Comparison of the Biological Evaluation of Two Different Varieties of Cumin Seed Extract
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CAPITAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ISLAMABAD Comparison of The Biological Evaluation of Two Different Varieties of Cumin Seed Extract by Rabbia Ahmed Awan A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences 2020 i Copyright © 2020 by Rabbia Ahmed Awan All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, by any information storage and retrieval system without the prior written permission of the author. ii Dedicated to Allah Almighty, Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W.W) and my father who is not with me physically but his prayers from heaven have always enlightened my way throughout my life. It's also dedicated to my mother who taught me that the best kind of knowledge to have is that which is learnt for its own sake. She also taught me that even the largest task can be accomplished if it is done one step at a time. CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL Comparison of The Biological Evaluation of Two Different Varieties of Cumin Seed Extract by Rabbia Ahmed Awan (MBS181005) THESIS EXAMINING COMMITTEE S. No. Examiner Name Organization (a) External Examiner Dr. Naila Safder FJWU, Rawalpindi (b) Internal Examiner Dr. Sahar Fazal CUST, Islamabad (c) Supervisor Dr. Shoukat Iqbal Malik CUST, Islamabad Dr. Shoukat Iqbal Malik Thesis Supervisor June, 2020 Dr. Sahar Fazal Dr. Muhammad Abdul Qadir Head Dean Dept. of Biosciences & Bioinformatics Faculty of Health & Life Sciences June, 2020 June, 2020 iv Author's Declaration I, Rabbia Ahmed Awan hereby state that my MS thesis titled \Comparison of The Biological Evaluation of Two Different Varieties of Cumin Seed Extract" is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad or anywhere else in the country/abroad. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my graduation, the University has the right to withdraw my MS Degree. (Rabbia Ahmed Awan) Registration No: MBS181005 v Plagiarism Undertaking I solemnly declare that research work presented in this thesis titled \Comparison of The Biological Evaluation of Two Different Varieties of Cumin Seed Extract" is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been dully acknowl- edged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and Capital University of Science and Technology towards plagiarism. Therefore, I as an author of the above titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of MS Degree, the University reserves the right to with- draw/revoke my MS degree and that HEC and the University have the right to publish my name on the HEC/University website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized work. (Rabbia Ahmed Awan) Registration No: MBS181005 vi Acknowledgements To start with great name of ALLAH Almighty, Most gracious and the merciful whose bounties are unbounded, whose benevolence is everlasting, whose blessing are uncountable, whose being is eternal, whose mercy is unlimited and whose incul- cated skills, knowledge and endless effort in to reach and accomplish my research work, he is the one who indulged and raise my interest in research work. Words seems too little to express my gratitude to Allah Almighty who has bestowed me with more then I deserve. Then I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Shouqat Iqbal Malik for his patience, motivation and tremendous knowledge. His guide- lines helped me during my thesis journey. I am thankful to Dr. Saher Fazal, Head of Department of Biosciences, Capi- tal University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, for provision of all possible facilities. My special thanks to my Co. Supervisor Dr. Erum Dilshad for her continuous support during my research work. I cannot express my gratitude enough. I am highly thankful to my teachers Dr. Sahr Fazal, Dr. Marium Bakhtiar, Dr. Arshia Amin for their insightful encouragement and extraordi- nary kindness throughout my studies. My deepest thanks to my fellow Nabgha Nosheen, She helped me a lot during lab work. I am proud to have such friends who deserve my high appreciation. My sincere and profound gratitude is due to my parents. I cannot forget their kind care and interest in my success. My mother's prayers and her moral support will always boost my progress. I cannot express my deepest feelings and high appreci- ation through this acknowledgement since they deserve much more. Rabbia Ahmed Awan (MBS181005) vii Abstract The seeds of cumin (Cuminum cyminum and Bunium