DOCSLIB.ORG

National Report: Greece Alexander G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
National Report: Greece Alexander G Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law Volume 19 | Issue 1 Article 8 2012 National Report: Greece Alexander G. Fessas Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/jgspl Part of the Family Law Commons, International Law Commons, and the Sexuality and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Fessas, Alexander G. "National Report: Greece." American University Journal of Gender Social Policy and Law 19, no. 1 (2011): 187-209. This Special Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fessas: National Report: Greece GREECE 2/23/11 3/25/2011 6:57:24 PM NATIONAL REPORT: GREECE ALEXANDER G. FESSAS* I. GENERAL REMARKS The purpose of the present report is to provide insight in regards to the provisions of Greek law on same-sex marriage. As in many other jurisdictions, a more comprehensive work than a simple analysis on the (in)existence of same-sex marriage is required. Indeed, the statement that contemporary Greek family law excludes the possibility of same-sex marriage would not explain to what extent the law so stands today, why it came to be so, or what the future beholds. Similarly, since family law is affected by provisions from other legal fields on both the domestic and the international levels, it should be presented in conjunction to any such provisions. Finally, the application of law should be assessed in light of its construction by scholarly writing and the courts. Based on the above, an introductory section provides information on the structure of the Greek State and the underpinnings of the domestic legal system (Part II); the main part of the report sets out an analysis on focal provisions of the Constitution and international conventions (Part III) and then illustrates how the difference of sex is perceived in the context of the Civil Code provisions on marriage on the one hand, and in the newly- established rules on the cohabitation pact on the other hand (Part IV); it then proceeds with a presentation of recent case law on same-sex marriage regulation (Part V). The report concludes with short remarks on what prospects lie ahead (Part VI). In this report, use of terminology relating to couples, marriages, unions, etc. as of the ‘same-sex’ and/or the ‘opposite sex’—instead of the commonly applied pair of ‘homosexual’ and/or ‘heterosexual’ characterisations—is deliberate. If the law qualifies or disqualifies any such relations it is not on the basis of sexual orientation or preference, but rather on the basis that relations between people of the same sex, i.e. between two women or two men, may or may not be legally recognised. To state the * LL.M. (Athens); Associate, Hellenic Institute of International & Foreign Law; attorney-at-law, Athens Bar. 187 Published by Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law, 2011 1 Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law, Vol. 19, Iss. 1 [2011], Art. 8 GREECE 2/23/11 3/25/2011 6:57:24 PM 188 JOURNAL OF GENDER, SOCIAL POLICY & THE LAW [Vol. 19:1 obvious example, a man is allowed to marry a woman precisely because of the difference in sex and irrespective of his sexual orientation or preference. II. GREEK STATE & THE DOMESTIC LEGAL ORDER A. State Structure Greece is a presidential parliamentary republic, with the current Constitution, enacted in 19751 (hereinafter: Const.) being the supreme law of the land.2 As set out in article 26 Const., legislative, executive and judiciary powers are assigned to different state organs,3 although certain links between the executive and legislative branches necessarily persist. Parliament, a single chamber of 300 members elected by direct popular vote for a four-year term, is the principle organ discharging legislative functions. Introduced upon proposal by either Parliament itself or the Government, a bill is first debated before the competent parliamentary committee and then before the plenum. Having received the necessary number of positive votes and following its promulgation and publication in the Government Gazette, it becomes enacted law. Moreover, legislation is all too regularly produced by means of authority delegated by Parliament to organs of the executive. Thus, a plethora of statutory instruments originate directly from Government and take the form of decrees issued by the President of the Republic.4 The leader of the party winning the majority of seats in Parliament is 1. Constitution of 