DOCSLIB.ORG

Deterioration of Vegetation and Erosion in the Guthega Catchment Area Snowy Mountains, N.S.W

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Deterioration of Vegetation and Erosion in the Guthega Catchment Area Snowy Mountains, N.S.W Extract /tom the "Joumal of the Soil Conservation Service of N.S. W.", Volume 27, Number I, January,l971 DETERIORATION OF VEGETATION AND EROSION IN THE GUTHEGA CATCHMENT AREA SNOWY MOUNTAINS, N.S.W. BY W. G. BRYANT, B.Sc.Agr., Litt.B. Research Officer, Cooma 0 36851 DETERIORATION OF VEGETATION AND EROSION IN THE GUTHEGA CATCHMENT AREA, SNOWY MOUNTAINS, N.S.W. BY W. G. BRYANT, B.Sc.Agr., Litt.B., Research Officer, Cooma Deterioration sequences in a number of Australian high mountain plant communities are described. The relation of these to soil exposure and/ or water table variations is demonstrated. The extent and causes of erosion damage are discussed and the relatively recent origin of the damage commented upon. HE Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Snowy Mountains, and is the only exten­ T Scheme, well known throughout Aus­ sively winter snow covered area on the con­ tralia, involves the multiple use of water tinent. through storage structures, race lines, and tunnels to produce peak-load electricity for The whole of the area under consideration nearly half of Australia's population and is situated above the winter snow line and irrigation water for the vast, and still grow­ comprises those plant communities generally ing, complex of Murray-Murrumbidgee grouped as "alpine" and "sub-alpine" by irrigation and stock watering schemes in Costin (1954 ). The alpine and sub-alpine three States. tracts form virtually the inverted apex of the Snowy Mountains in the far southeast of Dependent as this scheme is upon the New South Wales being, in their southern­ long-continued supply of water of high most extent, no more than a few miles from quality from the high, snow-fed catchments the Victorian border. Within this area rises of the Snowy Mountains, the individual the Snowy River. catchment becomes important, particularly if, in any catchment area, deterioration or accelerated erosion is noted. Inefficiency of GUTHEGA CATCHMENT AREA any major or minor catchment area is likely to jeopardize engineering structures, alter Since the major contiguous area of alpine stream-flow patterns and sediment load, and vegetation lies within the catchment of the operational efficiency and the eventual Guthega Pondage, currently the highest life of the system as a whole. water storage in Australia, and since this catchment best illustrates the changes which Against the relative importance of the have taken place in the past 100 years, de­ catchment areas for water yield compared tailed consideration of vegetal changes will with previous returns from snow leases be limited to this area. The area is the very (Taylor, 1956), consideration of the vegeta­ roof-top of Australia, being bounded on the tion of any denuded or eroded area assumes northwest by the main divide, running from national importance. Mount Kosciusko (7,314 feet) through Mount Northcote (7,000 feet), Carruthers The high alpine, or high mountain vegeta­ Peak (7,042 feet), Mount Twynam (7,208 tion of the Australian mainland occupies an feet) and on through Mounts Lee and An­ area of some 2,000 square miles, of which derson; on the northeast by Guthega Pond­ 1,000 square miles lies in southeastern New age and in the southeast by the Ramshead South Wales. It is predominantly within the and Crackenback Ranges (figure 1). Janufl17, 1971 62 DETERIORATION OF VEGETATION AND EROSION IN THE GUTHEGA CATCHMENT AREA, SNOWY MOUNTAINS, N.S.W. BY W. G. BRYANT, B.Sc.Agr., Litt.B., Research Officer, Cooma Deterioration sequences in a number of Australian high mountain plant communities are described. The relation of these to soil exposure and/or water table variations is demonstrated. The extent and causes of erosion damage are discussed and the relatively recent origin of the damage commented upon. HE Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Snowy Mountains, and is the only exten­ T Scheme, well known throughout Aus­ sively winter snow covered area on the con­ tralia, involves the multiple use of water tinent. through storage structures, race lines, and tunnels to produce peak-load electricity for The whole of the area under consideration nearly half of Australia's population and is situated above the winter snow line and irrigation water for the vast, and still grow­ comprises those plant communities generally ing, complex of Murray-Murrumbidgee grouped as "alpine" and "sub-alpine" by irrigation and stock watering schemes in Costin ( 1954). The alpine and sub-alpine three States. tracts form virtually the inverted apex of the Snowy Mountains in the far southeast of Dependent as this scheme is upon the New South Wales being, in their southern­ long-continued supply of water of high most extent, no more than a few miles from quality from the high, snow-fed catchments the Victorian border. Within this area rises of the Snowy Mountains, the individual the Snowy River. catchment becomes important, particularly if, in any catchment area, deterioration or accelerated erosion is noted. Inefficiency of GUTHEGA CATCHMENT AREA any major or minor catchment area is likely to jeopardize engineering structures, alter Since the major contiguous area of alpine stream-flow patterns and sediment load, and vegetation lies within the catchment of the operational efficiency and the eventual Guthega Pondage, currently the highest life of the system as a whole. water storage in Australia, and since this catchment best illustrates the changes which Against the relative importance of the have taken place in the past 100 years, de­ catchment areas for water yield compared tailed consideration of vegetal changes will with previous returns from snow leases be limited to this area. The area is the very (Taylor, 1956), consideration of the vegeta­ roof-top of Australia, being bounded on the tion of any denuded or eroded area assumes northwest by the main divide, running from national importance. Mount Kosciusko (7,314 feet) through Mount Northcote (7,000 feet), Carruthers The high alpine, or high mountain vegeta­ Peak (7,042 feet), Mount Twynam (7,208 tion of the Australian mainland occupies an feet) and on through Mounts Lee and An­ area of some 2,000 square miles, of which derson; on the northeast by Guthega Pond­ 1,000 square miles lies in southeastern New age and in the southeast by the Ramshead South Wales. It is predominantly within the and Crackenback Ranges (figure 1). lanUfl1'1, 1971 62 VIC. SC/>.LE (Mil.s) 0 5 10 15 LE.GE.ND I Tantangara Dam _____ I Guthega Dam ________________ --.5 N Eucumbene Dam _____ 2. Guthega Dam CatchmMt Ar~a---~ Tumut Ponds Dam ___ 3 Roads _____ ---------------------­l Tooma Dam _________4 Railways ___________________ -+-+-+ Figure 1-Guthega dam catchment area, showing its relationship to the Snowy Mountains area 63 Soil Conservation Journal The catchment comprises some 23,000 and at lower elevations it is modified by the acres (approximately 36 square miles) of degree of tree cover. Snow season at Spen­ which 60 per cent is above the tree-line cer's Creek has varied from 3.3 to 7.4 and 40 per cent is occupied by the sub­ months in the period 1954-1964 but is up alpine woodland of Eucalyptus niphophila to 1.5 months longer on the main range. in its various forms. The distribution of precipitation shows Definitions a double peak in midwinter and spring and a distinct summer-autumn minimum. Rain­ The high alpine zone may be described as fall in excess of 2 inches per month may be the area having continuous snow cover for expected each month in 75 per cent of years. at least one month per annum, coinciding Intensities are not high. The highest with the upper limit of the sclerophyll forest. recorded one-hour rainfall is 2.44 inches at It comprises, therefore, Spencer's Creek. Figure 2 illustrates the SuB-ALPINE TRACT-characterized by a con­ precipitation characteristics at Spencer's tinuous snow cover of one to four Creek and Guthega Power Station. months per annum and approximates to the range of the pure snowgum Temperatures are mild in summer but (Euc. niphophila) stands. The upper during six months of the winter the mean limit, at varying elevations between of extreme values is less than 22°F. Frosts 6,000 feet and 6,500 feet, is the tree­ occur throughout the year but the period of line determined by the January mean least incidence is during January and temperature isoline of 50°F (Costin February. 