The DRIVERS OF FORCED MIGRATION is a project by Ska Keller, MEP, and , MEP.

Developed and designed by: DRIVERS OF FORCED MIGRATION Dietmar Bartz, Ellen Stockmar Assisted by: Lena Ziyal, Andreas Kaizik, Christine Schulz (Infotext Berlin)

This work is licensed under the “Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons licence. The PEOPLE FLEE FOR MANY REASONS text of the licence is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. A summary (which does not serve as a substitute) is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de. War and persecution are forcing more and more people to flee. Hunger, poverty and a drastic deterioration in living conditions – often exacerbated by the consequences of climate change – are driving many people to leave their homes. Many refugees and migrants become victims of violence, abuse and slavery. Thousands lose their lives on the perilous journey. Worldwide, most of these deaths occur at Europe’s external borders in the Mediterranean. 2nd Edition, 2019

WE HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT REFUGEES Orders: [email protected] or [email protected] The EU hosts just nine percent of the world’s refugees. The vast majority of refugees remain in the Ska Keller Global South. Many are internally displaced; others seek protection in neighbouring countries. Europe Member of the must do more to meet its global responsibility to protect refugees. We need to step up support to Sources: for Alliance 90/The Greens and parliamentary leader of the Greens/EFA in countries such as Lebanon, Uganda and Turkey that host many refugees. We must drastically increase top left: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kriegsursachenforschung (AKUF – Research Group on the Causes of War) the European Parliament the admission of refugees under the UN Resettlement Programme and humanitarian visas for asylum at the University of Hamburg, 2018 Summary, as of 5 December 2018. http://bit.ly/2CxtVt9. Definition of war: Involvement of at least two armed forces, with state armed forces on one side; centralized control seekers. We also urgently need a fair distribution of refugees within the EU. of the fighting parties and the conflict; both sides with a planned strategy. Armed conflict: violent conflict that does not fully meet the definition of war; often with interruptions in combat. Precise definition: WE NEED TO FIGHT THE DRIVERS OF FORCED MIGRATION http://bit.ly/2BcaHWL. – SIPRI Arms Transfers Database 2013–2018, publ. 2019, http://bit.ly/25G5tOe. Figures from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) use the TIV (trend-indicator Instead of fighting those whofl ee, we need to systematically tackle the various drivers of forced value) unit, which measures military capability, and is based on the value in US dollars, enabling free migration. This means creating conditions that allow people to stay in their country because they want or discounted arms deliveries to be adequately taken into account and compared. The figures in the map are in millions of TIV (mTIV). To give a sense of the magnitude, a Eurofighter aircraft is valued at 55 mTIV to – and not because they are prevented from leaving it due to EU deals with third countries. It would and five new Leopard tanks are valued at 8 mTIV. Supplying countries under 100 mTIV are not shown. also mean that people leave their country because they want to – not because they are forced to do so by violence, persecution or hunger. The fight against the drivers of forced migration is not directed top right: Major migration routes: United Nations, 2017 International Migration Report, Highlights, S. 14, http://bit.ly/2OvfNqY. – Multidimensional poverty: UN Development Programme (UNDP), Oxford at those who flee, but is directed against the causes of displacement, persecution and forced migration. Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), 2019 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index. Illuminating Inequalities, http://bit.ly/2NsHe4g, pp.18–19.

Michael Bloss ACTIONS SPEAK LOUDER THAN WORDS middle: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Global Trends, Forced Displacement Member of the European Parliament for We must do much more to improve the situation of people in their home countries. The EU must stop in 2018, publ. 2019, pp.65–68, http://bit.ly/2JZPtCD. All countries with over 100,000 refugees, internally Alliance 90/The Greens fuelling wars with European weapons. Emergency relief for people suffering from humanitarian crises and displaced people, and other “persons of concern”. and spokesperson for climate policy Small graphics: UNHCR; 2018 in Review. Trends at a Glance, http://bit.ly/36Kji41. – Registered deaths 2014 famines must be drastically increased. Instead of destroying local markets in developing countries to 2019: UN International Organization for Migration (IOM), Missing Migrants Project, status: 31 October 2019, by flooding them with highly subsidized European products, the EU needs to conclude trade agreements http://bit.ly/2h8WZ0N.

that offer genuine development prospects to countries in the Global South. Finally, as one of the main bottom left: Civicus Monitor, Tracking civic space. 2019, http://bit.ly/2JSqgvD. – OECD, Social Institutions causes of climate-related migration, the EU must systematically implement the Paris climate agreement and Gender Index (SIGI), 2019, Countries scoring over 75 on the index of discrimination in the family, and help developing countries cope with the consequences of climate change. excluding countries with under 1 million women, http://bit.ly/34FYwAK. World Bank Data, Population, female, 2019 Revision, http://bit.ly/2NSbchg.