persicum) used as spice for their distinctive aroma. These plants have significant medicinal, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant properties which indicates it high potential for use in medicine and food industry. In traditional medicines these plants are used to treat and improve some cases i.e. digestive and urinary disorders, diabetes, obesity and increasing breast milk. A comprehensive literature review was conducted by searching different studies in all relevant scientific databases. These studies support their uses either independently or as adjunct along with conventional drugs in metabolic syndromes, diabetes mellitus, respiratory problems, dyspepsia, inflammatory diseases, allergic rhinitis and all different types of human cancers. Various bioassays were performed to check the therapeutic efficacy of plants which are antimicrobial assays (antibacterial and antifungal), cytotoxic assays or brine shrimp lethality assay and antioxidant (DPPH assay). It was observed that both of this plant extract showed significant antibacterial activity against gram nega- tive bacteria (AT-10 and E. aerogenes). In antifungal assays, B. persicum showed highest percentage inhibition as compared to C. cyminum against Aspergillus- niger. Antioxidant was performed using DPPH method and it was observed that C. cyminum have more free radical scavenging activity as indicated by low IC50 value. Cytotoxic assays were performed by following brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) and it was observed that C. cyminum showed more toxicity as compared to B. persicum. Keywords: Cuminum cyminum , Bunium persicum , Antibacterial, Antifungal , Cytotoxic , Antioxidant. Contents Author's Declaration iv Plagiarism Undertakingv Acknowledgements vi Abstract vii List of Figures xii List of Tables xiii Abbreviations xiv 1 Introduction1 1.1 Background...............................1 1.2 Problem Statement...........................4 1.3 Aims...................................4 1.4 Objectives...............................5 1.5 Scope..................................5 2 Literature Review6 2.1 Medicinal Plants............................6 2.2 History..................................6 2.3 Plants History in Pakistan.......................8 2.4 Examples of Medicinal Plants.....................8 2.4.1 Ajwain..............................8 2.4.2 Cumin..............................9 2.4.3 Coriander............................9 2.4.4 Dill................................9 2.4.5 Kalonji..............................9 2.5 Natural Products............................ 10 2.5.1 Current Status of Natural Products.............. 14 2.6 Classification of Natural Products................... 14 2.6.1 Metabolites........................... 14 viii ix 2.6.2 Types of Metabolites...................... 15 2.6.2.1 Primary Metabolites................. 15 2.6.2.2 Secondary Metabolites................ 16 2.6.2.3 Phytochemicals.................... 16 2.6.3 Classification of Phytochemicals................ 17 2.6.3.1 Alkaloids....................... 17 2.6.3.2 Glycosides....................... 18 2.6.3.3 Phenolic........................ 18 2.6.3.4 Steroids........................ 19 2.6.3.5 Flavonoids...................... 19 2.6.3.6 Terpenes....................... 19 2.6.3.7 Terpenoids...................... 20 2.6.3.8 Polyketides...................... 20 2.6.3.9 Tannins........................ 21 2.7 Natural Products from Plants As a Source of Drugs........ 21 2.7.1 Paclitaxel Drug......................... 21 2.7.2 Baccatin III Drug........................ 21 2.7.3 Artemotil............................ 22 2.7.4 Codeine............................. 23 2.7.5 Cocaine............................. 23 2.7.6 Atropine............................. 24 2.8 Cumin.................................. 26 2.8.1 Etymology............................ 26 2.8.2 Description........................... 26 2.8.3 Taxonomic Classification.................... 27 2.9 Systematic Bitter Cumin........................ 27 2.10 Systematic of White Cumin...................... 27 2.11 History.................................. 28 2.11.1 Cultivation and Productivity.................. 29 2.11.2 Climatic Requirements for Productivity............ 30 2.11.3 Breeding............................. 30 2.11.4 Composition........................... 30 2.11.5 Constituents of Cumin..................... 31 2.11.6 Chemical Constituents..................... 31 2.12 Uses of Cumin.............................. 33 2.12.1 Common Uses.......................... 33 2.12.2 Classical Uses.......................... 33 2.12.3