1965), whilst the lower limit coincides with the upper limit of other tree Wind velocities are high, 40 mph being species at about 5,000 feet. frequently attained whilst 80~90 mph gusts are not infrequent. ALPINE TRACT-is characterized by a con­ tinuous snow cover for at least four months, and a January mean tempera­ Physiography and Geology ture of less than 50°F. The vegeta­ Relief is suppressed in comparison with tion is characteristically herbaceous, alpine areas elsewhere. Local relief seldom comprising grasslands, het"bfields, exceeds 500-700 feet. Valleys are generally heaths, bogs and associated communi­ U-shaped showing evidence of previous ties. A number of the communities and glaciation, interfluves are generally rounded of the species present are unique on though sharpened somewhat on their south mainland Australia and provide and southeast faces by semi-permanent phytogeographical links with the sub­ snowdrifts. Stream patterns are oriented to Antarctic islands and South America snowdrift sources and often show partial (Costin 1961). structural control. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Geologically it is a relatively undissected Climate massif, marginally faulted, and underlain by gneissic granites with a narrow band con­ Precipitation varies from 68 inches per sisting of phyllites, schists and quartzites, annum at Guthega power station to 120 running NNW from the Etheridge Range to inches per annum at Mount Twynam and Carruthers Peak (figure 3).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Synopis Sheets MURRAY DARLING UK
    Synopsis sheets Rivers of the World THE MURRAY- DARLING BASIN Initiatives pour l’Avenir des Grands Fleuves The Murray-Darling Basin Australia is the driest inhabited continent on the planet: deserts make up more than two thirds of the country. 90% of the population is concentrated in the southeast, around the Murray-Darling basin and on the coast. This basin is the country’s largest hydrographic network, with a surface area of 1,059,000 km² (14% of the Australian territory), stretching from the Australian Alps to the Indian Ocean. Although it harbours 70% of Australia’s irrigated land and 40% of its agricultural production, it is not spared from water shortages that now affect the rest of the country due to climate change and a lifestyle and economy that consume considerable volumes of water. A laboratory for adapting to water stress The origins The River Murray, called “Millewa” by the Aboriginal traditional owners, has been central to human livelihoods for over 40000 years. Its exploitation was then accelerated in the 19 th century, first as a navigable waterway and as a means for trading by European and other settlers. Development of the river basin quickly led to the degradation of an already fragile ecosystem. In addition to droughts, massive use of the rivers’ waters, firstly for irrigation, and the transformation of the land through grazing and deforestation contributed to the salinisation ot the land and waters. The basin has always seen great variability: severe droughts and floods, that are being accentuated with climate change. 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2018 have seen some areas in the basin with the hottest temperatures ever recorded.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Brochure
    When is Turnak available? How to book Turnak? Turnak is available to book from 1st Nov to 31st May Our accommodation fees suit group bookings and each year. To our knowledge it’s the only facility of its allow an attractive arrangement for corporate, kind available in the Kosciuszko National Park. social or family events. Turnak Features: • 5 En-suite bedrooms, sleeping up to 18 guests in numerous configurations • Spacious modern appointed kitchen, all new facilities such as power and charging points • Private and common areas with plenty of room to relax and enjoy the natural surroundings. Private Catering can be organised if required and; Local tour guides are available to help plan your activities. Contact: Roger Lucas – [email protected] M: 0418497747 Your summer mountain hideaway to enjoy Chris Douglas – [email protected] • Road bike riding M: 0438258729 • Sightseeing 6 Farm Creek Place, Guthega Village NSW 2624 • Hiking POSTAL: TURNAK CO-OPERATIVE SKI CLUB LTD • Fishing 19 Carlton Street, Freshwater NSW 2096 • Kayaking Phone: 61 2 9907-1554 Email: [email protected] Web: www.turnak.com.au • Mountaineering Turnak Adventure Sports Lodge • Mountain bike trail riding and much more! Turnak Cooperative Ski Club Ltd ABN 52 403 835 543. Doc ID: TDL 20180530 Turnak Adventure Sports Lodge is a beautifully appointed mountain hideaway, situated above the snowline at Island Bend Activities Guthega Village in the Kosciuszko National Park, NSW. The Lodge offers picturesque and dramatic views over For that perfect family picnic, meet at Island Bend off the Guthega Guthega Dam towards the snowcapped ridge line of the Road.
