M Truth Or Co2nsequences

TRUTH OR CO2NSEQUENCES ajor fossil fuel companies have known the truth This timeline highlights information, alleged in lawsuits M for nearly 50 years: their oil, gas, and coal products against fossil fuel companies, that comes from key create greenhouse gas pollution that warms the industry documents and other sources. It illustrates what planet and changes our climate. They’ve known for the industry knew, when they knew it, and what they decades that the consequences could be “catastrophic” didn’t do to prevent the impacts that are now imposing and that only a narrow window of time existed to take real costs on people and communities around the country. action before the damage might not be reversible. They While the early warnings from the industry’s own have nevertheless engaged in a coordinated, multi-front scientists and experts often acknowledged the effort to conceal and contradict their own knowledge of uncertainties in their projections, those uncertainties were these threats, discredit the growing body of publicly typically about the timing and magnitude of the climate available scientific evidence, and persistently create doubt change impacts – not about whether those impacts would in the minds of customers, consumers, regulators, the occur or whether the industry’s oil, gas, and coal were the media, journalists, policymakers, and the general public primary cause. On those latter points, as these documents about the reality and consequences of climate change. show, they were quite certain. DATE DOCUMENT TEXT “SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION – “The petroleum industry supplies the fuel used by the automobile, TRANSPORTATION,” PRESENTATION and thus has a sincere interest in the solution to the problem of AT THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON pollution from automobile exhaust. The stated objective of the NOV. 19, 1958 AIR POLLUTION BY CHARLES JONES, Smoke and Fumes Committee of the American Petroleum Institute SHELL EXECUTIVE/MEMBER OF THE is ‘to determine the causes and methods of control of objectionable AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE’S atmospheric pollution resulting from the production, manufacture, (API) SMOKE & FUMES COMMITTEE transportation, sale, and use of petroleum and its products.” President Lyndon Johnson’s Science Advisory Committee finds “RESTORING THE QUALITY OF OUR that “[P]ollutants have altered on a global scale the carbon dioxide ENVIRONMENT,” REPORT OF THE content of the air” and “[M]an is unwittingly conducting a vast geophysical experiment” by burning fossil fuels that are injecting NOV. 5, 1965 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PANEL, CO2 into the atmosphere. It concludes that by the year 2000, we PRESIDENT’S SCIENCE ADVISORY could see “measurable and perhaps marked changes in climate, COMMITTEE and will almost certainly cause significant changes in the temperature and other properties of the stratosphere.” “The fact that our industry will continue to be confronted with problems of air and water conservation for many years to come is demonstrated by the massive report of the Environmental Pollution Panel of the President’s Science Advisory Committee, which was presented to President Johnson over the weekend. This report will “MEETING THE CHALLENGES OF fan emotions, raise fears, and bring demands for action. The 1966,” SPEECH BY FRANK IKARD, substance of the report is that there is still time to save the world’s PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN peoples from the catastrophic consequence of pollution, but that NOV. 8, 1965 time is running out. One of the most important predictions of the PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API) AT THE report is that carbon dioxide is being added to the earth’s th TRADE ASSOCIATION’S 45 ANNUAL atmosphere by the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas at such a MEETING rate that by the year 2000 the heat balance will be so modified as to possibly cause marked changes in climate…We must not permit the job ahead of us in air and water conservation – either its size or its complexity – to become obscured by rash statements…Our industry is best understood, and its need are more readily appreciated, when it can when it can strike a single note.” TRUTH OR CO2NSEQUENCES The American Petroleum Institute commissions a report finding that: • “[A]lthough there are other possible sources for the additional “SOURCES, ABUNDANCE, AND FATE CO2 now being observed in the atmosphere, none seems to fit the OF GASEOUS ATMOSPHERIC presently observed situation as well as the fossil fuel emanation POLLUTANTS,” REPORT PREPARED BY theory.” FEB. 1968 STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE • “Significant temperature changes are almost certain to occur by SCIENTISTS ELMER ROBINSON AND the year 2000, and these could bring about climatic changes.” R.C. ROBBINS FOR THE AMERICAN • “There seems to be no doubt that the potential damage to our