Grandidierella Japonica Class: Multicrustacea, Malacostraca, Eumalacostraca

Home , Ampithoidae, Aoridae, Cheluridae, Corophiida, Corophiidae, Corophiidira

Phylum: Arthropoda, Crustacea

Grandidierella japonica Class: Multicrustacea, Malacostraca, Eumalacostraca

Order: Peracarida, Amphipoda, Senticaudata, A brackish water amphipod Corophiida, Corophiidira Family: Aoroidea, Aoridae

Description Antenna 1: The first antenna in males Size: Males up to 22 mm in length, females is more than ½ body length (Chapman and 13 mm long (San Francisco Bay, Chapman Dorman 1975) and is much shorter in fe- and Dorman 1975; Myers 1981). The males. The peduncle is with short accessory illustrated specimen (a male, from Coos flagellum in both sexes (Fig. 1b). The male Bay) is 10 mm in length (Fig. 1). flagellum has 20 articles and is a little longer Color: Black head, mottled grey to grey than peduncle. The female flagellum is equal brown body (Chapman and Dorman 1975) to peduncle and consists of 18 articles with distal parts of limbs white (Stephensen (Stephensen 1938). Male antenna one longer 1938; Chapman 2007). This specimen white than its antenna two (Barnard 1973), however (preserved in ETOH). female antennae are of equal size General Morphology: The body of amphi- (Stephensen 1938) (female not figured). pod crustaceans can be divided into three Antenna 2: Length from ¾ of to longer major regions. The cephalon (head) or than antenna one (Chapman and Dorman cephalothorax includes antennules, anten- 1975) (see antenna 1). Spines present on nae, mandibles, maxillae and maxillipeds peduncle articles 3–5. Male second antenna (collectively the mouthparts). Posterior to stout and flagellum with seven articles the cephalon is the pereon (thorax) with (Stephensen 1938). Female second antenna seven pairs of pereopods attached to pere- length in equal to antenna one and fifth article onites followed by the pleon (abdomen) with of peduncle with four strong spines. Female six pairs of pleopods. The first three sets of flagellum with six articles (not figured). pleopods are generally used for swimming, Mouthparts: Mandible with large mo- while the last three are simpler and surround lar, toothed lacinia mobilis, incisors and long 2 the telson at the animal posterior. The gam- -articled mandibular palp with third article marid family Aoridae is characterized by setose. Maxilliped with 4-articled palp, article separate urosome articles and a biramous four claw-like and article two twice the length third uropod. They also have a short of one and two (Chapman and Dorman 1975). (sometimes absent) rostrum, a long first an- Outer maxilliped plates twice the length of in- tenna and a fleshy telson. Grandidierella ja- ner plates. ponica (see plate 262A, Chapman 2007), Pereon: however, resembles the family Corophiidae Coxae: Reduced (Chapman and Dor- more closely due to the uniramus uropod man 1975), serially arranged and barely con- three (Chapman 2007). tiguous (Barnard 1973) (Fig. 1). Coxal plate Cephalon: one with a medial-ventral tooth (Chapman Rostrum: and Dorman 1975) (just slightly produced in Eyes: A single, oval-shaped, lateral illustrated specimen). eye (Kozloff 1974) that are black and medi- Gnathopod 1: Male gnathopod one is um in size (Stephensen 1938) (Fig. 1). greatly enlarged, “carpochelate” (i.e. not

A publication of the University of Oregon Libraries and the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Individual species: https://oimb.uoregon.edu/oregon-estuarine-invertebrates and full 3rd edition: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18839 Email corrections to: [email protected]

Hiebert, T.C. 2015. Grandidierella japonica. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR.

