Belgian Report to the Eighteenth Session of the Commission On

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Belgian Report to the Eighteenth Session of the Commission On Belgian Report to the Eighteenth Session of the Commission on Sustainable Development Table of Contents Part I: National reporting guidelines for CSD­18/19 thematic areas 1. Common issues 1.1. Institutional capacity building, National legal frameworks and administrative or other measures of relevance & Participation of Major Groups, in particular women and local communities, in decision‐making and implementation 1.2. Education, training, awareness‐raising and capacity‐building 1.3. Means of implementation: Mobilization of financial resources from all sources; provision of credit facilities; promotion of private investment; any innovative financing mechanisms; Technology development, transfer and dissemination, including through extension services; Application of indigenous knowledge and know‐how & Cooperative frameworks and partnerships 2. Theme‐specific issues 2.1. Chemicals 2.2. Mining 2.3. Transport 2.4. Waste management 2.5. The ten year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production patterns Part II: Updated information on national focal point for sustainable development Part III: Annexed draft profile on national sustainable development strategies; indicators for sustainable development 1. Information on National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS) or equivalent 2. Information on indicators for sustainable development The Kingdom of Belgium is a constitutional monarchy. A series of constitutional changes (in 1970, 1980, 1988, 1993 and 2001) have transformed the country in a federal state made up of three Communities and three Regions. The word “national” covers the three Communities and the three Regions as well as the Federal authorities. The three Communities are the Flemish Community, the French‐speaking Community, and the German‐speaking Community. The three Regions are the Walloon Region, the Flemish Region and the Brussels‐Capital Region. Part I: National reporting guidelines for CSD­18/19 thematic areas 1. Common issues 1.1. Institutional capacity building, National legal frameworks and administrative or other measures of relevance & Participation of Major Groups, in particular women and local communities, in decision‐making and implementation 1.1.1. National sustainable development strategy Strategy Title: National strategy on sustainable development – framework document Strategy website: / Coordinating Body: Federal Public Planning Service – Sustainable Development Coordinating Body website: http://www.sppdd.be Strategy Status: under development according to the framework document adopted by the Inter‐ ministerial conference on sustainable development on December 16th 2005. Date of Adoption: 16 December 2005 Strategy contact: Dieter Vander Beke Additional Information: An inter‐ministerial conference on sustainable development was created, and reached an agreement on a two‐phase work programme (framework document). The second phase is ongoing since 2006. The adoption of a national visionary text was foreseen in the autumn of 2007 but it has not yet been agreed. Nevertheless, the federal government and the governments of the communities and the regions have put in place (or are putting in place) “important mechanisms for enhancing and linking national capacity so as to bring together priorities in social, economic and environmental policies”. 1.1.2. Federal sustainable development strategy Strategy Title: Belgian federal sustainable development strategy Strategy website: http://www.cidd.be Coordinating Body: Inter‐Departmental Commission on Sustainable Development and Federal Public Planning Service – Sustainable Development Coordinating Body website: http://www.cidd.be and http://www.sppdd.be Strategy Status: being implemented according to the legal framework of the Bill adopted by the Federal Parliament on May 5th 1997. Date of Adoption: 5 May 1997 Strategy contact: Dieter Vander Beke Additional Information: The Federal sustainable development strategy established by the Bill on the co‐ordination of the federal policy on sustainable development (SD) of May 5th 1997 is a cycle in four steps. 