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EARTH SCIENCE LAB Lab # _____ Igneous Rock Identification Name:__________________________________________Date:___________Lab Day:_____Lab Period: ____ Part 1: Separate the igneous rock samples in your box into three groups based upon the following: Group 1: Vesicular Igneous Rocks These rocks show evidence of gas pockets. These pockets may appear as small holes or bubbles in the rock. The rocks may feel lighter (less dense) due to the presence of the as pockets. The mineral crystals (grain size) in these samples are too small to be seen without a magnifying lens (less than 1 mm or non-crystalline). Group 2: Polymineralic Rocks These rocks contain more than one mineral and are multi-colored. The mineral crystals(grain size) are large enough to be seen. (1mm – 10 mm). Group 3: Monomineralic Rocks These rocks appear to be composed of only one mineral. The samples appear to be uniform. They are actually composed of several minerals with crystals too small to be seen (less than 1 mm or non-crystalline). Part 2: Refer to page 6 of the Earth Science Reference Tables, “Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification” to help you identify the following rocks: Sample A: This igneous rock is EXTRUSIVE (cooled quickly on the surface of the Earth during volcanic activity), has a non-crystalline grain size, and a glassy texture. It is of low to medium density, is primarily FELSIC in composition(contains Aluminum) and contains potassium feldspar, quartz, biotite and amphibole. This type of igneous rock usually appears black. What is the identity of this igneous rock? Answer:______________________________________________ Sample B: This sample of igneous rock is INTRUSIVE (cooled slowly inside the Earth from magma), has a grain size of 1mm to 10 mm, coarse texture, light color, and low density. The rock is primarily felsic in composition and contains potassium feldspar, quartz, plagioclase feldspar, biotite and amphibole. What is the identity of this igneous rock? Answer:______________________________________________ Sample C: This sample of igneous rock is extrusive with a grain size of less than 1 mm. It has a fine, vesicular texture(contains evidence of gas pockets or air bubbles), dark color, and high density. The sample is MAFIC in composition (contains iron and magnesium) and is composed primarily of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. It also contains small amounts of biotite, amphibole, and olivine. What is the identity of this igneous rock? Answer:______________________________________________ Part 3: Use the Earth Science Reference Tables to identify each sample in you box and place each sample next to its correct name. 1. Basalt 2. Diorite 3. Granite 4. Obsidian 5. Pumice 6. Rhyolite 7. Scoria 8. Vesicular Basalt 9. Vesicular Rhyolite .

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Igneous Petrology
Igneous Petrology IGNEOUS PETROLOGY (Practical) SHAREEF AL-HAMED Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Mosul 0 Igneous Petrology Lab. 1 Diagnostic features of igneous minerals under the microscope Felsic minerals 1. Quartz SiO2: anhedral or subhedral, colorless and without pleochroism, without cleavage, low relief, parallel extinction, first order gray interference color, devoid of alteration. 2. Orthoclase KAlSi3O8: subhedral to anhedral, colorless but dusty result alteration to kaolinite and sericite, low relief, carlsbad twinning, first order gray to white interference color, parallel or oblique extinction. 3. Microcline KAlSi3O8: similar to orthoclase but distinguished from it by cross hatch twinning. 4. Sanidine (K, Na)AlSi3O8: similar to orthoclase in most of features (color, relief and interference color) but alteration less than it or devoid of alteration, distinguished by its tabular to elongated euhedral to subhedral crystals and transverse cracks. 5. Plagioclase, Albite NaAlSi3O8 -----Anorthite CaAl2Si2O8: similar to orthoclase in most of features (color, interference color, alteration and sometimes medium relief), tabular to elongate euhedral or subhedral and sometimes anhedral crystals, oblique extinction. Distinguished by its polysynthetic twinning and sometimes zoning. 6. Muscovite KAl3Si3O10(OH)2: colorless or pale color and third to fourth order bright interference color, 1-set cleavage, parallel extinction. 1 Igneous Petrology Mafic minerals 7. Biotite K(Mg, Fe)3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2: brown color and distinct
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Module 7 Igneous Rocks IGNEOUS ROCKS
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Igneous Rocks
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Introduction to Types and Classification of Rocks
