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WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch Paradigms in Caribbean trade diplomacy: Negotating the CARIFORUM–EC Free Trade Agreement. Keste Oswald Miller School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Languages This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © The Author, 2010. This is an exact reproduction of the paper copy held by the University of Westminster library. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Users are permitted to download and/or print one copy for non-commercial private study or research. Further distribution and any use of material from within this archive for profit-making enterprises or for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: (http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] PARADIGMS IN CARIBBEAN TRADE DIPLOMACY: NEGOTIATING THE CARIFORUM – EC FREE TRADE AGREEMENT. KESTE OSWALD MILLER, LLB, CLE, MIBA, MA. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFULMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINISTER JUNE 2010. CONTENTS Title I Table of Contents II Authorship Statement VI Acknowledgements VII Abbreviations VIII List of Tables XII Abstract XIII Introduction 1 Placing the research within the existing literature 6 Methodology and definition of scope of research 13 Contribution of research 22 Assumptions and Hypothesis 25 Arrangement of Study 26 Chapter 1 Title: The Growth and Development of CARIFORUM-EC Commercial Diplomacy and Trade Relations 1.1 Introduction 29 1.2 European Colonial interests and Part IV of the Treaty of Rome 35 1.3 British Accession to the Treaty of Rome 36 1.4 Africa preparing to negotiate with Europe 43 1.5 West Indian Federation: The region’s first attempt at organising 46 1.6 The Establishment of CARIFTA and CARICOM 48 1.7 Caribbean engaging the African and Pacific States 59 1.8 The final preparations for negotiating with the EEC 65 1.9 Negotiating the first Lomé Convention 66 1.10 Formulating the institutional framework of the ACP 73 1.11 Establishing the institutional framework for the ACP 74 1.12 The commencement of negotiations 75 1.13 The negotiation processes 77 1.14 The British threat to renegotiate their Accession to the Treaty of Rome? 78 1.15 Building cohesion and support for Lomé through the Group of 77 79 1.16 The final stage of the negotiation 84 1.17 An assessment of the Agreement 86 1.18 Lomé II- Lomé IV 88 1.19 Contonou and the dismantling of the Lomé regime 100 1.20 Conclusions 104 II Chapter Two Title: Negotiating the CARIFORUM—European Union Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) 2.1 Introduction 106 2.2 Background 110 2.3 The ACP’s Revised Mandate 117 2.4 Launch of negotiations for CARIFORUM-European EPA 119 2.5 Competence, Legitimacy and Preparedness 124 2.5.1 Competences 124 2.5.2 Legitimacy 126 2.5.3 Pre-negotiation preparations 127 2.6 The CARIFORUM’s Negotiating Mandate 132 2.6.1 Divergences on issues for negotiations 133 2.6.2 The first meeting of Principal Negotiators 137 2.6.3 The November, 2004 meeting of the negotiators in Barbados 143 2.6.4 Negotiating Market Access 145 2.6.5 Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and the EPA negotiations 147 2.6.6 Negotiating Trade Related issues 148 2.6.7 The progress made in phase III 159 2.7 Consolidating the negotiations 161 2.7.1 The closing stages of the negotiations 165 2.7.2 From initialing to signing of the EPA 172 2.8 Conclusions 177 Chapter Three Title: A critical analysis of the CARIFORUM-EC Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) 3.1 Introduction 183 3.2 Structure and Provisions of the CARIFORUM-European Union EPA 183 3.2.1 Part I: Objectives 184 3.2.2 Development Cooperation? 185 3.3 Part ll: Trade and Trade Related Matters 187 3.3.1 Rules of Origin (RoO) 187 3.3.2 Customs Duty 191 3.3.3 Protocol III 197 3.4 Trade Defense Instruments 199 3.5 Non-tariff Measures 200 3.6 Government Procurement 201 3.7 The Environment 202 3.8 Social Aspects 203 3.9 Protection of Personal Data 204 3.10 Part lll: Dispute Avoidance and Settlement Mechanisms 205 3.10.1 Arbitration Procedure 207 III 3.10.2 Compliance Measures 208 3.10.3 Review Processes 209 3.10.4 Common Provisions 210 3.10.5 Approved list of Arbitrators and their functions 211 3.11 Part lV: General Exceptions 212 3.12 Part V: Institutional Provisions 212 3.12.1 The Joint CARIFORUM-EC Council 213 3.12.2 The CARIFORUM-EC Trade and Development Committee 214 3.12.3 CARIFORUM-EC Parliamentary Committee 