1. From reporting to consultation: The biennial Federal Reports on Sustainable Developments are prepared by a Task Force on Sustainable Development (TFSD) and published by the Federal Planning Bureau (FPB). These Reports contain analysis of the existing situation in Belgium with regard to the new international developments. They assess the current SD policy conducted until then and trends in case of unchanged policy. They also elaborate long term SD scenarios. The Minister gives them a wide notoriety. A draft Project Plan on Sustainable Development (defines policy principles, objectives and actions) based on these reports is drafted every four year by the Inter‐Departmental Commission on Sustainable Development (ICSD). This ICSD is composed of representatives of all members of the federal government and of all federal government departments, plus six representatives of the governments of the communities and of the regions. Measures are taken to granting the draft project plan the widest possible notoriety and consulting the population in this respect. At the same moment the Federal Council for Sustainable Development (FCSD), an advisory body composed of representatives of civil society that gives recommendations to the Federal Government on the policy to be implemented and advice on the draft federal SD plan. The federal government must give reasons as to why it has departed from it. 2. From consultation to planning: reactions of the consulted population and of the FCSD are taken into account to elaborate the Federal Plan on Sustainable Development that will be adopted by the Federal Government. 3. From planning to implementation: the Federal Plan on Sustainable Development is implemented by the federal departments. This is supported by a team of civil servants, called the “Federal Public Planning Service – Sustainable Development”, and is contributing to the improvement of the daily SD capacity building in the federal departments. 4. From implementation to reporting: the ICSD elaborates annual monitoring reports on the activities of the preceding year. These monitoring reports are essential for the evaluation of the policy by the TFSD. The cycle has already been completed twice (two Federal Plans, five Federal Reports) since 1998. The fifth Report will be published in October 2009. The third Plan has not been adopted and the third cycle of the Federal SD Strategy hasn't begun yet because of the ongoing revision of the bill. 1.1.3. Sustainable development strategy of the Flemish region Strategy Title: Flemish strategy for sustainable development Strategy website: http://www2.vlaanderen.be/duurzameontwikkeling/DOInVlaanderen.htm Coordinating Body: sustainable development working group Coordinating Body website:. http://www2.vlaanderen.be/duurzameontwikkeling/wgdo.htm Strategy Status: being implemented according to the legal framework of the Decree adopted by the Flemish Parliament on July 18th 2008. Date of Adoption: 20 July 2005 Strategy contact: [email protected] Additional Information: The “Flemish sustainable development strategy: pushing back the borders together” (VSDO) came into being in 2005. The Flemish Government adopted it on 20 July 2005. Twelve civil society organisations signed it in September 2006, as did the Association of Flemish Cities and Municipalities and the Flemish Association of Provinces. The sustainable development coordination unit coordinates the implementation of this strategy. This unit is part of the staff service of the Flemish Government, which in turn falls under the services for general government policy. It works together with all policy areas of the Flemish government. An official sustainable development working group contributes to this effort. The VSDO came into being after extensive consultations with the local and provincial authorities and five civil society organisations. The seven priorities of the VSDO are: poverty and social exclusion; the greying of the population; climate change and clean energy; mobility; town and country planning; management of natural resources; public health. In addition, it also brings administrative aspects to the fore. Concrete projects will be proposed for twelve cross cutting issues. Specific attention will also be paid to cooperation with all actors involved. The Flemish government considers sustainable development to be an inclusive policy. This means that each policy area must implement the VSDO. Furthermore, consultation is provided for cross cutting issues. The Framework Decree for Sustainable Development, adopted on 18 July 2008, gives a legal framework to the Flemish sustainable development strategy, which guarantees continuity in the sustainable development policy. 1.1.4. Sustainable development strategy of the Walloon region Strategy Title: / Strategy website: / Coordinating Body: DGARNE Coordinating Body website: http://environnement.wallonie.be/ Strategy Status: under development. Date of Adoption:2010. Strategy contact: [email protected] Additional Information: In April 2006 the Walloon government signed an agreement with a sustainable development consulting firm to draft a regional sustainable development strategy. This strategy, which is being worked out, will have to meet at least the following requirements: offer a response to the main challenges and questions raised by putting sustainable development into daily practice in the Walloon region by 2015; include the achievements and
Recommended publications
  • Provision of School Places in the Flemish Community of Belgium
