DOCSLIB.ORG

The Existential Phenomenology of Hazel E. Barnes: Toward a Theory of Existential Leadership Jen Jones

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Existential Phenomenology of Hazel E. Barnes: Toward a Theory of Existential Leadership Jen Jones Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Spring 2014 The Existential Phenomenology of Hazel E. Barnes: Toward a Theory of Existential Leadership Jen Jones Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Recommended Citation Jones, J. (2014). The Existential Phenomenology of Hazel E. Barnes: Toward a Theory of Existential Leadership (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/710 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EXISTENTIAL PHENOMENOLOGY OF HAZEL E. BARNES: TOWARD A THEORY OF EXISTENTIAL LEADERSHIP A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Jen Jones May 2014 Copyright by Jen Jones 2014 THE EXISTENTIAL PHENOMENOLOGY OF HAZEL E. BARNES: TOWARD A THEORY OF EXISTENTIAL LEADERSHIP By Jen Jones Approved February 28, 2014 ________________________________ ________________________________ Dr. Janie Harden Fritz Dr. Ronald C. Arnett Professor of Communication & Rhetorical Professor and Chair of Communication Studies and Rhetorical Studies (Committee Chair) (Committee Member) ________________________________ Dr. Erik Garrett Associate Professor of Communication and Rhetorical Studies (Committee Member) ________________________________ ________________________________ Dr. James C. Swindal Dr. Ronald C. Arnett Dean, McAnulty College of Liberal Arts Chair, Department of Communication and Rhetorical Studies iii ABSTRACT THE EXISTENTIAL PHENOMENOLOGY OF HAZEL E. BARNES: TOWARD A THEORY OF EXISTENTIAL LEADERSHIP By Jen Jones May 2014 Dissertation supervised by Dr. Janie Harden Fritz This project engages the Existential Phenomenology of Hazel E. Barnes to demonstrate that in being-in-the-world, the world and engagement with others are prior to being. Barnes makes a significant contribution to Existential Phenomenology with her idea of good faith where, not naïve to human suffering, situatedness provides meaning and human relations offer opportunity for learning. After providing a biographical and philosophical background of Barnes, discussion turns to the idea of mythodology posited as an interpretive approach for studying the human condition. Myth continues as a cultural element for Existential dwellings, where group-in-fusion praxis is situated within organizations. Discussion then moves from group to Existential interpersonal relations with looking-at-the-world-together, which involves love, imagination, and communicative learning to fulfill projects and find meaning in organizations. Dwelling iv places and engagement with others provide a meeting of horizons where Existential leaders emerge. Ideas are put into practice with Existential education, an alternative to Humanistic education, where universities may be dwelling places for the Existential engagement of ideas. Existential education does not provide answers or prescription, but offers hope for enlarging students’ existence with others in the life world. A biographical and philosophical background of Hazel E. Barnes is provided to situate her life and philosophy within the philosophy of Existentialism. Barnes is credited for bringing Existentialism to the United States with her translation of Sartre’s Being and Nothingness; however, her own works make significant contribution to the philosophy by reinterpreting Existentialist metaphors within a framework of good faith. Barnes lived during an historical moment of disruption where the meta-narrative of Modernity’s guiding universal precepts failed to deliver its optimistic promises. Barnes’s Existentialism offers a response to the demands of this moment. She found that the ideas of freedom and responsibility in Existentialism offer hope for human existence. Without determining precepts found in Modern Capitalism and Objectivism, which may be viewed in bad faith, organizations and leaders are free to choose their actions, and in good faith, be responsible for their actions within human communities. Interpretive research is utilized as an approach, rather than a method, to reveal understanding from contributions of Barnes’s work for implications in contemporary communication, organizational, and leadership studies. Barnes provides insight for a new horizon of doing interpretive research, posited here as mythodology. Her works provide ground for an Existential Phenomenological approach for doing research with the aim of garnering understanding of the human condition. Barnes claims that the Greek Dramatists v are relevant to the everydayness of contemporary life where characters experience life and interact with others in a world of shifting values. In a Postmodern moment of narrative and virtue contention, her observation of shifting values and lack of centralization is particularly relevant to