Presented at SDG Short Course II on Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources, organized by UNU-GTP, GDC and KenGen, at Lake Bogoria and Lake Naivasha, Kenya, Nov. 9-29, 2017. Kenya Electricity Generating Co., Ltd. INTRODUCTION TO TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS Geoffrey Mibei Geothermal Development Company P.O. Box 17700-20100, Nakuru KENYA [email protected] ABSTRACT Generally rocks can be divided into three major types based on the process of their formation. These are; Igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification and cooling of magma in volcanic areas, while sedimentary rocks are formed by low temperature accumulation of sediments in tectonic basins and topographical sinks. Metamorphic rocks on the other hand are formed by application of temperature and pressure on pre-existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks therefore form at great depths, but exposed on the surface due to erosion and epirogenic movements. Each of these three rock types can be further classified in terms of; chemistry, how the form and environment of formation. The distributions of these major rock types are critical in regional mapping of natural resources. Igneous is coined from word “ignis” meaning fire and therefore these rocks are good indicators of volcanism and are there associated with geothermal resources and hydrothermal deposits like porphyry copper, and gold etc. sedimentary rocks especially the organic sediments on the other hand are good source rocks and are associated with resources like coal and oil. Sediments are also good proxies for environmental reconstruction, since fossils can be well preserved in these deposits.
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The Origin of Adakites in the Garibaldi Volcanic Complex, Southwestern British Columbia, Canada
The Origin of Adakites in the Garibaldi Volcanic Complex, southwestern British Columbia, Canada A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science In Geology University of Regina By Julie Anne Fillmore Regina, Saskatchewan November 2014 Copyright 2014: J.A. Fillmore UNIVERSITY OF REGINA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH SUPERVISORY AND EXAMINING COMMITTEE Julie Anne Fillmore, candidate for the degree of Master of Science in Geology, has presented a thesis titled, The Origin of Adakites in the Garibaldi Volcanic Complex, Southwestern British Columbia, Canada, in an oral examination held on August 22, 2014. The following committee members have found the thesis acceptable in form and content, and that the candidate demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject material. External Examiner: Dr. Martin Beech, Campion College Supervisor: Dr. Ian M. Coulson, Department of Geology Committee Member: Dr. Tsilavo Raharimahefa, Department of Geology Chair of Defense: Dr. Josef Buttigieg, Department of Biology ii Abstract The Garibaldi Volcanic Complex (GVC) is located in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It comprises two volcanic fields: the Garibaldi Lake Volcanic Field (GLVF) in the north and the Mount Garibaldi Volcanic Field (MGVF) in the south. Petrographical and geochemical studies on volcanic rocks collected from the GVC have determined that they exhibit adakitic characteristics; these intermediate rocks range from basaltic andesite to dacite represented mainly by lava flows, domes and minor pyroclastic material. All the lavas exhibit evidence of magma mixing, which include sieve textured crystals, dehydration reaction textures, differently sized phenocryst populations, xenocrysts and xenoliths.
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Textures of Igneous Rocks: Composition of Igneous Rocks
LAST NAME (ALL IN CAPS): _________________________________ FIRST NAME: _____________________ 7. ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE Instructions: Refer to Exercise 2 in your Lab Manual on pages 25-46 to answer the questions in this work sheet. Your work will be graded on the basis of its accuracy, completion, clarity, neatness, legibility, and correct spelling of scientific terms. If you have to test a mineral for effervescence and want to apply HCl, you must first ask permission from your instructor (remember HCl is hazardous to health; it may also discolor & decompose your clothes & books). Some rocks that you will be working with have sharp edges and corners, therefore, be careful when working with them! When you are done with your lab work, if smaller fragments and dust of minerals had fallen-off while working with them, clean the desk and leave all materials you worked with in the same way you found them! INTRODUCTION IGNEOUS ROCKS: Formed when molten rock (magma/lava) cools down and solidifies; minerals are arranged in a dense interlocking mass with no alignment; made of intergrown/interlocking crystals. {Born of fire} Examples of Igneous rocks: Granite, Diorite, Gabbro, Rhyolite, Andesite, Basalt, Pumice, Obsidian Textures of igneous rocks: Aphanitic texture: produced when lava cooled quickly on Earth’s surface; rock made up of microscopic minerals. Vesicular texture: produced on fine grained rocks when gas escapes from a cooling lava. Phaneritic texture: produced when magma cooled slowly at depth; rock made up of large (visible) minerals. Porphyritic texture: produced by slow then rapid cooling; rock made up of fine and coarse minerals.