filtering type) (Grandidierella, Barnard 1973; character of G. japonica). It is not fleshy, Chapman 2007). Articles two and five grea- blunt or elongate and the ramus is three times tly enlarged and subequal (Chapman and as long as the peduncle (Barnard 1973) (Fig. Dorman 1975). Article two oval, article three 6). small, article four small and elongate. Ar- Epimera: ticle five with sides parallel and with one en- Telson: Telson uncleft and somewhat swollen larged tooth forming thumb and two smaller (Kozloff 1974), with button-like morphology teeth (Grandidierella, Barnard 1975). and medial groove (Chapman and Dorman Anterior edge of article five with 18–20 1975) (Figs. 1, 2). transverse fine ridges ("stridulating organs’’, Sexual Dimorphism: Male first gnathopod Stephensen 1938) and four spines (Figs. 1, article two is expanded and article five is 1a). Female gnathopod one is small, but large, with parallel sides, teeth and stridula- larger than gnathopod two. Article two is ting organ. All features are lacking in fe- setose and narrow (Stephensen 1938) (Fig. males. Male antenna one is also longer than 5). two and female antennae are equal. Gnathopod 2: Male gnathopod two is Possible Misidentifications simple and much smaller than gnathopod The Aoridae are a family of gammarid one. Article two is twice the length of article amphipods that are tube-building suspension five. Article three is short and dactyl is not feeders found in marine and estuarine habi- chelate (Fig. 1). Female gnathopod two is tats. They are characterized by a short ros- setose, is smaller than gnathopod one and trum, long first antenna, gnathopod one larger with article two about 2/3 length of male ar- than two (in males), a fleshy telson, a long ticle two (Barnard 1973). seventh pereopod (longer than the sixth), dis- Pereopods 3 through 7: Simple, not tinctly separate urosome articles and a bira- prehensile (Barnard 1973) and increasing in mous uropod three. There are four aorid am- length. A character of the Aoridae is a sev- phipod species that are not native to the enth pereopod that is longer than the sixth northeastern Pacific coast (e.g. Aoroides (see plate 269C, Chapman 2007) and the secundus, Microdeutopus gryllotapla), one of seventh pereopod in G. japonica is very long which is G. japonica. At least two aorid gene- (Fig. 1). Female pereopods are with narrow ra that are quite similar to Grandidierella: second articles (Stephensen 1938). Paraoroides, and Aoroides (family Aoridae). Pleon: Paraoroides species have a uniramous third Pleonites: Third pleonite is without uropod (as in G. Japonica), but this ramus is dorsal tooth (Barnard 1975) only as long as the peduncle, not twice or Urosomites: All three urosomites three times as long (Barnard 1973). In short (Fig. 1). The first uropod is biramous Paraoroides, the first gnathopod is not and longer than the second or third. The carpochelate, but only slightly enlarged, the peduncle is with peduncular process and gnathopods are equal in size. The third two anterolateral spines on urosomite article of the first antenna is not elongate, as it (Barnard 1969) (Fig. 3). Second uropod is is in G. japonica. Aoroides species (six local) also biramous (Grandidierella, Barnard have an immensely merochelate male first 1975) and with thin peduncle and long rami gnathopod (Barnard 1975), quite different (Barnard 1975) (Fig. 4). The third uropod is from that of G. japonica. Article four is elon- uniramous, without hooked apical spine or gate, article five is oval, but lacks teeth. The long setae (Barnard 1975) (a defining

gnathopod is the filtering type, with long Cheluridae are a wood-boring group that utili- setae. The third uropods in this genus are ze the holes in wood left by boring isopods biramous, not uniramous as in family with a huge dorsal tooth on the third Grandidierella. Aoroides columbiae is a Pa- pleonite. The urosomites form a box-like cific coast species. Other species of structure, and the second uropods are Grandidierella have not been recorded from “flabellate” (i.e. paddle-like). Chelura our area, include a tropical species, G. terebrans is an introduced species found on nottoni, and four freshwater species. the Pacific coast and is the only cheluird Grandidierella japonica closely resembles species found in this region (Chapman 2007). amphipods in the gamily Corophiidae The Ischyroceridae is another closely related (Chapman 2007). family. Members have an unusual thorn-like The gammarid family Corophiidae is rostrum and a rather cylindrical body. The characterized by individuals that build U- telson is broad and short, and it is the second shaped tubes in both soft sediments and on male gnathopod, not the first, in this family hard surfaces, sometimes forming dense ag- which is carpochelate. Ischyroceridae have gregations. Species can be dramatically hooks on the outer ramus of the third uropod sexually dimorphic and, while males may be (like Ampithoidae), but this ramus is short and easier to identify with taxonomically relevant slender, not stout. The inner ramus is also characters including the rostrum and pedun- slender and void of setae. Local genera include Cerapus, Ericthonius, Jassa, cle of second antennae, most females can lschyrocerus, Microjassa and Ruffojassa. be reliably identified to species as well Ericthonius species have a body much like G. (Chapman 2007). Five corophiid genera oc- japonica, cur locally, Americorophium, Corophium, but the first male gnathopod is Crassicorophium, Laticorophium and Mono- normal, and the second is carpochelate (the Grandidierella). corophium. The three common estuarine opposite is true for At least E. rubicornis species in this guide (A. brevis, A. salmonis, two species occur in our area, (=E. hunteri) E. brasiliensis. A. spinicorne) were previously members of and In the genus Corophium (see Shoemaker Podoceridae both gnathopods (especially the 1949), but were transferred to the genus second) are large and subchelate. The first Americorophium in 1997 (Bousfield and urosomite is very long, more than twice the Podocerus, Hoover 1997). length of the second. The genera Dulichia, and Dyopedos occur in our area. Other common gammarid families in- The lsaeidae are marine, tube building clude the Ampithoidae, Cheluridae, Ischyro- ceridae, Podoceridae, and lsaeidae (for key suspension feeders and include the common genus Photis. Characteristics of this group see Chapman 2007). The Ampithoidae have a poorly recessed head (Barnard include a recessed head, and an elongate third article on the first antenna (like G. 1973) and a short third article on the japonica). Photis peduncle of antenna one. At least one species have elongate coxae and a normal first gnathopod, but an ramus of the third uropod in this family is very setose terminally and the third uropod enlarged second gnathopod that is often highly sculptured. The third uropod has an also has curved hooks on the end of its stout ramus (Barnard 1975). The Ampithoidae elongate peduncle. have a thick, uncleft telson. In our area Ecological Information there are several species of Ampithoe Range: Grandidierella japonica is native to including A. lacertosa and A. valida. The Hiebert, T.C. 2015. Grandidierella japonica. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR.