negotiating what it means to be-in-the-world. She argues that in these Classical works, tragedy emerges from Existential choices characters make rather than from some irrational force. Her idea of tragicomedy blends the tragic and comedic—a search for a different way of being combined with temporal understanding and reminder that real life often interrupts and changes preconceived plans. While certainly far from scientific, myths offer salient means of understanding human experience that quantitative data cannot provide. In the spirit of interpretive research, Barnes posits that myths respond to questions that emerge in historical moments, which opens more questioning rather than providing answers. The idea of dwelling situates individual human freedom. Barnes reinterprets Heidegger’s idea of dwelling as a locality to that of a cultural climate. Discussion then turns to Sartre’s idea of group dynamics in group-in-fusion praxis, which Barnes interprets as rhetorical excitement within dwellings. These ideas present an opportunity to forge a new understanding of organizations as Existential dwellings, which redirects questions about being to questions about doing. Depicting organizations as such displaces the necessity for responding to whether organizations can have agency, consciousness, or authenticity. From a Barnesean perspective, organizations can never possess subjectivity solely allocated to humans, but organizations are not mere objective facts of brick and mortar, either—they are the nexus of present and past human subjectivity offering vi Existential dwellings for group-in-fusion praxis directed toward horizons of organizational and societal freedom. Barnes reinterprets Sartre’s position on interpersonal relationships as Hell with an alternative view of others as Heaven. She recognizes the serious lack of philosophical development of love in Existentialism with the majority of discussion devoted to cynicism, despair, and bad faith in human relations. Her philosophical development on love begins with the concrete and particular. Primarily, she believes that within the framework of Existentialism, good faith toward the Other, as a free subject, cannot be denied or destroyed; however, she asserts that Existentialism must move beyond this perspective through love, imagination, and communicative learning. Under these conditions, decision-making in organizations is moved out of the mind of the individual to engagement with others where Existential projects are fulfilled and meaning is discovered together. The Existential self may be understood as a temporal embedded identity, which is always in flux and always connected to others’ stories and larger dwellings. Barnes posits that people are not necessarily authors of their stories, but narrators who interpret their place in a story from a particular point of view. She presents the idea of people as a unique universal, which accounts for the influence of time and place on one’s being as well as self-making. As one’s place temporally changes from where one projects oneself into future possibilities, so too does reflection on one’s past change temporally. Barnes challenges people to act in good faith—to meet Existential moments by choosing values within situations and with others. Barnes’s perspective has been omitted in recent vii discussions of Existentialism in Leadership scholarship. Her contribution provides the necessary next step to develop a theory of Existential Leadership. Barnes, who referred to herself as a teacher first and philosopher second, has a great deal to offer to Existential education. Her works provide constructive insight for questions emerging about a crisis in business schools. Humanism has been offered as an answer to the crisis and as a paradigm shift from Modern Capitalism. While Humanism appears to have good intentions, its presuppositions of universality and individualism may result in a counterfinality of unintended consequences. Humanism grants universal rights to all, which ignores the question of who determines these rights by assuming a homogenous view of human rationality. Additionally, universality does not recognize alterity of human perspectives, cultures, and histories—it implies a sense of sameness. At the same time, individualism places the individual above human traditions granting confidence in the ability to reason above ‘the place’ upon which
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Retracing Augustine's Ethics: Lying, Necessity, and the Image Of