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Earth Science Chapter 6
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Volcanic Rocks Rocks Formed from Lava That Crystallizes at the Surface Vulcan – God of Fire
http://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org /colorado-geology/timescale/ Concrete Aggregates- Criteria Igneous Rocks Adapted from Brunkel (2012) Two Types of Igneous Rocks Extrusive, or Volcanic rocks Rocks formed from lava that crystallizes at the surface Vulcan – god of fire Intrusive, or Plutonic rocks Rocks formed from magma that crystallizes at depth Pluto – god of the underworld Types of Lava Rhyolite Felsic lava 800°-1000°C Lower temp and higher silica = more viscous Types of Lava Types of Basalt Mafic Magma Flood Pahoehoe Aa Pillow Types of Lava Andesitic Intermediate between basalt and rhyolite Felsic or Sialic Intermediate Mafic Magma Magma Magma Igneous Textures Factors affecting crystal size & texture: Rate of cooling Fast rate forms many small crystals Very fast rate forms glass Amount of silica (SiO2) present Amount of dissolved gases (volatiles) Types of Igneous Texture Definite Extrusive textures: Glassy Aphanitic – Fine Grained Vesicular - Holey Pyroclastic – Fragments Porphyritic – Fine & Coarse Grained Definite Intrusive textures: Phaneritic – Coarse Grained Pegmatitic – Very Coarse Grained Porphyritic – Fine & Coarse Grained Divergent Boundaries Newest crust material being formed Continent-Ocean convergence Global Pattern of Volcanism Extrusive Igneous Volcanic Erupts at the surface of the Earth Magma/lava cools very RAPIDLY, crystals do not have time to form, very fine grained crystal structure Aphanitic texture (Fine Grained) Rapid rate of cooling of lava or shallow magma Very small crystals May contain
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University of Canterbury
Engineering Geological and Geotechnical Characterisation of Selected Port Hills Lavas A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Geology at the University of Canterbury by Jonathan-Adam Safaa Mukhtar University of Canterbury 2014 Frontispiece Redcliffs, Sumner, Christchurch (Mukhtar J, 2014) II Abstract This thesis aims to create a specific and robust geotechnical data set for the Lyttelton Volcanic Group, and investigate the effect of emplacement and post-emplacement mechanisms on geotechnical characteristics. The thesis provides an engineering geological model of a representative section of the Lyttelton Volcanic Complex, which, in conjunction with field observations, informed the subdivision of the main lithological groups into geotechnical sub-units. The sub-units account for the geological variations within the rock types of this study. Eighteen geotechnical sub-units were identified, sampled and characterised: 1trachytic dykes, 2trachytic domes, 3trachytic lava, 4brecciated basaltic ignimbrite, 5moderately welded basaltic ignimbrite, 6highly welded basaltic ignimbrite, 7red ash, 8crystal dominated tuff, 9lithic dominated tuff, 10rubbly basaltic breccia, 11unweathered basaltic lava, 12slightly to moderately weathered basaltic lava, 13highly to completely weathered basaltic lava, 14highly vesicular basaltic lava bomb, 15basaltic dyke, 16blocky basaltic lava, 17volcanogenic conglomerate and 18volcanogenic tuffaceous sandstone. Thirteen units were able geotechnically
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Igneous Rocks the Earth Science Journal Issue 9 November 2013
IGNEOUS ROCKS THE EARTH SCIENCE JOURNAL ISSUE 9 NOVEMBER 2013 IN THIS ISSUE Overview of Igneous Rocks P.1 Intrusive Rocks P.1 Igneous Rock Characteristics P.2 Extrusive Rocks P.2 Overview of Igneous Rocks The word igneous is derived from the Latin word ignis (meaning fire), and it is a very appropri- ate name for this particular rock type. All igneous rocks were at one time molten (melted) and Intrusive Rocks then solidified into their present form. For the rocks to be molten, they needed to be very hot, Intrusive igneous rocks form inside so thinking of fire when thinking of igneous rocks is appropriate. (below the surface) of the Earth. The cooling rate of intrusive rocks Although all igneous rocks were molten, not all came from the same source minerals or cooled tends to be very slow because they in the same area, or even cooled at the same rate—all of these factors play a role in how igne- are insulated by surrounding rocks. ous rocks appear and the characteristics that they have. This slow rate of cooling leads to larger crystal grains because the Igneous rocks formed from lava or magma. Lava is molten rock that has reached the Earth’s crystals have time to grow. The surface and been erupted onto it. Magma is molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface. If a rock granite sample below cooled deep is formed from magma that cools and hardens beneath the surface of the Earth, it is consid- beneath the Earth’s surface and is ered an intrusive igneous rock.