bottom right: United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)/GRID-Arendal, Global soil degradation, 2008, http://bit.ly/2EKmygO; no more recent data available. UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Yearbook 2012, p.284 f., http://bit.ly/1zKxlT4. – University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)/GRID-Arendal, Sea Level Change in Bangladesh, 2009, http://bit.ly/2zgmCSv. DRIVERS OF FORCED MIGRATION

WAR MULTIDIMENSIONAL Arms exports to areas of Main regional migration conflict across the globe destinations, millions POVERTY

from to from to Nutrition, child mortality, education, China 1,119 Myanmar Bangladesh 3.1 India cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking Jordan 3.3 United Arab Emirates water, electricity, housing, assets UA Emirates India 2.3 Saudi Arabia 5,080 Pakistan 2.3 Turkey (Kurds) Brazil 574 Nigeria Mexico 12.7 USA Ukraine 190 Libya (East) Philippines 2.1 288 Cameroon Russia 2.4 Syria Afghanistan 729 Syria China India (Kashmir) 2.3 Hong Kong (China) Gaza 3 Burundi Iraq Bulgaria 2.4 Kazakhstan Pakistan (Taliban) Israel Russia South Africa 3.3 Ukraine Libya Egypt Myanmar (Rohingya, Kachin) Germany Ukraine 3.3 19,228 India Russia Sudan Yemen (Houthi, Al-Qaida) Philippines (NPA) Ukraine Kazakhstan 2.6 Mali Belarus (Darfur) India (Maoists) Italy 63 South Sudan Syria 3.3 Turkey Sweden Somalia 476 Sudan Afghanistan 2.3 Iran Czech Rep. 1,270 Thailand Nigeria 1,334 Afghanistan Palestine 2.0 Jordan (Boko Haram) South Sudan (Blue Nile, Philippines 79 Yemen Sudan South Kordofan) (Mindanao) USA 5,703 Iraq Cameroon Thailand 650 Colombia Burundi (South) France 8,086 Egypt Central South Korea 750 Philippines Africa Congo Canada 3,084 Israel (East) Indonesia 4,206 Turkey Netherlands United Kingdom 18,391 Saudi Arabia Percent of population in Spain 74 Mali multidimensional poverty Turkey 0.2–19.3 Clashes Switzerland 20.4–38.8 Figures reflect national 10 wars 41.3–57.9 comparative military Colombia 1 armed conflict 61.9–91.9 significance regional 14 wars 3 armed conflicts no data

29.4 million refugees Around 71 million people are currently displaced. 41.3 million internally displaced people

Total displaced Refugee numbers people, compared to

in millions Syria Russia population Sweden Turkey Canada 9 in Lebanon 1 : 6 Germany Latvia Netherlands 5 Switzerland Austria Ukraine in Jordan 1 : 13 France Georgia Iraq 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia/Kosovo 0.1 USA Azerbaidjan Italy Spain China in Turkey 1 : 20 Greece Iran Afghanistan Refugees Egypt Internally displaced Lebanon Pakistan Algeria Jordan Bangladesh Stateless, returnees, Mexico Libya other Myanmar India in Germany 1 : 58 Honduras Mali Niger Sudan Yemen Guatemala Chad Philippines Panama Thailand Cote d’Ivoire Ethiopia Colombia Cameroon South Sudan Somalia Malaysia Nigeria Ecuador Congo Kenya Burundi Rwanda Tanzania Uganda 25 newly displaced Peru Central Africa Brazil people every minute

DR Congo Australia Chile South Africa Migrant fatalities recorded, 2014 to Oct. 2019 Argentina 19,007

7,483 3,637 2,599 533 491 40.4 Iran Pakistan 103.0 Mediterra- Africa Americas Asia Europe Middle East nean

28.2 Tanzania

20.9 Algeria

20.9 Sudan

19.0 Iraq Change in soil quality

18.1 Afghanistan Soils stable degraded 15.3 Malaysia very degraded without vegetation Bangladesh 79.7 14.3 Saudi Arabia Risks pollution desertification, droughts INDIA 14.1 Yemen deforestation loss of biodiversity BANGLADESH Egypt 48.7 11.2 Niger land scarcity Dhaka Discrimination flood, sea level rise 8.4 Syria water scarcity Civil society Countries in which women are have Rising sea levels Chittagong open repressed very few legal or social rights, 7.5 Somalia Size of risks Bangladesh, sea-level rise of 1 metre, limited closed female population, in millions 6.4 Guinea 17,000 square kilometres submerged, obstructed no data 5.8 Tunisia 15 million people affected Mauritania 2.2 4.9 Jordan Kuwait 1.6 3.4 Lebanon Oman 1.6 2.9 United Arab Emirates Gambia 1.1 2.3 Palestine HUMAN RIGHTS CLIMATE CHANGE

Sources and notes