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Variation of Amphipod Assemblage Along the Sargassum Stenophyllum (Phaeophyta, Fucales) Thallus

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Variation of Amphipod Assemblage Along the Sargassum Stenophyllum (Phaeophyta, Fucales) Thallus Nauplius 23(1): 73-78, 2015 73 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-64972015002310 Variation of amphipod assemblage along the Sargassum stenophyllum (Phaeophyta, Fucales) thallus Glauco Barreto de Oliveira Machado, Aline Binato Neufeld, Simone Aparecida Dena, Silvana Gomes Leite Siqueira and Fosca Pedini Pereira Leite (GBOM, SAD) Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Avenida Bertrand Russell. 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]. (ABN) Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). 13083- 970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. (SGLS) Departamento de Invertebrados, Setor de Carcinologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. (FPPL) Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. ABSTRACT - The spatial distribution of fauna associated to marine macroalgae has mostly been investigated considering a horizontal plane. However, the macroalgal substrates can present a three-dimensional structure. In this sense, investigating how the associated fauna varies throughout a vertical plane can contribute to understanding the distribution of these organisms. The brown macroalga Sargassum presents a vertical stratification along its thallus and harbors an amphipod fauna with a variety of feeding habits. In this work, we tested if the amphipod assemblage varies along different portions of the Sargassum thallus. We collected whole Sargassum stenophyllum thalli, as well as isolated basal and distal portions, from a rocky shore located on the north coast of São Paulo, in southeastern Brazil. The composition of amphipod families varied according to the Sargassum portion and the families Corophiidae, Caprellidae and Hyalidae accounted for most of the differences. Moreover, the basal portion of Sargassum had a higher diversity of amphipod families than the distal one, which may be related to differences regarding habitat complexity (herein, measured as algal biomass) between these portions. Detritivores (such as Corophiidae) were more associated to the basal portion and herbivores to the distal portion (Hyalidae) or along the whole Sargassum thallus (Ampithoidae). The variation of amphipod assemblage along Sargassum thallus seems to result from the interaction between the fauna natural history and the differences in conditions and physical structure along the algal thallus. In this sense, the vertical stratification of Sargassum can add another source of variation to the spatial distribution of associated fauna. Key words: Spatial distribution, Macroalgae, Vertical stratification, Associated fauna. Introduction context (Wiens, 1989). In benthic environments, biological substrates provide habitat for other Studies concerning species distribution involve organisms and, as a result, they can have an the description of patterns and their underlying important role on the composition of benthic processes. Describing the spatial distribution of communities (Coull and Wells, 1983; Castilla et species contributes to understanding ecological al., 2004; Koivisto and Westerbom, 2010). The processes (e.g. interactions between organisms spatial distribution of the fauna associated to or with their environment) in a scale-dependent macroalgae has been reported mainly considering 74 Machado et al.: Variation of amphipod assemblage in Sargassum thallus a horizontal plane (Kelaher et al., 2001; Tanaka (herbivores, predators and detritivores) (Barnard and Leite, 2003). However, the macroalgal and Karaman, 1991; Guerra-García et al., 2014) substrate can present a three-dimensional structure that can promote changes in the species community (Christie et al., 2007; Hirst, 2007). In this sense, regarding their use of microhabitats. In this study, exploring the composition of associated fauna in we tested if the amphipod assemblage varies along a vertical plane can contribute to understand the different portions of the Sargassum thallus. distribution of these organisms (Hirst, 2007). The variation throughout the physical Material and Methods structure of algal substrates can result in a variety The study was conducted at Cigarras Beach, in of microhabitats used by different species (Rossi the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil (S et al., 2000; Fraschetti et al., 2006; Christie et al., 23°43’42.78”W 45°23’52.43”). In this area, the 2007; Hirst, 2007). As an example, in kelp forests northern rocky shore is mainly composed of large of Laminaria hyperborea (Gunn.) Foslie, 1884 boulders, which are predominantly dominated a straight thallus algae, a vertical