    OECD Reviews of School Resources: Flemish Community of Belgium 2015 © OECD 2015 Chapter 3 Provision of school places in the Flemish Community of Belgium This chapter presents the organisation of the school offer and the provision of school places in the Flemish Community of Belgium, including the provision of special needs education. It describes the existing setup of schools and school buildings as well as the distribution of students across these institutions. It examines how demographic developments are influencing the demand for school places in different parts of the Flemish Community, with particular attention to the challenges faced by urban areas in meeting growing demand. The chapter also analyses how parental choice impacts on student enrolment patterns and the degree to which policies to regulate school choice influence the composition of student populations within schools. It places particular emphasis on potential efficiency gains in the provision of school places, giving attention to aspects such as school size, the offer of programme and course choices in the secondary sector, the organisation of schools within educational networks and school boards and the extent of student tracking and grade repetition. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. 95 3. PROVISION OF SCHOOL PLACES IN THE FLEMISH COMMUNITY OF BELGIUM Context and features The Flemish education system provides extensive choices for families.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium
    THE BELGIAN CONSTITUTION This publication contains the text of the Belgian Con- stitution as updated following the constitutional revi- sion of 24 October 2017 (Belgian Official Gazette of 29 November 2017) JULY 2018 BELGIAN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Legal Affairs and Parliamentary Documentation Department of the Belgian House of Representatives D/2018/4686/11 2 CONTENTS Title I On federal Belgium, its components and its territory 5 Title Ibis On general political objectives of federal Belgium, the Communities and the Regions 6 Title II On Belgians and their rights 6 Title III On powers 13 Chapter I – On the federal Houses 16 Section I – On the House of Representatives 22 Section II – On the Senate 24 Chapter II – On federal legislative power 30 Chapter III – On the King and the Federal Government 35 Section I – On the King 35 Section II – On the Federal Government 37 Section III – On responsibilities 40 Chapter IV – On Communities and Regions 42 Section I – On bodies 42 Sub-section I – On Community and Regional Parliaments 42 Sub-section II – On Community and Regional Governments 44 Section II – On responsibilities 47 Sub-section I – On the responsibilities of the Communities 47 Sub-section II – On the competences of the Regions 50 Sub-section III – Special provisions 50 Chapter V – On the Constitutional Court, and the prevention and resolution of conflicts 52 Section I – On the prevention of conflicts of competence 52 Section II – On the Constitutional Court 52 Section III – On the prevention and the settlement of conflicts of interest
    [Show full text]
  • Fluvius System Operator Cv
    FLUVIUS SYSTEM OPERATOR CV organised as a cooperative company (coöperatieve vennootschap/société coopérative) under Belgian law Brusselsesteenweg 199, 9090 Melle, Belgium BE 0477.445.084 (RLE Ghent, section Ghent) EUR 5,000,000,000 Guaranteed Euro Medium Term Note Programme guaranteed on a several but not joint basis by Fluvius Antwerpen, Fluvius Limburg, Fluvius West, Gaselwest, Imewo, Intergem, Iveka, Iverlek, PBE, Riobra and Sibelgas Under the EUR 5,000,000,000 Guaranteed Euro Medium Term Note Programme (the “Programme”) described in this base prospectus (the “Base Prospectus”), Fluvius System Operator CV (the “Issuer”) may from time to time issue notes denominated in any currency agreed between the Issuer and the relevant Dealer(s) (as defined below) (the “Notes”). The aggregate nominal amount of Notes outstanding will not at any time exceed EUR 5,000,000,000 (or its equivalent in any other currencies). The Notes are guaranteed by Fluvius Antwerpen, Fluvius Limburg, Fluvius West, Gaselwest, Imewo, Intergem, Iveka, Iverlek, PBE, Riobra and Sibelgas (each a “Guarantor” and together the “Guarantors”), each on a several but not joint basis, subject to the pro rata limitations set out in their respective guarantee (each a “Guarantee”). Any Notes issued under the Programme on or after the date of this Base Prospectus are issued subject to the provisions herein. Notes to be issued under the Programme may be Fixed Rate Notes, Floating Rate Notes, Zero-Coupon Notes (each as defined in Part IV – ‘Terms and conditions of the Notes’) or a combination of the foregoing, depending on the Interest and Redemption basis (each as defined in Part IV – ‘Terms and conditions of the Notes’) specified in the relevant Final Terms (as defined below).
