden metr vyhynul v roce 1627, rychlý a vytrvalý divoký kůň Evropy patrně v roce 1879, oba vlivem člověka. Je s obdivem vidět snahy moderních badatelů o znovuzrození těchto krásných zvířat, snahy vrátit jim alespoň mizivé procento jejich původních nároků a snahy o obnovení přirozených procesů, které po tisíciletí spoluvytvářely evropskou přírodu. Tyto snahy, zvláště jde-li o takto velká zvířata, nejsou bez problémů a kontradikcí, z nichž některé jsou již známy, jiné vyvstanou. Poučme se z předložené studie rozebírající zevrubně osudy, podobu, biologii, ekologii a etologii divokých předků domácích turů a koní a sledujme kroky nadšenců, kteří se do úkolu technicky i ideově opravdu nesnadného pustili. Nechť je nám poučením jak historie a konec obou zvířecích druhů, tak úsilí o jejich rehabilitaci. Mgr. René Kyselý, Ph.D. Archeologický ústav AV ČR, Praha, v. v. i. 3 Dostál et al. 2014: ____Divoký kůň (Equus ferus) a pratur (Bos primigenius):_klíčové druhy pro formování české krajiny Obsah Předmluva ............................................................................................................................. 3 Obsah ................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Úvod .................................................................................................................................. 6 2. Pratur ................................................................................................................................ 7 2.1. Původ a pozice pratura v systému savců ...................................................................................... 7 2.2. Domestikace pratura a druhotný tok genů mezi domácím skotem a praturem .......................... 8 3. Historie výskytu pratura v Evropě .....................................................................................10 3.1. Pratur v pravěku a starověku ..................................................................................................... 10 3.2. Pratur ve středověku .................................................................................................................. 12 3.3. Poslední populace pratura a jeho vyhynutí ................................................................................ 13 3.4. Pratuři v České republice ............................................................................................................ 14 4. Biologie a etologie praturů ................................................................................................14 4.1. Stavba těla a zbarvení................................................................................................................. 14 4.2. Etologie praturů.......................................................................................................................... 16 4.3. Potrava ....................................................................................................................................... 17 4.4. Nároky na prostředí .................................................................................................................... 18 5. Snahy o znovuoživení pratura ..........................................................................................18 5.1. Heckův skot ................................................................................................................................ 18 5.2. Projekt TaurOs ............................................................................................................................ 19 5.3. Projekt Uruz ................................................................................................................................ 20 5.4. Klonování pratura ....................................................................................................................... 20 6. Literatura - pratur ..............................................................................................................21 7. Divoký kůň ........................................................................................................................29 7.1. Původ koní .................................................................................................................................. 29 7.2. Divocí koně Evropy od příchodu moderního člověka po domestikaci ....................................... 33 7.3. Domestikace koně a její důsledky .............................................................................................. 35 8. Divocí koně v historických pramenech ..............................................................................37 8.1. Nejstarší písemné záznamy ........................................................................................................ 37 8.2. Období středověku a novověku ................................................................................................. 37 8.3. Divocí koně na území České republiky ....................................................................................... 39 9. Stavba těla, hříva a zbarvení ............................................................................................40
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