environment could be severe.” PETROLEUM INSTITUTE • “What is lacking, however, is an application of these CO2 data to air pollution technology and work toward systems in which CO2 emissions would be brought under control.” Exxon Science Advisor James Black tells the company’s PRESENTATION SHARED WITH EXXON Management Committee that “[T]here is general scientific MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE FROM agreement that the most likely manner in which mankind is JUNE 6, 1978 influencing the global climate is through carbon dioxide release EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING from the burning of fossil fuels” and that “[M]an has a time SCIENCE ADVISOR, JAMES BLACK window of five to ten years before the need for hard decisions regarding changes in energy strategy might become critical.” CONGRESS PASSES NATIONAL Congress passes the National Climate Policy Act to help “the SEPT. 17, 1978 Nation and the world to understand and respond to natural and CLIMATE POLICY ACT man-induced climate processes and their implications.” Exxon scientist Henry Shaw proposes that the company initiate a CO2 RESEARCH PROPOSAL FROM comprehensive research program “to assess the possible impact EXXON RESEARCH AND of the greenhouse effect on Exxon business.” He argues that the DEC. 7, 1978 ENGINEERING’S ENVIRONMENTAL company needs “a credible scientific team that can critically AREA MANAGER, HENRY SHAW evaluate the information generated on the subject and be able to carry bad news, if any, to the corporation.” An Exxon internal study finds that: • “The present trend of fossil fuel consumption will cause dramatic “CONTROLLING THE CO2 environmental effects before the year 2050.” CONCENTRATION IN THE • “[R]ecognizing the uncertainty, there is a possibility that an OCT. 16, 1979 ATMOSPHERE,” STUDY BY EXXON atmospheric CO2 buildup will cause adverse environmental effects EMPLOYEE STEVE KNISELY in enough areas of the world to consider limiting the future use of fossil fuels as major energy sources.” • “The potential problem is great and urgent.” MEETING MINUTES FROM THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE’S Dr. J. Laurman tells API’s Climate Task Force that “there is a scientific consensus on the potential for large future climatic FEB. 29, 1980 (API’S) CO2 AND CLIMATE TASK response to increased CO2 levels” and that “remedial actions will FORCE: PRESENTATION BY DR. J. take a long time to become effective.” LAURMAN “REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL An internal report distributed widely to Exxon/Esso Corporate Managers, finds that “[T]echnology exists to remove CO2 from AUG. 6, 1980 PROTECTION ACTIVITIES FOR 1978- stack gases but removal of only 50% of the CO2 would double the 1979,” IMPERIAL OIL REPORT cost of power generation.” TRUTH OR CO2NSEQUENCES Exxon Strategic Planning Manager Roger Cohen comments on an internal assessment of CO2 emissions and the greenhouse effect that is prepared at the request of Senior VP and Director Morey MEMO FROM ROGER COHEN, O’Loughlin: DIRECTOR OF EXXON’S THEORETICAL • “[I]t is very likely that we will unambiguously recognize the threat AUG. 18, 1981 AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE by the year 2000 because of advances in climate modeling and the LABORATORY, TO SCIENTIST WERNER beginning of real experimental confirmation of the CO2 effect.” • “Whereas I can agree with the statement that our best guess is GLASS that observable effects in the year 2030 will be ‘well short of catastrophic’, it is distinctly possible that the [Planning Division’s] scenario will later produce effects that will indeed be catastrophic (at least for a substantial fraction of the earth’s population).” “CO2 ‘GREENHOUSE’ EFFECT,” An internal Exxon “CO2 ‘Greenhouse Effect’ Summary” finds that INTERNALLY DISTRIBUTED SUMMARY “[T]here is concern among some scientific groups that once the BY EXXON MANAGER M.B. GLASER OF effects are measurable, they might not be reversible and little APRIL 1, 1982 A TECHNICAL REVIEW PREPARED BY could be done to correct the situation in the short term” and that THE EXXON RESEARCH AND “[M]itigation of the ‘greenhouse effect’ could require major ENGINEERING COMPANY reductions in fossil fuel combustion.” The Director of Exxon’s Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences MEMO FROM ROGER COHEN, Laboratory, Roger Cohen, summarizes the findings of their DIRECTOR OF EXXON’S THEORETICAL research in climate modeling: AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE • “[O]ver the past several years a clear scientific consensus has LABORATORY, TO EXXON emerged regarding the expected climatic effects of increased SEPT. 2, 1982 atmospheric CO2.” MANAGEMENT INCLUDING • “It is generally believed that the first unambiguous CO2-induced PRESIDENT OF EXXON temperature increase wiIl not be observable until around the year CORPORATION’S RESEARCH AND 2000.” ENGINEERING, E. E. DAVID JR. • “[T]he results of our research

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