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Igneous Rocks
What is Igneous Rock? Earth’s crust is 4/5 igneous rock. Every igneous rock begins life as molten magma deep in the mantle. As magma migrates toward the surface, some of it chills and hardens Igneous underground into granite and other types of igneous rocks. Rocks Magma that makes it to the surface erupts in either flowing or explosive volcanoes, generating lava, geysers, and hot springs. http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/lecture/gg101/index.html Igneous rock crystallizes in Earth’s magma locations Extrusive igneous rock Intrusive igneous rock crystallizes within Earth’s crust. Intrusive igneous rock Extrusive igneous rock crystallizes upon Earth’s crust. 1 As magma crystallizes a network of interlocking Igneous Rocks minerals develops. The composition and • Igneous Rocks are named on the basis of texture of the resulting rock is determined by the ir tttexture and composition. these minerals. Composition of a rock is the assemblage of minerals it contains. Texture of a rock is the size and arrangement of the minerals it contains. Texture Texture Aphanitic texture - mineral grains too small to see with the unaided eye (Basalt) Phaneritic texture - with large minerals (Granite) Large crystals had a long time to crystallize. Small crystals had a short time to crystallize. Therefore, this is an intrusive rock Therefore, this is an extrusive rock 2 Texture Texture Glassy texture - without Vesicular texture – many pits obvious minerals (Obsidian) from gas escape (Basalt) No crystals. This is an extrusive rock. Extrusive rock. Composition Texture
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Igneous Rock Identification
ESS 210 Lab 6: Igneous Rock Identification Name: ________________________ Lab 6: Igneous Rock Identification Review of Igneous Composition Igneous rock composition can be described with varying levels of detail. Generally, composition is based on the relative abundance of felsic and mafic minerals. Mafic minerals include olivine, pyroxene, and Ca-rich plagioclase, which are typically dark in color. Thus, igneous rocks which contain mainly of dark-colored minerals will probably be mafic in composition. Light-colored minerals, including quartz, potassium feldspar (orthoclase), and Na-rich plagioclase, are felsic and the igneous rocks made mainly of these light-colored minerals are called felsic rocks. Igneous rocks that contain a mixture of light- and dark-colored minerals are called intermediate. Greater detail comes from estimating or measuring the percentage of different minerals found in a rock specimen. For example, one type of granite (a felsic igneous rock) would be more fully described by saying it is composed of 40% quartz, 35% potassium feldspar, and 25% plagioclase. Review of Igneous Texture Igneous rock texture describes the size and arrangement of the crystals that comprise the rock, and is largely a function of the cooling rate. The texture of igneous rocks with large, visible crystals is called phaneritic. If the crystals are small and difficult to see with the unaided eye, the texture is termed aphanitic. Some igneous rocks contain large crystals within a groundmass of smaller crystals; this texture is called porphyritic. If an igneous rock cools so quickly that crystals do not have time to form at all, a glassy texture is produced.
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