    [Show full text]
  • Local and Regional Democracy in Belgium
    27th SESSION Strasbourg, 14-16 October 2014 CG(27)7FINAL 15 October 2014 Local and regional democracy in Belgium Rapporteurs: 1 Henrik HAMMAR, Sweden (L, EPP/CCE) Urs WÜTHRICH-PELLOLI, Switzerland (R, SOC) Recommendation 366 (2014) ................................................................................................................... 2 Explanatory memorandum ....................................................................................................................... 5 Summary This is the first monitoring report on the situation of local and regional democracy in Belgium since the country ratified the Charter in 2004. It underlines that the constitutional and legislative foundations of self-government are fully complied with throughout the country and that the scope of local self- government is generally respected, in particular in terms of the protection of boundaries, the conditions for the exercise of responsibilities at local level, local authorities’ right to associate and the legal protection of local self-government. In addition, the entry into force of the Sixth State Reform is welcomed, as is the introduction in 2006 of a procedure for the automatic de jure appointment of s elected in the Walloon Region. The report does, however, express concern about the overlapping of some responsibilities between municipal and provincial level in the French and Flemish Communities. With regard to financial resources, municipalities’ and provinces’ resources are inadequate, especially because of the economic crisis and
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Law
    GLOBAL PRACTICE GUIDES Definitive global law guides offering comparative analysis from top-ranked lawyers Environmental Law Belgium Ariane Brohez, Julien Lecler and Atdhe Krasniqi Loyens & Loeff practiceguides.chambers.com 2020 BELGIUM Law and Practice Contributed by: Ariane Brohez, Julien Lecler and Atdhe Krasniqi Loyens & Loeff see p.15 Contents 1. Regulatory Framework p.3 10. Contractual Agreements p.8 1.1 Key Environmental Protection Policies, 10.1 Transferring or Apportioning Liability p.8 Principles and Laws p.3 10.2 Environmental Insurance p.9 2. Enforcement p.3 11. Contaminated Land p.9 2.1 Key Regulatory Authorities p.3 11.1 Key Laws Governing Contaminated Land p.9 3. Environmental Incidents and Permits p.4 12. Climate Change and Emissions Trading p.10 3.1 Investigative and Access Points p.4 12.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws p.10 3.2 Environmental Permits p.4 12.2 Targets to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions p.10 4. Environmental Liability p.5 13. Asbestos p.11 4.1 Key Types of Liability p.5 13.1 Key Policies, Principles and Laws Relating to Asbestos p.11 5. Environmental Incidents and Damage p.6 5.1 Liability for Historical Environmental 14. Waste p.11 Incidents or Damage p.6 14.1 Key Laws and Regulatory Controls p.11 5.2 Types of Liability and Key Defences p.7 14.2 Retention of Environmental Liability p.11 6. Corporate Liability p.7 14.3 Requirements to Design, Take Back, Recover, Recycle or Dispose of Goods p.11 6.1 Liability for Environmental Damage or Breaches of Environmental Law p.7 15.
    [Show full text]
  • Belgium – January 2016
    Arms Trade Treaty - Initial Report by Belgium – January 2016 ARMS TRADE TREATY INITIAL REPORT ON MEASURES UNDERTAKEN TO IMPLEMENT THE ARMS TRADE TREATY, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 13(1) BELGIUM January 2016 In accordance with the provisional template (ref. ATT/CSP1/2015/WP.4/Rev.2/2015) submitted by the facilitator on Reporting, Sweden, to the First Conference of States Parties in Cancun, Mexico, 24-27 August, 2015. This Initial Report may be made publicly available Yes No SECTION A. INFORMATION RELATED TO BINDING OBLIGATIONS IN THE TREATY 1. NATIONAL CONTROL SYSTEM AND LIST A. Overview of legislation and ordinances governing the national control system [Article 5(2)] (please list below. If the national control system is governed in whole or part by other means than legislation or ordinances, please indicate these also) In Belgium the competence of arms export control is to a large extent transferred to the Regional Governments of Flanders, the Walloon Region and the Brussels Capital Region. The Regional Governments are individually responsible for the control of international arms transactions that are conducted by economic operators and private persons established in their respective territories. The Regions have further been given the competence to promulgate their own legislative measures concerning arms trade, within the parameters of the political and juridical acquis of the European Union. The Belgian Federal Government is only competent for licences with regard to international transactions involving weapons from the Belgian Defence and Federal Police. 1 Arms Trade Treaty - Initial Report by Belgium – January 2016 Federal level Regional level Brussels Capital Flanders Wallonia Region Federal law of 5 August 1991 Ordinance of the Brussels Flemish Parliament Arms Decree of the Walloon (amended by the law of 26 March Capital Region of 20 June Trade Act of 15 June 2012 4 Region of 2003) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Belgian Constitution