215 3.12.4 Special Committee on Custom Facilitation 215 3.12.5 CARIFORUM-EC Consultative Committee 215 3.13 General and Final Provisions 217 3.14 CARIFORUM Liberalization 219 3.15 Liberalization of Services 225 3.16 Regional Integration 230 3.17 Innovation and Intellectual Property (IP) 232 3.17.1 Innovation 232 3.17.2 Genetic Resources and traditional knowledge 235 3.18 Competition Policy 238 3.19 Conclusion 239 Chapter Four Title: The problems of implementing the CARIFORUM-EC Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) 4.1 Introduction 244 4.2 Legislative Requirements 245 4.2.1 Notification process at the WTO and provisional application to the EPA 246 4.2.2 The role of the CARICOM Secretariat 246 4.2.3 Financial cooperation 247 4.2.4 The role of the Regional Preparatory Task Force (RPTF) 250 4.2.5 The adjustment processes and schedules 251 4.2.6 The Political Challenge 252 4.2.7 The Role of the Regional Governments in implementing of the EPA 255 4.2.8 The role of the Private Sector Stakeholders 257 4.3 The Institutional Framework: The Joint CARIFORUM-EC Council 259 4.3.1 The Joint CARIFORUM-EC Trade and Development Committee 260 4.3.2 The Joint CARIFORUM-EC Parliamentary Committee 261 4.3.3 CARIFORUM-EC Consultative Committee 261 4.3.4 The Special Committee on Custom Co-operation and Facilitation 262 4.4 Implementing the Financial Package 262 4.5 Implementing the Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME) 267 4.6 Regional Foreign Policy and Development 268 4.7 Public Education 269 IV 4.8 The CARIFORUM-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement 270 4.9 The Competition Commission 271 4.9.1 THE EPA Competition Regime 273 4.10 Competition Policy Coherence and Harmonization of Law 277 4.11 Constitutional Issues and Competition Policy: The Right of Audience 280 4.12 Implementing the Public Procurement Provisions 282 4.13 Role of the Regional Preparatory Taskforce 284 4.13.1 Implementing Intellectual Property, Innovation and Investment regimes 287 4.13.2 Restrictions of policy space 290 4.14 Conclusions 291 Chapter Five Title: Ethics in Negotiating the CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) 5.1 Introduction 293 5.2 Crafting the EC’s Mandate: interpretation and application 299 5.2.1 The EU’s strategy 302 5.3 Launch of the EPA negotiation: Phase I all- ACP Phase 305 5.3.1 Launch of CARIFORUM-EU regional negotiations 308 5.3.2 Pascal Lamy demitted office and Peter Mandelson appointed 311 5.3.3 The British Intervention: What difference? 317 5.4 The Reform of CAP and the Banana regime 320 5.5 ACP sugar and the CAP reform. 327 5.6 Negotiating financial and technical support in the EPA 345 5.6.1 The Caribbean’s response and EU’s appeasement 351 5.6.2 EU’s strategy in negotiating co-operation 354 5.6.3 Negotiating within Time Constraint 356 5.7 The Role of the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM) 368 5.8 The CARIFORUM’s EPA Mandate 371 5.9 EU’s strategies and the CARIFORUM’s response 371 5.10 Sources of funding for EPA negotiation s 374 5.11 EC threatened CARIFORUM States 376 5.12 Conclusions 380 Conclusions 383 Bibliography 403 APPENDICES Appendix I: List of ACP States Appendix II: List of EU States Appendix III: Georgetown Accord Appendix IV: Suva Declaration 1977 Appendix V: Cariforum-EPA College of Negotiators V AUTHORSHIP STATEMENT University of Westminster. Name: Keste O. Miller Date: June 24, 2010 PhD. Thesis Paradigms in Caribbean Trade Diplomacy: Negotiating the CARIFORUM-EC Free Trade Agreement. I confirm that this thesis is my own work and all references and sources are duly acknowledged. Signature………………………………………………………….. VI Acknowledgements This exercise is a testament of grit and endurance, the exposition of which is a culmination of a life long ambition. Along the way, I have enjoyed the support of many persons and organizations, for which I am sincerely grateful. I wish to thank My supervisory team; Professor Nabila Ayah, Director of studies, Dr.Charles Chatterjee, and Dr. Patricia Hogwood for believing in my ability to undertake this exercise and for providing the quality advise and shown the level of respect, tolerance and understanding worthy of their vocation. Thanks to: Mr. Abdel-ilah Bennis, Dr Riad.Nourallah and Mr. Mike Fisher for their support and professional guidance. Mrs.Fatmah Lallmahamood and Ms.Reeetu Kansal of the Diplomatic Academy for your encouragement. Mr. Steve Anderson, Ms. Andrea Rock and Mr.Attick Shaffi, of the student funding office and my typist Ms.