    Valparaiso University ValpoScholar Christ College Faculty Publications Christ College (Honors College) 12-1-2016 Retracing Augustine’s Ethics: Lying, Necessity, and the Image of God Matthew Puffer Valparaiso University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/cc_fac_pub Recommended Citation Puffer, M. (2016). "Retracing Augustine’s ethics: Lying, necessity, and the image of God." Journal of Religious Ethics, 44(4), 685–720. https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.12159 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Christ College (Honors College) at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Christ College Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. RETRACING AUGUSTINE’S ETHICS Lying, Necessity, and the Image of God Matthew Puffer ABSTRACT Augustine’s exposition of the image of God in Book 15 of On The Trinity (De Trinitate) sheds light on multiple issues that arise in scholarly interpretations of Augustine’s account of lying. This essay argues against interpretations that pos- it a uniform account of lying in Augustine—with the same constitutive features, and insisting both that it is never necessary to tell a lie and that lying is abso- lutely prohibited. Such interpretations regularly employ intertextual reading strategies that elide distinctions and developments in Augustine’sethicsoflying. Instead, I show how looking at texts written prior and subsequent to the texts usually consulted suggests a trajectory in Augustine’s thought, beginning with an understanding of lies as morally culpable but potentially necessary, and cul- minating in a vision of lying as the fundamental evil and the origin of every sin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Problem of Evil in Augustine's Confessions
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2011 The rP oblem of Evil in Augustine's Confessions Edward Matusek University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, and the Philosophy Commons Scholar Commons Citation Matusek, Edward, "The rP oblem of Evil in Augustine's Confessions" (2011). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3733 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Problem of Evil in Augustine’s Confessions by Edward A. Matusek A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Philosophy College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Thomas Williams, Ph.D. Roger Ariew, Ph.D. Joanne Waugh, Ph.D. Charles B. Guignon, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 14, 2011 Keywords: theodicy, privation, metaphysical evil, Manichaeism, Neo-Platonism Copyright © 2011, Edward A. Matusek i TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract iii Chapter One: Introduction to Augustine’s Confessions and the Present Study 1 Purpose and Background of the Study 2 Literary and Historical Considerations of Confessions 4 Relevance of the Study for Various
    [Show full text]
  • Below the Belt: Situational Ethics for Uniethical Situations
    The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare Volume 7 Issue 4 July Article 2 July 1980 Below the Belt: Situational Ethics for Uniethical Situations Gale Goldberg University of Louisville Joy Elliott University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw Part of the Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, and the Social Work Commons Recommended Citation Goldberg, Gale and Elliott, Joy (1980) "Below the Belt: Situational Ethics for Uniethical Situations," The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare: Vol. 7 : Iss. 4 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol7/iss4/2 This Article is brought to you by the Western Michigan University School of Social Work. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BELOW THE BELT: SITUATIONAL ETHICS FOR UNIETHICAL SITUATIONS Gale Goldberg, Ed.D. Jqy Elliott, M.S.S.Uj. Associate Professor Assistant Professor Kent School of Social Work Kent School of Social Work University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky 40208 Louisville, Kentucky 40208 The word "politics" generally conjures up images of smoke- filled, back rooms where unscrupulous men in shirt sleeves chew their cigars and make shady deals that serve partisan interests. But politics is neither inherently shady nor specific to back rooms. In fact, as long as society is differentiated along ethnic, sex and social class lines, politics pervades all of social life. You are involved in politics and so is your mother. A statement or decision is political when either the content of the issue is viewed differently by. people from different social groups, e.g. race, sex, age, or the decision has different con- sequences for different social groups, or both.
    [Show full text]
  • Life with Augustine