stratification by Sargassum stenophyllum Martius, 1828 in has been found, which is represented by the the subtidal zone. The Sargassum fronds have differences regarding conditions (e.g. currents, approximately 30 cm of height and compose dense sediment accumulation) and structures (lamina, patches. We performed our sampling in the spring holdfast and stipes) along this substrate (Eckman (October 2013), when most of the amphipods et al., 1989; Christie et al., 2007). As a result, such associated to Sargassum occur (Tanaka and Leite, vertical stratification can affect the distribution 2003; Jacobucci et al., 2009). of associated fauna (Christie et al., 2007; Hirst, To evaluate the association between the 2007). In this sense, the differences between parts amphipod composition and each Sargassum from the same biological substrate can add another portion, we randomly collected submerged source of variation to the spatial distribution of the associated fauna (Fraschetti et al., 2006). samples (0.5 - 1.0 m deep) from the basal and On rocky shores of tropical and subtropical distal portions of the Sargassum thallus. For each systems, Sargassum species compose an important portion of the thallus, we collected six replicates. fraction of the algae community (Eston et al., We collected the samples underwater and stored 1986; Paula, 1988). The Sargassum thallus them in voile bags of mesh size 0.2 mm for contains a holdfast, a stipe, lateral branches and the fauna contention. For the distal portion, leaflets (Joly, 1967). Throughout the Sargassum approximately half the length of the thallus, thallus, conditions and physical structure can corresponding to the top portion, was involved change, resulting in a vertical stratification. The in a bag. To assure sampling independence, the holdfast, at its basal portion, allows the fixation of other half was discarded. Similarly, for the basal sessile organisms (e.g. sponges) that can function portions, the holdfasts were involved in bags as a second biological substrate for mobile fauna before detachment from the rocks, and the distal (Leite et al., 2007). In addition, the amount of portions were discarded. For the description of the branches, which can shelter the fauna, is higher at amphipod fauna associated to S. stenophyllum, we the basal portion than the distal portion. Finally, took the whole thallus as samples (n = 6). the basal portion seems to be more protected from At the laboratory, the samples were frozen and the action of waves, as suggested for other straight then washed with fresh water to remove the fauna. stem algae species (Fraschetti et al., 2006; Christie These organisms were preserved in alcohol 70% et al., 2007). and the amphipods were identified to the family Sargassum provides shelter for a diversity of level. We identified up to the families because small invertebrates. Among its associated fauna, the feeding habits are usually shared at this level, the amphipods present high abundance and species including the amphipod species commonly found richness (Tanaka and Leite, 2003; Jacobucci et al., in Sargassum in the studied region (Barnard and 2009), making them especially sensitive to changes Karaman, 1991; Guerra-García et al., 2014). The in the spatial physical structure of the substrates. macroalgae were dried at 70 ºC for 24 hours and The amphipod assemblage associated to Sargassum weighed to estimate the density of amphipods. presents distinct behavior and feeding habits The dry weight of Sargassum (biomass) was used Nauplius 23(1): 73-78, 2015 75 as a measure of habitat complexity of each portion The basal portion of Sargassum had a higher (McCoy and Bell, 1991). Moreover, from the diversity (H’) of amphipod families (1.02 ± 0.30) amphipod density, we calculated the diversity than the distal one (0.56 ± 0.14) (Student’s t test; t of amphipod families for each portion using the = 3.35, df = 10, P = 0.012). Six families were found Shannon-Wiener index. in the distal portion, and the families Hyalidae The family composition for distal and basal and Caprellidae exhibited the higher densities. portion of Sargassum was compared using a For the basal portion, Hyalidae, Caprellidae and PERMANOVA approach (Anderson, 2001). In Corophiidae had the largest densities among the order to balance the contribution of frequent eleven represented families. All families found in and rare groups (Anderson, 2001), the amphipod the basal or the distal portions were also found density was log-transformed (log(X + 1)), and then in the whole thallus samples, except Leucothoidae it was used to build a similarity matrix using the that was present in only one basal sample. Bray-Curtis distance. This matrix was tested with Regarding the feeding habits, the detritivores a PERMANOVA with 9999 permutations. Based were predominant
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