1975, as amended in 1986, 2001 and 2008. For an overview see P.D. Dagtoglou, Constitutional and administrative law in K.D. Kerameus & P.J. Kozyris (eds), Introduction to Greek law (3rd rev. edn, Alphen aan den Rijn/Athens 2008) 23 et seq.; Ph.C. Spyropoulos & Th.P. Fortsakis, Hellas in A. Alen (ed.), International encyclopedia of laws: Constitutional law (last updated January 2009). For the purposes of the present report, the updated translation of the Constitution in English by X. Paparrigopoulos & St. Vassilouni, The Constitution of Greece (Athens 2008) was consulted; this translation, together with similar ones in French and German, is available online at the website of Parliament, www.parliament.gr (10 March 2010). 2. Constitutional amendments may only be introduced by Parliament following a long and complicated procedure. All provisions are open to amendment, save those determining the form of government as a parliamentary republic, the one providing for the separation of state powers and those guaranteeing certain fundamental rights, i.e. respect and protection of the value of the human being (art. 2); equality (art. 4 paras 1, 4 and 7); free development of personality (art. 5 para. 1); personal freedom (art. 5 para. 3); and freedom of religious conscience (art. 13 para. 1). 3. Art. 26 Const.: “(1). Legislative powers shall be exercised by the Parliament and the President of the Republic. (2). Executive powers shall be exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. (3). Judicial powers shall be exercised by the courts of law, the decisions of which shall be executed in the name of the Greek People.” 4. The President of the Republic holds the—largely ceremonial—highest State office, and is elected by Parliament for a once-renewable, five-year term. http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/jgspl/vol19/iss1/8 2 Fessas: National Report: Greece GREECE 2/23/11 3/25/2011 6:57:24 PM 2011] NATIONAL REPORT: GREECE 189 appointed Prime Minister, the powerful State figure who is the Head of Government. Ministries, the main division of central government, are responsible for carrying out the general policy of the administration. Government decentralisation is realised through regional authorities functioning under central government supervision. Following the constitutional amendment of 2001, a number of independent and regulatory authorities with consultative function and/or decision-making power have been introduced. The judiciary is composed of courts and public prosecutors. Judicial organisation follows a system of triple court hierarchy, each exercising one of three different jurisdictions (civil, criminal and administrative: arts. 93 et seq. Const.).5 With regards to the civil jurisdiction in particular, courts are further organised in justices of peace, one-member and three-member courts of first instance, courts of appeal and the Areios Pagos court. The latter is the supreme court of both the civil and criminal jurisdictions; its authority, however, extends only over extraordinary review of points of law. Similarly, the Council of State is the supreme court of the administrative jurisdiction.6 The Constitution further provides for a third supreme court, the Court of Audit, which lies outside the hierarchy described above, and finally for the Supreme Special Court that has jurisdiction over specific instances of significant constitutional importance (art. 100 Const.). B. Legal System Greece is a civil-law country, its system closely observing the Romano- Germanic legal tradition. As stated in article 1 of the Civil Code (hereinafter: CC),7 legislation and custom are the sources of law, despite the fact that custom has very limited influence over contemporary Greek law.8 “Legislation,” in the above sense, covers the totality of domestic legislation (i.e. the Constitution, laws, presidential decrees, other normative 5. For a thorough overview, see K.D. Kerameus, Judicial organisation and civil procedure in Kerameus & Kozyris, supra note 1, at 341 et seq. 6. The Council of State’s jurisdiction, inter alia, extends over the annulment upon petition of enforceable administrative acts for excess of power or violation of the law (art. 95 para. 1(a) Const.). 7. Available translations of the CC, in English and French respectively, by C. Taliadoros, Greek Civil Code (Athens 1982; two Supplements, 1983 and 2000) and P. Mamopoulos & M. Tsitseklis-Souriadakis, Code civil hellénique (3rd edn, Hellenic Institute of International and Foreign Law, series no. 22, Athens/Komotini 2000). 