Indigenous Knowledge of Medicinal Plants: a Case Study of Gulmarg Area of J & K
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) Special Issue-11: 2706-2714 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Special Issue-11 pp. 2706-2714 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Case Study Indigenous Knowledge of Medicinal Plants: A Case Study of Gulmarg Area of J & K Muzamil Mohiuddin1*, Rayees Afzal Mir2, Asma Tanga3, Dil Mahjoora Majeed3, Shafkat Jabbar3 and Basim mohiuddin4 1Department of Botany, 2Department of Agriculture, 3Department of Zoology, Glocal University, Mirzapur U.P 247232, India 4Department of Forestry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Watlar Benhama, Ganderbal, 191201 Jammu and Kashmir, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Ethnobotany is the scientific study of the relationships that exist between people and the plants. Ethnobotany aims to document the valuable knowledge of the tribal regarding the use of plants. The tribal people use the plants in their unique ways for various purposes mostly for the treatment of K e yw or ds various diseases. There is a need to document this valuable knowledge as it Medicinal plants, Traditional is draining off at a rapid speed. An initiative was taken to document the knowledge , ethnic knowledge regarding the medicinal plants in the Gulmarg and its Disease , Ethno allied areas in Kashmir Division of Jammu and Kashmir. During the survey medicine about 80 plants, used for treatment of various diseases and aliments were documented. These plants are used for the treatment of various diseases like headache, toothache, epilepsy, gastric problems, skin disorders, pneumonia jaundice, etc. Introduction herbal medicine in view of its lesser side effects compared to allopathic medicine in The medicinal properties of plant species addition the necessity of meeting the have made an outstanding contribution in the requirements of medicine for an increasing origin and evolution of many traditional human population. About 70-80% people herbal therapies. These traditional knowledge around the World rely on medicinal plants for systems have started to disappear with the major health care.” passage of time due to scarcity of written documents and relatively low income in these Through the realization of the continuous traditions. Over the past few years, however, erosion of traditional knowledge of plants the medicinal plants have regained a wide used for medicine in the past and the renewed recognition due to an escalating faith in interest at the present time, a need existed to 2706 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) Special Issue-11: 2706-2714 review this valuable knowledge of medicinal sector may benefit and improve the living plants with the purpose of developing standard of poor people. A great deal of medicinal plants sectors across the different traditional knowledge of the use of various states in India. Our major objectives therefore plant species is still intact with the indigenous were to explore the potential in medicinal people, and this fact is especially relevant plants resources, to understand the challenges with the mountainous areas such as the and opportunities with the medicinal plants Himalaya due to less accessibility of terrain sector, and also to suggest recommendations and comparatively slow rate of development. based upon the present state of knowledge for the establishment and smooth functioning of Use and diversity in medicinal plants the medicinal plants sector along with improving the living standards of the In India, of the 17,000 species of higher underprivileged communities. The review plants, 7500 are known for medicinal uses. reveals that State of Kashmir harbours a rich This proportion of medicinal plants is the diversity of valuable medicinal plants, and highest proportion of plants known for their attempts are being made at different levels for medical purposes in any country of the world sustainable utilization of this resource in for the existing flora of that respective order to develop the medicinal plants sector.” country. Ayurveda, the oldest medical system in Indian sub-continent, has alone reported Forests have played key roles in the lives of approximately 2000 medicinal plant species, people living in both mountains and lowland followed by Siddha and Unani. The Charak areas by supplying fresh water and oxygen as Samhita, an age-old written document on well as providing a diversity of valuable herbal therapy, reports on the production of forest products for food and medicine. The 340 herbal drugs and their indigenous uses. age-old traditional values attached with the Currently, approximately 25% of drugs are various forest types and the varieties of forest derived from plants, and many others are products (i.e., medicinal plants) have gained synthetic