Abasiri River, Hokkaido, Japan, from which sp., Streblospio sp., molluscs, Mya sp., it was introduced to U.S. Pacific harbors with Cryptomya sp., Macoma sp., barnacles, B. Crassostrea (commercial oyster), Tomales, improvisus, isopods, Gnorimosphaeroma Bolinas, and San Francisco, California, lutea, amphipods, Photis sp., Corophium sp., possibly as early as 1928 (Chapman and Allorchestes sp., Ampithoe sp., Dorman 1975). Current distribution includes Anisogammarus sp. and the anemone the Fraser River, Canada, Bahia San Haliplanella sp. (Chapman and Dorman Quintin, Hawaii, England and Australia in 1975). addition to the northeast Pacific (Chapman Abundance: Can be present in great num- 2007). For west coast invasion history, see bers seasonally. Third most common amphi- Fig. 1, Pilgrim et al. 2013. Genetic pod at North Bend Airport site (Gonor 1979). barcoding data suggests two cryptic G. South Slough, abundances of 27 individuals japonica species – both present in San per m2 reported (Posey 1985). Francisco Bay with one expanding Life-History Information northward and the other southward (Pilgrim Reproduction: Most amphipods have sepa- et al. 2013). rate sexes with some sex determination corre- Local Distribution: Coos Bay sites include lated with environmental conditions (Straude the South Slough and North Bend Airport 1987). Females brood embryos in an external (Gonor 1979). thoracic brood chamber and irrigate embryos Habitat: Burrows in mud bottoms of bays with water produced by pleopod movement. and estuaries where individuals build U- Development within this brood chamber is di- shaped tubes, in which pairs can often be rect and individuals hatch as juveniles that found (Chapman and Dorman 1975). Males resemble small adults, with no larval stage. also found out of tubes and in tide pools at Little is known about the reproduction and de- low tide. Grandidierella japonica is sensitive velopment in G. japonica (but see Wang et al. to a variety of pollutants and is a common 2009, in Chinese). subject of toxicity tests (e.g. Nipper et al. Larva: Since most amphipods are direct de- 1989). veloping, they lack a definite larval stage. In- Salinity: Brackish water in Japan and intro- stead this young developmental stage resem- duced into Oregon and California estuaries bles small adults (e.g. Fig. 39.1, Wolff 2014). (Chapman and Dorman 1975). Unique os- Juvenile: moregulatory tissue of the coxal gills allow Longevity: G. japonica to exist in a wide variety of salin- Growth Rate: Amphipod growth occurs in ities (Kikuchi and Matsumasa 1993). conjunction with molting where the exoskele- Temperature: ton is shed and replaced. Post-molt individu- Tidal Level: Intertidal to 10 meters als will have soft shells as the cuticle gradual- (Chapman 2007). Collected at +1.5 meters ly hardens. During a molt, arthropods have MLLW in South Slough. the ability to regenerate limbs that were Associates: Introduced with Crassostrea. previously autotomized (Kuris et al. 2007). In South Slough, associates include the Food: Detritivore that feeds on epiphytes and algae, Enteromorpha sp., the amphipod, suspended particles. Also known to be a Ampithoe valida, and sacoglossan, predator of amphipods and can be cannaba- Aplysiopsis smithi. California associates listic (Chapman 2007). include polychaetes, Harmothoe sp., Predators: The benthic carnivorous fish Heteromastus sp., Capitella sp., Neanthes