8. Art. 1 CC: “Rules of law are contained in the laws and customs.” This provision should be read in conjunction with art. 2 para. 2 Legislative Decree of 07/10 May 1946, prohibiting the operation of custom adversus legem: “Custom cannot abolish law.” Indeed, custom has very limited influence on contemporary Greek law. On the sources of Greek law in general see A. Grammaticaki-Alexiou, Sources and materials in Kerameus & Kozyris, supra note 1, 15 et seq. Published by Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law, 2011 3 Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law, Vol. 19, Iss. 1 [2011], Art. 8 GREECE 2/23/11 3/25/2011 6:57:24 PM 190 JOURNAL OF GENDER, SOCIAL POLICY & THE LAW [Vol.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • European E-Justice Portal
    EN Home>Taking legal action>Legal systems - EU and national>National specialised courts National specialised courts In several Member States there are specialised courts, which deal with specific matters. Often such courts deal with disputes concerning administrative issues or in some cases with disputes between private persons or businesses. Several Member States have specialised courts for administrative matters, i.e. disputes between public authorities and private persons or firms regarding decisions by the public administration, such as a dispute on a building license, an authorisation to run a business or a tax assessment note. As regards disputes between private persons and/or businesses ("civil matters"), in some Member States there are specialised courts on employment matters. Please select the relevant country's flag to obtain detailed national information. Last update: 06/10/2020 This page is maintained by the European Commission. The information on this page does not necessarily reflect the official position of the European Commission. The Commission accepts no responsibility or liability whatsoever with regard to any information or data contained or referred to in this document. Please refer to the legal notice with regard to copyright rules for European pages. Specialised courts - Belgium This section presents an overview of specialised courts in Belgium. Specialised courts All information concerning courts specialising in a particular field (employment law, commercial law) may be found in the ‘Ordinary courts’ section. Constitutional Court The Constitutional Court examines conformity of acts, decrees and ordinances with the Constitution. It also oversees proper division of powers between the federated entities and the federal State. It is a court consisting of 12 judges who ensure that the Constitution is observed by Belgian legislators.
    [Show full text]
  • Presentation Greece En.Pdf
    ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE DES HAUTES JURIDICTIONS ADMINISTRATIVES INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SUPREME ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTIONS Presentation form Name of the Court: Council of State Name of the President/Chief Justice: Aikaterini Sakellaropoulou Address:47-49, Panepistimiou Av. Phone number : (+ 30) 2132102098 Fax: (+ 30) 2132102097 Website: www.adjustice.gr E-mail: [email protected] 1. NATIONAL JUDICIAL ORGANISATION 1.1. General presentation of the judicial organisation and position of the administrative jurisdictional order In Greece there is a distinction between the administrative courts on the one hand and the civil and criminal courts on the other (Article 93 (1) of the Constitution). The organisation of the two jurisdictional orders follows the classic pyramidal form in this matter: at the top of the civil and criminal jurisdictions is the Court of Cassation; then the courts of appeal and the courts of first instance; finally, at the base of the pyramid, justice of peace. At the head of the administrative jurisdiction is the Council of State; then the administrative courts of appeal and the administrative tribunals of first instance. The third supreme court, the Court of Audits knows, sovereignly, certain specific administrative disputes (listed in Article 98 of the Constitution). Disputes of attribution are settled by a Special Supreme Court (Article 100 of the Constitution). 1.2. Key dates in the evolution of the administrative jurisdictional order and the control of administrative acts The creation of administrative tribunals was provided for in Greece as early as 1833. The Court of Audits was first established as an administrative body competent in certain administrative disputes submitted to it.