    Life with Augustine ...a course in his spirit and guidance for daily living By Edmond A. Maher ii Life with Augustine © 2002 Augustinian Press Australia Sydney, Australia. Acknowledgements: The author wishes to acknowledge and thank the following people: ► the Augustinian Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel, Australia, for support- ing this project, with special mention of Pat Fahey osa, Kevin Burman osa, Pat Codd osa and Peter Jones osa ► Laurence Mooney osa for assistance in editing ► Michael Morahan osa for formatting this 2nd Edition ► John Coles, Peter Gagan, Dr. Frank McGrath fms (Brisbane CEO), Benet Fonck ofm, Peter Keogh sfo for sharing their vast experience in adult education ► John Rotelle osa, for granting us permission to use his English translation of Tarcisius van Bavel’s work Augustine (full bibliography within) and for his scholarly advice Megan Atkins for her formatting suggestions in the 1st Edition, that have carried over into this the 2nd ► those generous people who have completed the 1st Edition and suggested valuable improvements, especially Kath Neehouse and friends at Villanova College, Brisbane Foreword 1 Dear Participant Saint Augustine of Hippo is a figure in our history who has appealed to the curiosity and imagination of many generations. He is well known for being both sinner and saint, for being a bishop yet also a fellow pilgrim on the journey to God. One of the most popular and attractive persons across many centuries, his influence on the church has continued to our current day. He is also renowned for his influ- ence in philosophy and psychology and even (in an indirect way) art, music and architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Vietnamese Existential Philosophy: a Critical Reappraisal
    VIETNAMESE EXISTENTIAL PHILOSOPHY: A CRITICAL REAPPRAISAL A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Hi ền Thu Lươ ng May, 2009 i © Copyright 2009 by Hi ền Thu Lươ ng ii ABSTRACT Title: Vietnamese Existential Philosophy: A Critical Reappraisal Lươ ng Thu Hi ền Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Temple University, 2009 Doctoral Advisory Committee Chair: Lewis R. Gordon In this study I present a new understanding of Vietnamese existentialism during the period 1954-1975, the period between the Geneva Accords and the fall of Saigon in 1975. The prevailing view within Vietnam sees Vietnamese existentialism during this period as a morally bankrupt philosophy that is a mere imitation of European versions of existentialism. I argue to the contrary that while Vietnamese existential philosophy and European existentialism share some themes, Vietnamese existentialism during this period is rooted in the particularities of Vietnamese traditional culture and social structures and in the lived experience of Vietnamese people over Vietnam’s 1000-year history of occupation and oppression by foreign forces. I also argue that Vietnamese existentialism is a profoundly moral philosophy, committed to justice in the social and political spheres. Heavily influenced by Vietnamese Buddhism, Vietnamese existential philosophy, I argue, places emphasis on the concept of a non-substantial, relational, and social self and a harmonious and constitutive relation between the self and other. The Vietnamese philosophers argue that oppressions of the mind must be liberated and that social structures that result in violence must be changed. Consistent with these ends Vietnamese existentialism proposes a multi-perspective iii ontology, a dialectical view of human thought, and a method of meditation that releases the mind to be able to understand both the nature of reality as it is and the means to live a moral, politically engaged life.
    [Show full text]
  • Kirsten Ainley Virtue Ethics
    Kirsten Ainley Virtue Ethics Book section Original citation: Originally published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press and the International Studies Association. © 2017 OUP/ISA This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/69534/ Available in LSE Research Online: March 2017 This is a draft of a chapter that has been accepted for publication by Oxford University Press in the forthcoming book Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies edited by Oxford University Press and the International Studies Association due for publication in 2017. LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s submitted version of the book section. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Virtue Ethics Kirsten Ainley London School of Economics [email protected] For publication in the Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of International Studies (Oxford University Press and the International Studies Association) 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Bibliography of Journals for Educational Scholarship