Clevelandia ios, Hypsopsetta guttulata, Gil- G. E. JOHNSON. 1979. Ecological as- lichthys mirabilis, Fundulus parvipinnis sessments at the North Bend airport ex- (Tijuana estuary, West et al. 2003). tension site. School of Oceanography, Or- Behavior: Builds U-shaped tubes which egon State University, Salem, OR. protrude from the mud (Chapman and Dor- 8. KIKUCHI, S., and M. MATSUMASA. 1993. man 1975) and modify native habitats The osmoregulatory tissue around the af- (Pilgrim et al. 2013). ferent blood vessels of the coxal gills in the estuarine amphipods, Grandidierella Bibliography japonica and Melita setiflagella. Tissue 1. BARNARD, J. L. 1969. Gammaridean and Cell. 25:627-638. amphipoda of the rocky intertidal of Cali- 9. KOZLOFF, E. N. 1974. Keys to the marine fornia: Monterey Bay to La Jolla. Smith- invertebrates of Puget Sound, the San sonian Institution Press, Washington. Juan Archipelago, and adjacent regions. 2. —. 1973. Revision of Corophiidae and University of Washington Press, Seattle. related families (Amphipoda). Smithson- 10. KURIS, A. M., P. S. SADEGHIAN, J. T. ian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. CARLTON, and E. CAMPOS. 2007. De- 3. —. 1975. Phylum Anthropoda: Crusta- capoda, p. 632-656. In: The Light and cea, Amphipoda: Gammaridea, p. 313- Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from 366. In: Light's manual: intertidal inverte- central California to Oregon. J. T. Carlton brates of the central California coast. S. (ed.). University of California Press, Berke- F. Light, R. I. Smith, and J. T. Carlton ley, CA. (eds.). University of California Press, 11. MYERS, A. A. 1981. Taxonomic studies Berkeley. on the genus Grandidierella new-record 4. BOUSFIELD, E. L., and P. M. HOOVER. Crustacea: Amphipoda 3. Fijian, Australian 1997. The amphipod superfamily and Saudi-Arabian species. Bulletin du Corophioidea on the Pacific coast of Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Sec- North America. Part 5. Family Corophi- tion A Zoologie Biologie et Ecologie Ani- idae: Corophiinae, new subfamily. Sys- males. 3:213-226. tematics and distributional ecology. Am- 12. NIPPER, M. G., D. J. GREENSTEIN, and phipacifica. 2:67-139. S. M. BAY. 1989. Short-term and long- 5. CHAPMAN, J. W., E. L. BOUSFIELD, term sediment toxicity test methods with and D. E. BOWERS. 2007. Amphipoda: the amphipod Grandidierella japonica. En- Gammaridea, p. 545-618. In: The Light vironmental Toxicology and Chemistry. and Smith manual: intertidal inverte- 8:1191-1200. brates from central California to Oregon. 13. PILGRIM, E. M., M. J. BLUM, D. A. J. T. Carlton (ed.). University of Califor- REUSSER, H. I. LEE, and J. A. DARLING. nia Press, Berkeley, CA. 2013. Geographic range and structure of 6. CHAPMAN, J. W., and J. A. DORMAN. cryptic genetic diversity among Pacific 1975. Diagnosis systematics and notes North American populations of the non- on Grandidierells japonica new-record native amphipod Grandidierella japonica. Amphipoda: Gammaridea and its intro- Biological Invasions. 15:2415-2428. duction to the Pacific coast of the USA. 14. POSEY, M. H. 1985. The effects upon the Bulletin Southern California Academy of macrofaunal community of a dominant Sciences. 74:104-108. burrowing deposit feeder, Callianassa cali- 7. GONOR, J. J., D. R. STREHLOW, and forniensis, and the role of predation in de-

termining its intertidal distribution. Ph.D. University of Oregon. 15. SHOEMAKER, C. R. 1949. The amphipod genus Corophium on the west coast of America. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 89:66-82. 16. STEPHENSEN, K. 1938. Grandidierella japonica n. sp. A new amphipod with stridulating (?) organs from brackish water in Japan. Annotationes zoologicae Japonenses. 17:179-184. 17. STRAUD, C. P. 1987. Phylum or Sub- phylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca, Order Amphipoda, p. 424-431. In: Repro- duction and development of marine invertebrates of the northern Pacific coast. M. F. Strathman (ed.). University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 18. WANG, R., D. GUAN, Q. YAN, M. HAN, H. CHEN, and J. YAN. 2009. Life history of amphipod Grandidierella japonica cul- tured in laboratory. Marine Environmen- tal Science. 28:272-274. 19. WEST, J. M., G. D. WILLIAMS, S. P. MADON, and J. B. ZEDLER. 2003. Inte- grating spatial and temporal variability into the analysis of fish food web linkag- es in Tijuana Estuary. Environmental Bi- ology of Fishes. 67:297-309. 20. WOLFF, C. 2014. Amphipoda, p. 206- 209. In: Atlas of crustacean larvae. M. J.W., J. Olesen, and J. T. Høeg (eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Balti- more. Updated 2015 T.C. Hiebert