    [Show full text]
  • FASCISM, and the Doctrine of NATIONAL SOCIALISM Also by H
    FASCISM, and The Doctrine of NATIONAL SOCIALISM Also by H. R. Morgan: Fascism, The Total Society – Codex Fascismo Parts Two & Three Fascism, Integralism, and the Corporative Society – Codex Fascismo Parts Four, Five & Six American Radical Apostasy Fascism, and the Doctrine of National Socialism – Codex Fascismo Parts Seven & Eight The Codex Fascismo Collections of Poetry: Murdered Dreams (1993) Stark, Raving Mad (1994-95) The Long Walk Home (1997) Glimpses Through the Glass (1989) FASCISM, and The Doctrine of NATIONAL SOCIALISM Codex Fascismo Parts Seven and Eight Volume 4 Compiled, Edited, with Introduction and Commentary by H. R. Morgan Copyright © 2015 by H. R. Morgan. Library of Congress Control Number: 2015918312 ISBN: Hardcover 978-1-5144-2355-4 Softcover 978-1-5144-2354-7 eBook 978-1-5144-2353-0 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Special note: All translations and interpretations contained herein are the sole property of H. R. Morgan. All rights to this translation reserved Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Thinkstock are models, and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only. Certain stock imagery © Thinkstock. Print information available on the last page. Rev. date: 12/09/2015 To order additional copies of this book, contact: Xlibris 1-888-795-4274 www.Xlibris.com
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 UNNEGOTIATED TRANSITION . SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME: THE PROCESSES OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN GREECE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Neovi M, Karakatsanis, B.A., M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on the Pension Reforms in Greece During the Economic Adjustment Programs: 2010 - 2018 Final Report
    Study on the pension reforms in Greece during the economic adjustment programs: 2010 - 2018 Final Report Written by Juliette Mathis and Oskar Andruszkiewicz (ICF), Charu Wilkinson (ICF-Associate), Svetoslav Danchev, Alexandros Moustakas (IOBE) June 2020 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE The information and views set out in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission. The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on the European Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020. PDF ISBN 978-92-76-22179-1 doi: 10.2765/85172 KC-02-20-736-EN-N © European Union, 2020 Non-commercial reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. For any use or reproduction of material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. Study on "the pension reforms in Greece during the economic adjustment programs: 2010 - 2018 Table of Contents List of abbreviations ........................................................................................... 4 Abstract ........................................................................................................... 6 Executive summary ........................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Context, scope and purpose of the Study ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Corporatist Ideas in Inter-War Greece: from Theory to Practice (1922–1940)
    Article European History Quarterly 2014, Vol. 44(1) 55–79 Corporatist Ideas in ! The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: Inter-war Greece: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0265691413513422 From Theory to ehq.sagepub.com Practice (1922–1940) Spyridon Ploumidis University of Athens, Greece Abstract The article examines the reception, conception and practical application of corporatist ideas in inter-war Greece. Drawing on Peter Williamson’s terms, this study looks closely at both consensual- and authoritarian-licensed corporatist theories and policies. In the period under consideration, Greece was a fledgling, fast industrializing society that was significantly affected by the economic advantages and misgivings of the ‘gloomy thirties’. High rates of unemployment, which were aggravated by the global economic crisis of 1929, low wages, long working hours and insufficient enforcement of labour law increased the dissatisfaction of the working classes and fanned social unrest. Consensual-licensed corporatist proposals for ‘professional representation’ entered the debate on the (re-)establishment of the Senate in 1928–29. Authoritarian-licensed corporatism found a much broader audience and practical scope during the Kondylis and the Metaxas dictatorships in the period 1935–40. Fascist-like corporatist practices were applied in agriculture and in the bargaining of collective agreements that regulated minimum wages and salaries. In fact, Metaxas had pronounced the transformation of his anti-parliamentary regime into a corporatist ‘new State’. However, the eventual imple- mentation of corporatist ideas was rather limited. For that matter, I argue that inter- bellum Greece remained, in its European setting, a marginal case of corporatist theories and policies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Constitutional Ideas of Eleftherios Venizelos and Mustafa Kemal*
    GREECE & TURKEY Converging and Diverging Trajectories Co‐organizers: ΑRISTOVOULOS MANESSIS Academic Society & BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY Department of Political Science and International Relations The constitutional ideas of Eleftherios Venizelos and Mustafa Kemal* By Dr. Manolis J. Velegrakis ** 1. Introduction Having spent my childhood in the island of Crete, where Eleftherios Venizelos is still the popular object of quasi‐religious cult, I recall the visits to my grand‐father’s village and the two pictures dominating the modest single‐room village house. The first one was a portrait photo of Venizelos, the second this of my uncle George, my grand‐father’s brother killed in 1921 during the Asia Minor campaign, “deep in Asia”, as my father used to underline. In my mind, Mustafa Kemal was the evil, against whom our family hero struggled, and El. Venizelos the not far from sanctified figure leading him to battle. This is to say that El .Venizelos and M. Kemal are usually perceived as competitive historical figures and national leaders. This is a largely accurate conclusion. E. Venizelos personified and for a short period of time made tangible the “Great Idea”, the “Greece of Two Continents and Five Seas”. M. Kemal leaded the creation of Modern Turkey, the founding moment of which was the defence against the Greek occupation of territories of the collapsing Ottoman Empire. Beyond this rivalry though as leaders of their nations in times of war confrontation, as far as the internal institutional set up of their respective countries is concerned, both El. Venizelos and Mustafa Kemal were proved to be inspired reformists.