    AAMC-Regional Groups on Educational Affairs (GEA) Medical Education Scholarship, Research and Evaluation Section Annotated Bibliography of Journals for Educational Scholarship Revised July 2019 Coordinated by: SGEA (Southern Group on Educational Affairs) in collaboration with NEGEA, WGEA and CGEA. Compiled by: Andrea Berry, MPA University of Central Florida College of Medicine Compiling Authors: Lisa Coplit, MD Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine Alice Fornari, EdD, RD Hofstra North Shore-LIJ University School of Medicine Larrie Greenberg, MD George Washington University School of Medicine Keith Metzger, PhD Hofstra North Shore-LIJ University School of Medicine Susan Pasquale, PhD, MT-BC, NMT University of Massachusetts Medical School Janine Shapiro, MD University of Rochester Medical Center Laura Willett, MD, FACP Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Nagaswami Vasan, PhD UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School DR-ED E-list Librarian Coordinators Pamela Herring, MLIS, D-AHIP, Harriet F. Ginsburg Health Sciences Library, University of Central Florida College of Medicine Judy M. Spak, MLS, Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale School of Medicine For questions/suggestions contact Andrea Berry at [email protected]. THANKS! Contents Academic Emergency Medicine 5 Academic Emergency Medicine Education & Training 5 Academic Medicine 6 Academic Pathology - Supports Open Access 7 Academic Pediatrics 7 Academic Psychiatry - Supports Open Access 8 Academic Radiology - Supports Open Access 9 Advances in Health Sciences Education
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Christine Daigle (Brock University) Books 8. Rethinking the Human
    LIST OF PUBLICATIONS – Dr. Christine Daigle (Brock University) Books 8. Rethinking the Human: Posthuman Vulnerability and its Ethical Potential. (in preparation). 7. Nietzsche as Phenomenologist. (submitted and under review at Edinburgh University Press). 6. Posthumanisms Through Deleuze. Christine Daigle and Terrance McDonald (eds.) (submitted and under review at Indiana University Press). 5. Nietzsche and Phenomenology: Power, Life, Subjectivity. Élodie Boublil and Christine Daigle (eds.), Studies in Continental Thought Series, Indiana University Press, 2013. 4. Jean-Paul Sartre. London: Routledge. Critical Thinkers Series, 2009. 3. Beauvoir and Sartre: The Riddle of Influence. Christine Daigle and Jacob Golomb (eds.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009. 2. Existentialist Thinkers and Ethics. Christine Daigle (ed.). Kingston and Montreal: McGill/Queen’s University Press, 2006. 1. Le nihilisme est-il un humanisme? Étude sur Nietzsche et Sartre. Sainte-Foy: Presses de L’Université Laval, 2005. Chapters in books 21. “Fascism and the Entangled Subject, or How to Resist Fascist Toxicity.” In Rosi Braidotti, Simone Bignall, Christine Daigle, Rick Dolphijn, Zeynep Gambetti, Woosung Kang, John Protevi, and Gregory J. Seigworth. How to Live the Anti- Fascist Life and Endure the Pain. New York: Columbia University Press (forthcoming 2020). 20. “Simone de Beauvoir.” Handbook of Phenomenology. Burt C. Hopkins and Claudio Majolino (eds.), London: Routledge (forthcoming 2020). 19. “Unweaving the Threads of Influence: Beauvoir and Sartre.” A Companion to Simone de Beauvoir. Nancy Bauer and Laura Hengehold (eds.), Oxford: Wiley- Blackwell, 2017, 260-270. 18. “Trans-subjectivity/Trans-objectivity.” Feminist Phenomenology Futures. Helen Fielding and Dorothea Olkowski (eds.), Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017, 183-199. 17. “Beauvoir and the Meaning of Life: Literature and Philosophy as Human Engagement in the World.” Feminist Philosophies of Life.
    [Show full text]
  • CONSEQUENTIALISM Brad Hooker
    37 CONSEQUENTIALISM Brad Hooker The definition of consequentialism A consequentialist theory evaluates things exclusively in terms of consequences. For example, beliefs could be evaluated in terms of the consequences of holding them (an approach often called pragmatism). The most common forms of con- sequentialism, however, focus on the evaluation of acts and sets of rules. And the rest of this chapter will stick to that focus. The most familiar kind of consequentialism is the kind of utilitarianism maintaining that an act is morally right if and only if no alternative act has con- sequences containing greater welfare (or net benefit), impartially assessed. In uti- litarians’ impartial assessment of welfare, a benefit (i.e. addition to someone’s welfare) or harm (loss to welfare) to any one individual gets the same weight as the same size benefit or harm to anyone else. Thus, benefits and harms to everyone count equally, no matter what his or her ethnic group, religion, wealth, education, political views, talent, or conscientiousness; all that matters is the size of the benefits and harms. This kind of utilitarianism is maximizing in the sense that it calls for an act with unsurpassed consequences (anything less than the best isn’t good enough, according to act-utilitarianism). And this theory is direct in the sense that the acts are assessed solely and directly by their own consequences (not, for example, by whether the acts are allowed by the rules with the best consequences). Thus the theory is known as maximizing act-utilitarianism. While maximizing act-utilitarianism is the most familiar form of con- sequentialism, defining consequentialism so that this is the only form is a naive mistake.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relevance of Joseph Fletcher's Situation Ethics for Animal Experimentation in Clinical Studies