    Source: http://www.fed-parl.be (accessed December 2008) THE BELGIAN CONSTITUTION This new translation of the Belgian Constitution was made under the guidance of the Legal Department of the House of Representatives and with the collaboration of Mr A. MacLean. The Legal Department is also thankful to Mr R. Ryckeboer, Adviser to the President of the Constitutional Court, for his suggestions and appraisal. OCTOBER 2007 BELGIAN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES This publication contains the text of the Constitution as coordinated on 17 February 1994, including the following further revisions: Title Ibis (25 April 2007 – BSG* 26 April 2007) Article 7bis (25 April 2007 – BSG 26 April 2007) Article 8 (11 December 1998 – BSG 15 December 1998) Article 10 (21 February 2002 – BSG 26 February 2002) Article 11bis (21 February 2002 – BSG 26 February 2002) Article 14bis (2 February 2005 – BSG 17 February 2005) Article 22bis (23 March 2000 – BSG 25 May 2000) Article 41 (11 March 1997 – BSG 2 April 1997, 12 March 1999 – BSG 9 April 1999 and 26 March 2005 – BSG 7 April 2005) Article 59 (28 February 1997 – BSG 1 March 1997) Article 66 (25 March 1996 – BSG 19 April 1996) Article 67, § 1 (10 June 2004 – BSG 11 June 2004) Article 71 (25 March 1996 – BSG 19 April 1996) Article 103 (12 June 1998 – BSG 16 June 1998) Heading of Title III, Chapter IV, Section I, Sub-section I (9 July 2004 – BSG 13 August 2004) Heading of Title III, Chapter V and its Section II (7 May 2007 – BSG 8 May 2007) Article 118bis (25 March 1996 – BSG 19 April 1996) Article 125 (17 June 1998 – BSG
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf Bestanddebt Report 2019 .Pdf
    Cash-, Debt- and Guarantee Management Report 2019 THE CASH, DEBT AND GUARANTEE MANAGEMENT REPORT 2019 1 Key figures Amount in millions of euros as of 31 December 2018 2019 Breakdown by type of debt Consolidated debt 24,186.56 24,176.22 Direct debt 5,998.39 6,802.26 Debt instruments used (direct debt) Long term EMTN 5,631.50 6,331.50 Schuldschein 37.50 37.50 Bank loans (incl. municipal loans) 181.67 161.47 Other 70.80 64.28 Short term BCP 0.00 0.00 Current accounts 76.92 207.50 Characteristics of the Flemish Debt Rating awarded by the rating agency Moody’s Long-term rating Aa2 Aa2 Outlook Stable Stable Net financing requirements 538.63 1,843.53 Debt ratio 43.62% 44.04% Debt level 4.16% 4.53% Key figures of the direct debt portfolio Fixed interest rate 99% 97% Floating interest rate 1% 3% Average interest rate 1.40% 1.42% Average remaining term to maturity (in years) 15y 01m 15y 05m 2 Contents I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 5 II. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT IN 2019 ........................................................................................... 6 1. International context ................................................................. 6 2. Economic situation in Belgium and Flanders ............................... 8 3. Interest rate in 2019 .................................................................. 8 4. Interest rate prospects ............................................................ 10 III. CASH MANAGEMENT IN 2019
    [Show full text]
  • Belgium Nuclear Legislation in OECD Countries © OECD 2010
    N uclear Legislation in OECD and NEA Countries Regulatory and Institutional Framework for Nuclear Activities Belgium Nuclear Legislation in OECD Countries © OECD 2010 BBelgium I. General Regulatory Regime ................................................................. 4 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 4 2. Mining regime ................................................................................................... 6 3. Nuclear facilities ................................................................................................ 6 a) Licensing and inspection, including nuclear safety .......................................... 6 b) Protection of the environment against radiation effects ................................... 7 c) Emergency response .................................................................................. 8 d) Decommissioning ....................................................................................... 8 4. Trade in nuclear materials and equipment ............................................................ 10 5. Radiological protection ....................................................................................... 10 6. Radioactive waste management .......................................................................... 12 7. Non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and physical protection of nuclear material ...... 13 a) International aspects ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 the Management and Rationalisation of Existing Regulation