    [Show full text]
  • A Tale of Parallel Lives: the Second Greek Republic and the Second Spanish Republic, 1924–36
    Articles 29/2 15/3/99 9:52 am Page 217 T.D. Sfikas A Tale of Parallel Lives: The Second Greek Republic and the Second Spanish Republic, 1924–36 A cursory glance at Greek and Spanish history since the mid- nineteenth century suggests a number of parallels which become more pronounced after the 1920s and culminate in the civil wars of 1936–9 and 1946–9. The idea for a comparative approach to Greek and Spanish history occurred while writing a book on the Greek Civil War, when the social and economic cleavages which had polarized Greek society in the previous decade suggested parallels with the origins of the Spanish crisis of 1936–9. The Second Greek Republic of 1924–35 and the Second Spanish Republic of 1931–6 appeared to have shared more than their partial contemporaneity. The urge for a comparative perspective was reinforced by the need to provide against the threat of a historical and historiographical ethnocentricity; if the objective is to remain aware of the universality of human memory and avoid an ethnocentric perception of historical evolution, then it is not arbitrary to study other nations’ histories and draw comparisons where possible. As for the grouping together of Spain and Greece, objections based on dissimilarities with regard to the level of industrialization and urbanization must not be allowed to weaken the case for a meaningful comparative approach. Political scientists now treat Greece, Spain, Portugal and Italy as the distinct entity of southern Europe, structurally and histori- cally different from the continent’s western and eastern regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright 2016, Getting the Deal Through
    GETTING THROUGH THE DEAL Copyright Copyright Contributing editors Andrew H Bart, Steven R Englund and Susan J Kohlmann 2016 2016 © Law Business Research 2016 Talk about Jenner & Block The National Law Journal Legal 500 – Copyright Team of the Year – Intellectual Property Hot List Jenner & Block was named Jenner & Block is among the 15 elite firms “Copyright Team of the Year” named to The National Law Journal’s 2016 by Legal 500 US in 2015, marking the “Intellectual Property Hot List,” third time that the firm has received marking our second consecutive year on the list. this prestigious recognition as the No. 1 copyright practice in the country. Law360 – Practice Group of the Year: Intellectual Property Chambers USA – Intellectual Property: Copyright, Trademark & Trade Secrets The firm’s roughly 70 IP lawyers around the (Nationwide) United States bring “some serious One of only seven firms to receive IP firepower” to their clients’ cases. nationwide recognition in this category in the 2016 rankings. CHICAGO | LONDON | LOS ANGELES | NEW YORK | WASHINGTON, DC | JENNER.COM JENNER.COM © Copyright 2016 Attorney Advertising. Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome. Jenner & Block LLP, 353 North Clark Street Chicago, IL 60654-3456. Jenner & Block London LLP is a limited liability partnership established under the laws of the state of Delaware, USA and is authorised and regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority with SRA number 615729. Jenner & Block London LLP is affiliated with Jenner & Block LLP. Copyright 2016 Contributing editors Andrew H Bart, Steven R Englund and Susan J Kohlmann Jenner & Block LLP ReproducedReproduced withwith permissionpermission fromfrom LawLaw BusinessBusiness ResearchResearch Ltd.Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Codification of Administrative Procedure in Greece