    and M cal e ni d li ic C a Monday, J Clin Med Sci 2018, 2:2 l f S o c Journal of Clinical and Medical l i e a n n r c u e o s J Sciences Review Article Open Access The Relevance of Joseph Fletcher's Situation Ethics for Animal Experimentation in Clinical Studies Osebor Ikechukwu Monday* Department of General Studies (Arts and Humanities), Delta State Polytechnic Ogwashi-Uku, Ogwashi-Uku, Nigeria Received: July 25, 2018; Accepted: August 27, 2018; Published: August 31, 2018 *Corresponding author: Monday OI, Department of General Studies (Arts and Humanities), Delta State Polytechnic Ogwashi-Uku, Ogwashi-Uku, Nigeria, Tel: +2348037911701; E-mail: [email protected] Copyright: © 2018 Monday OI. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract The need for continual progress in medical research is one among the challenges today facing humankind. On- going, necessary medical research involving animal subjects will be defended from a Utilitarian standpoint. Animal experimentation can be conducted in such a way that injury and suffering to the animal subjects can be minimized. Clinical studies have been necessary for the eradication of many diseases, such as smallpox and polio and promise similar results for other medical conditions in the future. The ethical and emotional demands placed upon the experimenter during clinical trials, as well as the suffering of the animal subjects, presents us with an ethical dilemma concerning the moral justification of animal experimentation for clinical studies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Challenge of Ethics
    The Challenge of Ethics A Center for Continuing Education 1465 Northside Drive, Suite 213 Atlanta, Georgia 30318 (404) 355-1921 – (800) 344-1921 Fax: (404) 355-1292 THE CHALLENGE OF ETHICS TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 -- The Foundation of Ethics 1 Defining Ethics 1 The History of Ethics 1 Greek Ethics 2 Roman Ethics 3 Christian-Based Ethics 3 Truth 3 Modern Day Ethics 5 The Interpretation of Ethics 5 The Philosophies of Ethics 5 Deontological Ethics 6 Virtue Ethics 7 Normative Ethics 8 Analytic Ethics (Metaethics) 8 Situational Ethics 9 Descriptive Ethics 10 Consequentialist Ethics 10 Dominant Ethical Philosophies 11 Ethical Relativism 11 The Duty of Ethics 13 The Duty of Social Virtue 14 The Duty of Responsibility 14 The Behavior of Ethics 15 Summary 16 Chapter 2 -- The Development of Personal Ethics 17 Personal Ethics 17 Developing Personal Ethics 17 Influence From Family 18 Influence of Culture 18 Influence of Religious Beliefs 19 Influence of Habits 19 Principles of Personal Ethics 20 Creating a Personal Code of Ethics 21 Chapter Three -- Business Ethics 23 Understanding Professional Ethics 23 The Importance of Ethics in Professionalism 24 Approaches To Ethical Standards 25 Common Good Approach 25 Fairness or Justice Approach 26 Moral Rights Approach 26 Utilitarian Approach 26 Universalism Approach 27 Virtue Approach 28 Steps in Ethical Decision Making 28 Identifying the Situation 28 Determine Who’ll be Affected by The Decision 28 Assess Relevant Aspects Of The Situation 29 Relevant Formal Ethical Standards Review 29 Review Relevant
    [Show full text]
  • Consequentialism and Environmental Ethics Avram Hiller
    Introduction: Consequentialism and Environmental Ethics Avram Hiller and Leonard Kahn (PENULTIMATE DRAFT – PLEASE CITE FINAL VERSION) 1. Ethics and the environment One of the defining features of our era will be the way in which humanity deals with environmental challenges. We are faced with the threat that due to human activities, there will be climatological changes which will affect the entire planet, causing harm to millions if not billions of people and leading to massive species extinction. But anthropogenic climate change is only one among many interrelated environmental problems. Every day there is news of the environmental impacts of natural resource extraction, or of the treatment of animals in industrial farms, or of species extinction, or of genetically modified organisms, or of limitations in the supply of clean water, to give just a few examples. In more general terms, the challenge to be sustainable is one of the core ethical issues of our time. The environmental movement in the West is not a new movement, but humanity faces a critical moment in confronting the challenges we face. These issues are making the headlines, but behind the scenes, philosophers are working on questions both directly within environmental ethics as well as on more general questions in ethical theory which can apply to these issues. Environmental ethics has been and continues to be an exciting area of growth within philosophy. The last decade has seen a steady increase in the number of journals, books, and classes devoted to the subject. For all that, environmental ethics remains a young sub-discipline, and for various reasons, it has been to a significant degree marginalized as a sub-discipline within philosophical ethics.
    [Show full text]