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Download Date 26/09/2021 13:38:25 Settlement and landscape in the Northern Isles; a multidisciplinary approach. Archaeological research into long term settlements and thier associated arable fields from the Neolithic to the Norse periods. Item Type Thesis Authors Dockrill, Stephen J. Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 26/09/2021 13:38:25 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6334 University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. Settlement and Landscape in the Northern Isles; a Multidisciplinary Approach Archaeological research into long term settlements and their associated arable fields from the Neolithic to the Norse periods Volume 1 of 2 Stephen James DOCKRILL Doctor of Philosophy by Published Work Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences University of Bradford 2013 Abstract The research contained in these papers embodies both results from direct archaeological investigation and also the development of techniques (geophysical, chronological and geoarchaeological) in order to understand long- term settlements and their associated landscapes in Orkney and Shetland. Central to this research has been the study of soil management strategies of arable plots surrounding settlements from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. It is argued that this arable system provides higher yields in marginal locations. The ability to enhance yield in good years and to store surplus can mitigate against shortage. Control and storage of this surplus is seen as one catalyst for the economic power of elite groups over their underlying or ‘client’ population. The emergence of a social elite in the Iron Age, building brochs and other substantial roundhouses of near broch proportions, is seen as being linked to the control of resources. Evidence at the site of Old Scatness indicated that there was a continuity of wealth and power from the Middle Iron Age through the Pictish period, before the appearance of the Vikings produced a break in the archaeological record. The Viking period saw a break in building traditions, the introduction of new artefacts and changes in farming and fishing strategies. Each of the papers represents a contribution that builds on these themes. Keywords: Orkney, Shetland, Neolithic, Iron Age, Viking, Chronology, Palaeoeconomy, Palaeosols, Power, Sustainability i Acknowledgements I would like to thank all of those with whom I have worked over the years. Particular thanks must go to Cathy Batt, Julie Bond, Andy Dugmore, Noel Fojut, Rebecca Nicholson, Tom McGovern, Mark Pollard, Ian Simpson. This thesis would not have been submitted if not for the encouragement of Louise Brown, Carl Heron and most of all my wife, Julie. I would like to dedicate this work to the memory of the late Alec Miles, an extraordinary amateur archaeologist from whom as a school boy I learnt so much; to the late Arnold Aspinall, Archaeological Sciences’ first Head of Department, who took a chance on a young circuit digger and who encouraged him to undertake independent research; and lastly to my mother and late father who encouraged and believed in me. ii Contents Volume 1 Abstract ......................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... ii Contents ........................................................................................................ iii Graded List of Publications by Type and Year ............................................. 1 Edited Books ...................................................................................... 1 Book Chapters ................................................................................... 5 Journal Papers ................................................................................... 7 Statement Giving the Basis for the Award of the Degree of PhD ................. 12 Brief Professional Biography .............................................................. 12 Introduction to the Research .............................................................. 14 Tofts Ness, Sanday, Orkney ……………………………………………. 17 Old Scatness Broch and Iron Age Village …………………………….. 30 Summary ............................................................................................ 54 References ....................................................................................... 57 Statement outlining the extent to which the publications are based on the candidate’s own independent work ............................................................... 