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PHILIPPINES Comprehensive Response to Wave of Displacement Crises Needed

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PHILIPPINES Comprehensive Response to Wave of Displacement Crises Needed 9 December 2013 PHILIPPINES Comprehensive response to wave of displacement crises needed Within the last 12 months, the Philippines has experienced three major natural hazard- related disasters - typhoon Bopha in December 2012, the Bohol earthquake in October 2013 and typhoon Haiyan in November 2013. These three disasters and others have directly affected 23 million people and internally displaced as many as eight million. Nearly 1.4 million homes have been damaged or de- stroyed, and millions of livelihoods lost. As of early December 2013, it was estimated that around 4.5 were displaced throughout the country, most of them in Western and Eastern Visayas, the regions most affected by Haiyan. Mass devastation in the wake of Typhoon Haiyan, which struck the central Philip- In Mindanao, despite significant progress in pines on 8 November, impacted over 13 million people and left 4 million people displaced. (Photo: IRIN/Jason Gutierrez, November 2013) the peace negotiations between the govern- ment and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) -the main Muslim rebel group-ongoing conflicts between the government and several other rebel groups, and clan-related violence, have continued to cause displacement, forcing nearly 200,000 people to flee their homes since January 2013. This includes an estimated 120,000 people who fled fighting in Zamboanga city in September 2013, of whom at least 72,000 are still displaced. Typhoon Haiyan’s devastating power left millions of people in need of life-saving food, shelter, clean water and health assistance. To date the government and aid agencies have faced immense logistical and transport challenges in reaching affected communities, particularly those in the most remote locations, and many people have been unable to access humanitarian aid. Nearly two weeks after Haiyan struck, more than half of the estimated 2.5 million people were still waiting for emergency food assistance. Vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, children, older people and the disabled often require par- ticular attention. Displaced and separated children are at risk of exploitation and abuse, including traffick- ing. Haiyan is thought to have displaced as many as 1.7 million children. Many internally displaced people (IDPs) reportedly returned to their homes within a few days of Haiyan’s passing, and the majority of those still displaced are expected to do likewise in the coming weeks. Given the scale of the destruction, returnees are in urgent need of materials to repair or rebuild their homes. Those who lost their official land ownership or tenancy documents in the disaster will need help, both in ensuring that their paperwork is reissued and in accessing compensation if return is not permitted, par- ticularly in areas considered at high risk from future disasters. Informal settlers will also need assistance in protecting their land rights. www.internal-displacement.org Taiwan Internal displacement in the Philippines in 2013 Displacement trends (2009-2013) (including conflict and disasters) Conflict and violence 400 Capital Central Mindanao conflict displacement 350 Cities < 20,000 displaced by Haiyan Luzon International boundary 20,001 - 40,000 displaced by Haiyan 300 Strait Storm track 40,001 - 60,000 displaced by Haiyan 250 Locations hit by tropical storms 60,001 - 80,000 displaced by Haiyan 200 > 80,000 displaced by Haiyan Conflict 150 Earthquake Bopha-affected areas 100 50 0 150 km displaced (thousands) People 2009 2010 2 0 11 2012 2013 Disasters Date created: December 2013 8 Figures sources: DSWD, 6 December 2013 (Haiyan); Mindanao Protection Cluster, August 2013 (Bopha); DSWD, 24 November 2013 (Zamboanga); 7 OCHA, 24 November 2013 (Bohol) 6 The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by IDMC. 5 4 Cagayan 3 South LUZON 2 1 People displaced (millions) People China 2009 2010 2 0 11 2012 2013 Manila Sea Haiyan/Yolanda storm track Philippine Sea 8 Nov. 2013 4,000,000 IDPs Haiyan Typhoon Bopha/Pablo storm track SAMAR Roxas VISAYAS Tacloban Cadiz PANAY LEYTE 4 Dec. 2012 Iloilo Cebu CEBU BOHOL NEGROS Typhoon Bopha Typhoon 8,550 IDPs SURIGAO Sulu DEL SUR Butuan Sea Mindanao Gulf Cagayan AGUSAN de Oro DEL SUR MINDANAO Iligan Agusan Pulangi COMPOSTELA Lake Lanao VALLEY 71,620 IDPs Cotabato NORTH Davao Moro Gulf COTABATO MAGUINDANAO Zamboanga 830,000 IDPs D A BASILAN V A O D SULU E L S U R MALAYSIA Celebes BRUNEI Sea INDONESIA INDONESIA Source: IDMC More maps are available at www.internal-displacement.org/maps Philippines: comprehensive response to wave of displacement crises needed Displacements caused by conflict and violence recurring feature in the Philippines and adequate are much smaller in scale than those caused by protection mechanisms need to be put in place natural disasters, but they tend to affect the same to ensure IDPs are able to exercise their rights. As deprived communities over and over again, grad- such, it is essential that both the government and ually undermining