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A Participatory Study of the Traditional Knowledge of Fishing Communities in the Gulf of Mannar, India

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A Participatory Study of the Traditional Knowledge of Fishing Communities in the Gulf of Mannar, India SAMUDRA Monograph A Participatory Study of the Traditional Knowledge of Fishing Communities in the Gulf of Mannar, India The communities of Chinnapalam and Bharathi Nagar Robert Panipilla and Marirajan T International Collective in Support of Fishworkers www.icsf.net SAMUDRA Monograph A Participatory Study of the Traditional Knowledge of Fishing Communities in the Gulf of Mannar, India The communities of Chinnapalam and Bharathi Nagar, Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, India Robert Panipilla Independent Researcher and Marirajan T Executive Director Peoples Action for Development (PAD) Vembar International Collective in Support of Fishworkers www.icsf.net SAMUDRA Monograph A Participatory Study of the Traditional Knowledge of Fishing Communities in the Gulf of Mannar, India Authors The communities of Chinnapalam and Bharathi Nagar, Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, India Robert Panipilla, Independent Researcher and Marirajan T, Executive Director Peoples Action for Development (PAD), Vembar October 2014 Edited by KG Kumar and Sumana Narayanan Layout by P Sivasakthivel Front Cover Seaweed collectors of Bharathi Nagar village in the Gulf of Mannar, Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, India Photo by Shilpi Sharma/ICSF Printed at L S Graphics, Chennai Published by International Collective in Support of Fishworkers 27 College Road, Chennai 600 006, India Tel: +91 44 2827 5303 Fax: +91 44 2825 4457 Email: [email protected] www.icsf.net With support from Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME) Project Phuket, Thailand Copyright © ICSF 2014 ISBN 978 93 80802 31 2 While ICSF reserves all rights for this publication, any portion of it may be freely copied and distributed, provided appropriate credit is given. Any commercial use of this material is prohibited without prior permission. ICSF would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. The opinions and positions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the offi cial views of ICSF or of the supporting agencies. Contents ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................... v GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................... vi FOREWORD ...................................................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. xi BACKGROUND ................................................................................................ 1 Gulf of Mannar ........................................................................................ 1 Objectives .................................................................................................. 2 Study site .................................................................................................... 3 Methodology ............................................................................................. 3 TRADITIONAL COASTAL COMMUNITIES ........................................... 5 History of the pearl fi shery .................................................................... 5 Customary rights and usage of the islands ........................................... 6 Utilization of islands by local people .................................................... 8 Utilization of islands by the state ........................................................... 10 Introduction of seaweed collection ....................................................... 11 National park ............................................................................................. 11 Confl ict ....................................................................................................... 11 FISHING COMMUNITIES OF THE STUDY VILLAGES .................................... 14 Local institutions ...................................................................................... 14 CHINNAPALAM VILLAGE........................................................................... 16 History ....................................................................................................... 17 Use of islands ............................................................................................ 17 Seaweed collection .................................................................................... 19 Boats and nets ........................................................................................... 20 Traditional fi shing methods .................................................................... 22 Village taboos ............................................................................................ 23 BHARATHI NAGAR VILLAGE ................................................................... 24 History ....................................................................................................... 25 Use of the islands ..................................................................................... 26 SAMUDRA Monograph TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE .................................................................. 31 Oceanographic knowledge of both village communities ................. 31 Geographical knowledge of sea fl oor between the coast and the island .................................................................................. 34 Geographic and ecological details of both islands .............................. 35 Traditional knowledge related to biodiversity ...................................... 42 Marine biodiversity related knowledge .................................................. 42 Traditional knowledge related to medicinal plants and animals in the islands ....................................................................................................... 47 Fishing methods ....................................................................................... 52 Myths and taboos associated with fi shing ............................................ 54 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................. 56 REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 58 SPECIES DIRECTLY OBSERVED IN APPA ISLAND .......................... 60 SPECIES DIRECTLY OBSERVED IN KRUSADAI ISLAND .............. 72 TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF GULF OF MANNAR iv SAMUDRA Monograph ACRONYMS BOBLME Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem project CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CMFRI Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute COP Conference of Parties (to the CBD) CSMCRI Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute EBSA ecologically or biologically signifi cant area GEF Global Environment Facility GOMBRT Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust ICSF International Collective in Support of Fishworkers PAD People’s Action for Development RFTU Ramnad district Fishworker’s Trade Union SHG self-help group SSF Voluntary Guidelines on Securing Sustainable Small-scale Guidelines Fisheries in the context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication WLPA Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 1 USD = 61.55 INR (Exchange rate as on 1 October 2014. Source: www.xe.com) v TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF GULF OF MANNAR SAMUDRA Monograph GLOSSARY baagham/paagam depth measure that is almost 1 fathom or 1.86 m cheru pakathi muddy area choodam camphor jati thailavan the title given to the leader of the Paravas kachaan to one’s right (when facing villangu) kalankathudal/kalamkatti a traditional method of fi shing kankar calcium carbonate deposits karai the shore; also direction away from the sea karnam local revenue offi cial in British times koil temple kondal to the left (when facing villangu) manal pakuthi sandy area neithal the coastal landscape (one of fi ve landscapes described in Sangam literature) panchayat village council patta title deed to land poromboke one of the land classifi cations for revenue; wasteland sambrani a resin used as incense taluk an administrative division consisting of several villages thallai pakuthi seagrass area thaali an ornament that is a symbol of marriage in Hindu weddings veesai a measure; one veesai equals 1.25 kg villangu direction of the sea or where fi shers go for fi shing zamindari/zamin an estate/fi efdom controlled by a zamindar Flora and fauna aavoli pomfret chattapaar or tharapaar dead corals chaakku pasi Hypnea sp. TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF GULF OF MANNAR vi SAMUDRA Monograph cigarette pasi Gracilaria folifera eekkithalai Halodule uninervis eraal prawn kalavaa coral cod kalvettikadan sole/fl at fi sh kanava/kanavai squid kanda/kanna maram mangrove kanji pasi Gracilaria edulis kata carangid kattaikkorai pasi Sargassum sp. kattikalai silverbellies kilaika sand whiting kodakapuli Pithecolobium dulce kuchithalai Syringodium isoetifolium kumula sira mackerel kuthippu false eve trevally madanam rock cod marikkolundu pasi Gelidiella acerosa mural half and full beaks nandu crab nethili anchovy oalathalai Cymodocea sp. ola kanava needle squid oodakam silver bellies oola barracuda oora rabbit fi sh oraa spine foot paarai armed trevally pakkoda pasi Turbinaria sp. pannaa tiger toothed croaker pasi seaweed pepsi pasi Kappaphycus alvarezii poduvuthalai Syringodium spp poovali shrimp poovarasu maram Thespesia populnea vii TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF GULF OF MANNAR SAMUDRA Monograph pungai Pongamia sp. pura carangid salli broken dead coral reef sangu molluscs/conchs seela barred Spanish mackerel semmpaarai crabs
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