64 Statement providing details of candidate’s 1993 MPhil degree .................... 66 Summary of the research ................................................................... 66 MPhil research appearing in publications under consideration .......... 67 New research directions resulting from the MPhil .............................. 68 Academic References ................................................................................... 70 iii Volume 2 Appendix A: Bound Publications ................................................................... 77 Book chapters …………………………………………………………….. 77 Dockrill 1980 …………………………………………………………………….. 77 Dockrill and Gater 1992 ……………………………………………………...... 78 Dockrill et al.1994 ……………………………………………………………… 79 Dockrill et al. 1998 ……………………………………………………………… 80 Dockrill 2002 ............................................................................................... 81 Dockrill 2003 …………………………………………………………………….. 82 Dockrill and Batt 2004 ………………………………………………………….. 83 Bond and Dockrill 2013 ………………………………………………………… 84 Journal papers ……………………………………………………………. 85 Dockrill 1984 …………………………………………………………………….. 85 Dockrill 1986 …………………………………………………………………….. 86 Dockrill and Simpson 1994 ……………………………………………………. 87 Dockrill et al. 1995 ……………………………………………………………… 88 Simpson et al. 1998 …………………………………………………………… 89 Sutherland et al. 1998 ………………………………………………………… 90 Guttmann et al. 2003 …………………………………………………………… 91 Guttmann et al. 2004 …………………………………………………………… 92 Dockrill et al. 2006 ……………………………………………………………… 93 Guttmann et al. 2006 …………………………………………………………… 94 Guttmann et al. 2008 …………………………………………………………… 95 Dockrill and Bond 2009 ………………………………………………………… 96 Outram et al. 2010 ……………………………………………………………… 97 Appendix B: Publications in accompanying box file ...................................... 98 iv Graded List of Publications by Type and Year R refereed * sole author U un-refereed ** principal author P available in the public domain *** joint author N-P not available **** Contributor Edited Books Nicholson, R.A. and Dockrill, S.J. (eds.) 1998. Old Scatness Broch, Shetland: Retrospect and Prospect. North Atlantic Biocultural Organisation Monograph No. 2, Bradford Archaeological Sciences Research 5. Bradford: Department of Archaeological Sciences. R P • Dockrill, S.J. 1998a. Northern Exposure: Phase 1 of the Old Scatness Excavations 1995–1998. In Nicholson, R.A. and Dockrill, S.J. (eds.) Old Scatness Broch, Shetland: Retrospect and Prospect. North Atlantic Biocultural Organisation Monograph No. 2, Bradford Archaeological Sciences Research 5. Bradford: Department of Archaeological Sciences. 59–80. R P * Book conceived by Dockrill as a reflective interim statement on the project. Dockrill was co-editor and chapter author. 1 Turner, V.E., Nicholson, R.A., Dockrill, S.J. and Bond, J.M. (eds.) 2005. Tall Stories? Broch Studies, Past Present and Future. Oxford: Oxbow. R P • Dockrill, S.J., Bond, J.M. and Batt, C.M. 2005a. Old Scatness: The First Millennium AD. In V. E. Turner, R. A. Nicholson, S. J. Dockrill and J. M. Bond (eds.) Tall Stories? Broch Studies, Past Present and Future. Oxford: Oxbow. 52-65. R P ** Edited book resulting from the Tall Stories conference held in Shetland in 2000. Dockrill co-editor and was lead chapter author describing the archaeological sequence. Dockrill, S.J., Bond, J.M., Nicholson, R. and Smith, A. 2007. Investigations on Sanday, Orkney, Volume 2: Tofts Ness: An Island Landscape Through 3000 Years of Prehistory. Kirkwall: The Orcadian/Historic Scotland. R P Dockrill, S.J. 2007a. Mound 11: the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. In Dockrill, S.J., Bond, J.M., Nicholson, R. and Smith, A. Investigations on Sanday, Orkney, Volume 2: Tofts Ness: An Island Landscape Through 3000 Years of Prehistory. Kirkwall: The Orcadian/Historic Scotland. 13- 39. R P * 2 Dockrill, S.J. 2007b. Mound 11: the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. In Dockrill, S.J., Bond, J.M., Nicholson, R. and Smith, A. Investigations on Sanday, Orkney, Volume 2: Tofts Ness: An Island Landscape Through 3000 Years of Prehistory. Kirkwall: The Orcadian/Historic Scotland. 41-112. R P * Dockrill, S.J., Gater, J.A. and Simpson, I.A. 2007. Beyond Mound 11: investigations within the Tofts Ness landscape. In Dockrill, S.J., Bond, J.M., Nicholson, R. and Smith, A. Investigations on Sanday, Orkney, Volume 2: Tofts Ness: An Island Landscape Through 3000 Years of Prehistory. Kirkwall:
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