    5. THE MANAGEMENT AND RATIONALISATION OF EXISTNG REGULATIONS – 137 Chapter 5 The management and rationalisation of existing regulation This chapter covers two areas of regulatory policy. The first is simplification of regulations. The large stock of regulations and administrative formalities accumulated over time needs regular review and updating to remove obsolete or inefficient material. Approaches vary from consolidation, codification, recasting, repeal, as hoc reviews of the regulations covering specific sectors, and sun setting mechanisms for the automatic review or cancellation of regulations past a certain date. The second area concerns the reduction of administrative burdens and has gained considerable momentum over the last few years. Government formalities are important tools to support public policies, and can help businesses by setting a level playing field for commercial activity. But they may also represent an administrative burden as well as an irritation factor for business and citizens, and one which tends to grow over time. Difficult areas include employment regulations, environmental standards, tax regulations, and planning regulations. Permits and licences can also be a major potential burden on businesses, especially small to medium-sized enterprises. A lack of clear information about the sources of and extent of administrative burdens is the first issue for most countries. Burden measurement has been improved with the application by a growing number of countries of variants on the standard cost model (SCM) analysis to information obligations imposed by laws, which also helps to sustain political momentum for regulatory reform by quantifying the burden. A number of governments have started to consider the issue of administrative burdens inside government, with the aim of improving the quality and efficiency of internal regulation in order to reduce costs and free up resources for improved public service delivery.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Flemish Parliament
    The Flemish Parliament: a regional parliament in Belgium, a chamber of the national parliament in Europe Luk Van Looy legal advisor to the Flemish Parliament 1. INTRODUCTION National and regional parliaments are the heart of democracy. However, more and more legislation comes 'from Europe'. The main European legislator is the Council of Ministers, composed of representatives of the governments of the member states. In the European legislative process, governments have taken over the power of parliaments. National and regional parliaments have no say in the adoption of European directives and regulations. Since 2009 (Lisbon Treaty) the national parliaments are cautiously involved in the Euro- pean decision-making process, mainly by granting them the authority to assess whether European legislative proposals comply with subsidiarity principle. The European treaties do not grant this authority to regional parliaments, they have to rely on the goodwill of their national parliament to involve them. On the basis of Belgian federalism, this paper explains that regional parliaments of the EU Member States do not depend solely on their recognition in the European treaties to play a European role. Each federal country is architect of its own state structure and is able to actively involve its regions in the European decision-making process. 2. BELGIAN CONSTITUTION SETS ITS REGIONS ON THE TRACK TO EUROPE As a federal country, Belgium is definitely not unique in the European Union. However, Belgian federalism does have certain characteristics that make it unique. To understand the role and powers of the Flemish Parliament in the European Union, a short introduc- tion on some specific features of Belgian federalism is necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Sheet on Youth Policy in Flanders (Belgium)
    COUNTRY SHEET ON YOUTH POLICY IN FLANDERS (BELGIUM) Last updated: 27 April 2020 By Lieve Bradt & Ruwayda Said Salem Disclaimer: The content of this document, commissioned by the EU-CoE youth partnership, is the sole responsibility of the author and does not necessarily reflect the opinion of either of the partner institutions (the European Union and the Council of Europe). Contents 1. Context of national youth policy ......................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Context of national youth policy ................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Principles of national youth policy ............................................................................................... 5 2. Statistics on young people .................................................................................................................. 7 3. Actors and structures .......................................................................................................................... 7 3.1. Public authorities ......................................................................................................................... 8 3.1.1. National public authorities with competencies in the youth field ........................................ 8 3.1.2. Regional and/or local public authorities with competencies in the youth field ................. 11 3.2. Youth welfare services (comprising public and/or non public actors) ......................................
    [Show full text]