    ON THE CODIFICATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE IN GREECE VASSILIKI KOUMPLI* This report aims at providing insight as regards the codification of admin- istrative procedure law in Greece. Its structure adheres to the instructions of the General Rapporteur, Prof. Jean-Bernard Auby, with a view to assist- ing him in the preparation of his general report on the Codification of the Law of Administrative Procedure for the 2nd Thematic Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law (Taipei, 24-26 May 2012). It is divided into three parts: following an introductory section attempting to provide a definition of the concept of ‘administrative procedure’ (I), the second part sets out a succinct illustration of the main features of adminis- trative procedure law (II) and the third part focuses on the presentation of the focal aspects of the Greek Administrative Procedure Code (III). I. THE CONCEPT OF ‘ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE’ A. The scope of the term ‘administrative procedure’ For the purposes of this work and given the absence of a statutory provi- sion defining the term, ‘administrative procedure’ is understood to mean the actions of public authorities in order that an administrative decision is made. The majority of legal doctrine seems to agree on this definition, albeit with slightly different wording. Professor Spiliotopoulos prefers * Research Associate, Hellenic Institute of International & Foreign Law; Attorney at Law, Athens Bar Association. The report will also be published in J.-B. Auby (ed.), International Academy of Compar- ative Law: Codification of Administrative Procedure (Bruylant, Brussels 2013). RHDI 65 (2012) 512 Vassiliki Koumpli [RHDI 65:511 the term ‘administrative process’ to the term ‘administrative procedure’ in order to define “… the actions of the administrative organs or individuals which are necessary for an administrative act to be issued”1, that is an act entailing the application of the legal rules developed by the legislature to particular situations or cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
    Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties . Oliver Do¨rr l Kirsten Schmalenbach Editors Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties A Commentary Editors Professor Dr. Oliver Dorr,€ LL.M. (Lond.) Professor Dr. Kirsten Schmalenbach University of Osnabruck€ University of Salzburg European Legal Studies Institute Faculty of Law 49069 Osnabruck€ Department of Public Law/ Germany International Law [email protected] 5020 Salzburg Austria [email protected] ISBN 978-3-642-19290-6 e-ISBN 978-3-642-19291-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-19291-3 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011939309 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The law of treaties forms the backbone of the international legal order.
    [Show full text]
  • National Integrity System
    1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Transparency International-Greece would like to thank everyone who contributed in any way to this research, and particularly: the Advisory Committee of the project for their full support and useful comments, all those who accepted to be interviewed by the researcher, testifying their valuable knowledge and experience, the external supervisor Mr. Stathis Kalyvas, Arnold Wolfers Professor of Political Science, Yale University, our partners in different branches of Transparency International, who shared their experience with us, our partners in the Secretariat of Transparency International for their contribution in matters of design and methodology. 2 ABBREVIATIONS ACA Anti-Corruption Agencies ACCI Athens Chamber of Commerce & Industry ADEDY Supreme Administration of Civil Servants’ Trade Unions AED Supreme Special Court AP Supreme Court APOPLOUS “Principles of Attachment to the Quality of Operation and Organisation Serving Our Aims” ASE Athens Stock Exchange BA Bachelor’s Degree POESY Pan-Hellenic Federation of Journalists’ Unions . CBR Code of Books and Records CL Compulsory Law DEI Public Power Corporation of Greece DEY Directorate of Internal Affairs of Hellenic Police DHSY Democratic Alliance Party DSA Athens Bar Association ECB European Central Bank ECJ European Court of Justice ELAS Hellenic Police ELTA Hellenic Post Office EMU Economic and Monetary Union 3 ABBREVIATIONS ES Court of Audit ESDDA National School for Public Administration & Local Administration ESIEA Union of Journalists of Daily Newspapers of Athens
    [Show full text]