analogues built on prototype tremendous importance in the present compounds isolated from plant species in century. Furthermore, the cosmetic industries modern pharmacopoeia.” are increasingly using natural ingredients in their products, and these natural ingredients The northern part of India harbours a great include extracts of several medicinal plants. diversity of medicinal plants because of the India and China are two of the largest majestic Himalayan range. So far about 8000 countries in Asia, which have the richest species of angiosperms, 44 species of arrays of registered and relatively well- gymnosperms and 600 species of known medicinal plants. Since the Indian pteridophytes have been reported in the subcontinent is well known for its diversity of Indian Himalaya, of these 1748 species are forest products and the age-old healthcare known as medicinal plants. The maximum traditions, there is an urgent need to establish medicinal plants (1717 species) have been these traditional values in both the national reported around the 1800 m elevation range. and international perspectives realizing the On the regional scale, the maximum species ongoing developmental trends in traditional of medicinal plants have been reported from knowledge. Apart from health care, medicinal Uttaranchal, followed by Sikkim and North plants are mainly the alternate income- Bengal. The trans-Himalaya sustains about generating source of underprivileged 337 species of medicinal plants, which is low communities; therefore, strengthening this compared to other areas of the Himalaya due 2707 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) Special Issue-11: 2706-2714 to the distinct geography and ecological Gulmarg marginal conditions.” Gulmarg (meadow of flowers) is a town, a Several plant species are endemic to the hill station, a popular skiing destination and a Himalayan region. Out of total known notified area committee in Bara mullah number of higher plants from India, district in the Indian administration state of J approximately 46% are endemic to the & K. The town is within the Himalayas and is Himalaya. Of the total medicinal plant within miles of the loc between India. species, sixty-two species of medicinal plants are endemic to the Himalaya and 208 extend Geography their distribution to the adjacent areas, and are therefore classified as near endemic. Gulmarg is located 52 km from Srinagar (Fig. 1). It has an average elevation of 8, 825 ft. Over 200 species of Himalayan medicinal Gulmarg is easily accessible from Srinagar, plants are consumed raw, roasted, boiled, the capital of j & k in less than 2 hours by bus fried, cooked, or they are used in the form of or car. Just 1 hour on the way is the town of oil, spices, jams or pickle. The indigenous Tangmarg. The adjoining areas of Gulmarg communities use some medicinal plant are Tangmarg, Khilanmarg, Ferozpora, species as a source of food, fodder, timber as Drang and Baba Reshi. well as various other ethnobotanical purposes. The local people have a good knowledge of the use of plants. The people still use many For example, apart from the use of Myrica plants as medicines. The knowledge of the esculenta and Terminalia bellirica as medicinal uses of plants is has been medicines, the fruits of these species are transmitted from one generation to next edible, the leaves are used for fodder and the orally. It is mandatory to document the wood is used for fuel. Approximately 81 knowledge of these local people before the species of Himalayan medicinal plants are knowledge will drain off their information in known to be used for the extraction of oil. Of a notebook. Also, hakeems were consulted the total 675 species of Himalayan wild who also gave some information to us. The edibles, 171 are used for the treatment of information given by these persons were diseases. The crop plants diversity is also a verified by confirming it from at least five source of traditional medicine. other persons. The plants listed were searched with the help of volunteers and the Materials and Methods photographs of the plants were taken in their natural habitat with a digital camera and Country ---------- India documented. State ------------- Jammu &Kashmir Results and Discussion District ---------- Bara Mullah A list of 59 plants belonging to 32 families was documented. These plants are used for Elevation --------- 2, 690 m (8,830 ft) various diseases and ailments like jaundice, rheumatism, headache, kidney stones, Language -------- Kashmiri, English, Urdu toothaches, constipations, skin disorders etc. and Pahari. The ethnomedicinal plants used by the local 2708 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) Special Issue-11: 2706-2714 people of the Gulmarg and its allied areas are fairly rich not only in medicinal plants but given in Table 1 and some important has also deeply