their resilience and pushing congress work together to renew efforts to adopt them further into poverty. Many of these commu- legislation on the issue. nities are also affected by natural disasters, which often cause new displacements and disrupt their The international community has mobilised tre- recovery. In central and western Mindanao, floods mendous material and financial resources to sup- made the already precarious living conditions of port the government’s response to Haiyan. Only those displaced by conflict worse, particularly in three weeks after it was launched, a $348 million the area’s poorly-equipped camps and makeshift appeal to support humanitarian and recovery ac- shelters. In eastern Mindanao, some communities tivities was already 48 per cent funded. Significant affected by typhoon Bopha were already suffering gaps remained, however, particularly in the liveli- deepening social and economic vulnerabilities hoods, nutrition, camp coordination and manage- as a result of conflict and previous displacements ment and emergency shelter sectors. The gov- before the storm hit, and their remote locations ernment and its international partners have also made humanitarian access difficult. made significant efforts in recent years to address the immediate humanitarian needs of people Haiyan overwhelmed the response capacity of displaced by conflict and violence in Mindanao, both the government and its international hu- but a lack of funding has often undermined early manitarian partners, whose resources and person- recovery and rehabilitation programmes. Donor nel were already stretched by previous emergen- support in response to Haiyan has been positive, cies. It also destroyed roads, bridges and other but there is a clear risk that the aftermath of the infrastructure, creating further obstacles to the storm will overshadow previous emergencies, response, particularly for local authorities in poor leaving hundreds of thousands of IDPs, returnees areas whose capacity was already weak. and members of host communities without the assistance they need to rebuild their lives. The government has adopted landmark legisla- tion in recent years to protect its citizens against displacement risks arising from natural disas- Background and causes of ters. The 2010 Philippine National Disaster Risk displacement Reduction and Management Act (PDRRM-2010) in particular has significantly strengthened the Armed conflict and human rights violations have legal framework, but challenges persist in the displaced millions of people in the Philippines implementation of laws and procedures at the over the past three decades. Most of the violence local level. In February 2013, congress adopted and displacement has taken place on the island new legislation on internal displacement which group of Mindanao in the southern Philippines, recognised the right of all IDPs to protection where the government has been fighting insur- and assistance, whether displaced by conflict, gent groups since the 1970s. Mindanao is the natural disasters or development projects. In poorest region of the country, and the conflict May, however, the country’s president, Benigno there has its roots in under-development, poor Aquino, vetoed the law on the basis that some governance, inequitable wealth distribution and of its provisions were unconstitutional. As recent the marginalisation of the Muslim or Moro com- events have shown, internal displacement is a munity and indigenous people known locally 9 December 2013 www.internal-displacement.org 3 Philippines: comprehensive response to wave of displacement crises needed as Lumads. Both groups have historically been and people (NewsDesk, 30 January 2013; CHD, dispossessed of their land and property rights July 2011, p.14). These activities tend to benefit by a number of discriminatory laws and policies a small minority of powerful land-owning Moro favouring Christian settlers and private compa- oligarchs and their clients, tacitly backed by a nies. The government has also been fighting the central government which has traditionally relied New People’s Army (NPA), communist rebels who on them for help in its fight against Moro insur- are active throughout the country, since the end gents and for political support during national of the 1960s. elections (Lara Jr. & Champain, July 2009, p.9; WB, March 2011, p.2). Insurgency-related violence, and The Philippines is also prone to frequent disasters inter-clan violence known locally as rido, provide a brought on by natural hazards, which in recent favourable context for this exclusionary economy, times have led to more than a million people a which is controlled at gunpoint. year being displaced (IDMC, 13 May 2013, p.22). In August 2008, the suspension of the The Bangsamoro conflict Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain In 1976 the Moro National Liberation Front (MoA-AD), a deal between the central govern- (MNLF) and the government signed the Tripoli ment and MILF on the issue of an autonomous Agreement, which established a degree of au- Moro homeland, led to the collapse of peace talks tonomy for 13 provinces and nine cities in the and sparked renewed clashes.
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