    [Show full text]
  • The Strategy for the Snowy River Increased Flows 2014-15 and Defining Cultural Water Requirements
    SNOWY RIVER RECOVERY: SNOWY FLOW RESPONSE MONITORING AND MODELLING PROGRAM The strategy for the Snowy River Increased Flows 2014-15 and defining cultural water requirements This factsheet outlines the relationship between Flow management in the Snowy the release strategy for the Snowy River The Snowy Water Inquiry Implementation Deed Increased Flows (SRIFs) for 2014-15 and the (2002) sets the framework for water recognition of the traditional people of the management in the Snowy Mountains. The Snowy Mountains. NSW Office of Water manages the Specifically this fact sheet: environmental water on behalf of the NSW, • Identifies the key aboriginal groups that Victorian and Commonwealth Governments. have a connection to the waterways of the The NSW Government is also seeking to change NSW Snowy Mountains. the Snowy Corporatisation Act 1997 to allow a • Initiates the recognition of cultural water in greater aboriginal representation in future the Snowy Mountains, by naming environmental water management in the Snowy components of the 2014-15 flow regime. Mountains. • Initiates the development of key cultural The annual allocations are dependent on water objectives. climate, but the 2002 Deed defines a target environmental water allocation to be delivered The traditional aboriginal knowledge system of to (i) Snowy River Increased Flows- 212 the Snowy River has been identified as a gigalitres per year (1 gigalitre = 1 billion litres), mechanism to (i) gain a longer-term (ii) Snowy Montane Rivers Increased Flows- 118 understanding of the river system and improve GL per year and the Murray River Increased the rehabilitation ecological end-points by Flows- 70 GL per year (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Our Australian Alps Are Changing... for the Worse Part 3
    OUR AUSTRALIAN ALPS ARE CHANGING: ….. FOR THE WORSE PART THREE WATER CATCHMENTS WILD HORSE IMPACTS Graeme L. Worboys, David Freudenberger and Roger Good December 2015 Our Australian Alps Are Changing …. For The Worse Part Three: Water Catchments – Wild Horse Impacts • This December 2015 report was prepared by Graeme L. Worboys, David Freudenberger and Roger Good and is available at: https://theaustralianalps.wordpress.com/the-alps- partnership/publications-and-research/our-australian-alps-are-changing-for-the-worse/ • The “Australian Alps are Changing …. Part Three: Water Catchments – Wild Horse Impacts “ is based on peer reviewed published literature, advice from many experts and the expertise, experience, active field research and observations of the authors in the Australian Alps protected areas that spans a period of 42 years. The document is a private statement and responsibility for it rests with the authors. • © This statement is available for general use, copying and circulation. • Citation: Worboys, G.L., Freudenberger, D. and Good, R. (2015) Our Australian Alps Are Changing….For The Worse: Part Three, Water Catchments – Wild Horse Impacts”, Canberra, Available at: www.mountains-wcpa.org and https://theaustralianalps.wordpress.com/the- alps-partnership/publications-and-research/our-australian-alps-are-changing-for-the-worse/ • In memory of Roger Good: Sadly, Alpine Ecologist, friend, colleague and co-author Roger Good passed away while this report was being prepared. Roger was committed to the conservation and protection of Australia’s alpine environments and contributed greatly to their well-being and restoration. He will be missed. • Acknowledgements: Appreciation is expressed to Luciana Porfirio for her contribution to this report.
    [Show full text]
  • First There Was the Snow ...For the History of the Brindabella Ski Club
    Brindabella Ski Club ~~~ First there was the snow ..... For the history of the Brindabella Ski Club please read on ....... ~~~ Brindabella Ski Club Club Contact Details Postal: GPO Box 311, Canberra, ACT 2601 Club Website: http://www.brindabellaskiclub.org.au Club President: [email protected] Club Secretary: [email protected] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BSC Historical Sub-committee This brochure on the history of the Brindabella Ski Club was compiled by members of the Club’s sub-committee. Wal Costanzo provided all of the articles with supporting photos selected from the Club archives. Members wishing to contribute any articles or photos please contact the sub-committee through the Club President or Secretary. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Designed & produced by Richard Blavins - July 2013 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Join the group: Brindabella Ski Club ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Printed: 16 September 2013 Version 1.4 - 22/8/2013 Page 1 of 1 Brindabella Ski Club Contents Articles: ~ Potted History of the Brindabella Ski Club ~ Historic Tiobunga ~ Recollections of a Reluctant Participant ~ Climbing Skins used by David Davies ~ Walter Spanring in Guthega & his Legacy Club Pioneers: ~ Audun (“The Mad Viking”) Fristad ~ Eugene Herbert ~ George Dudzinski ~ Henry Black Club Champions: ~ Beverley Hannah ~ Hal Nerdal ~ Heather Minty ~
    [Show full text]
  • Future Generation and Voith Hydro. SNOWY
    ISSUE 45 WINTER 2019 ALL SYSTEMS ARE G ! Introducing Future Generation Guthega Station gets an upgrade Celebrating 70 years of Snowy Out and about in the community INSIDE CEO UPDATE 3 CEO UPDATE CEO Paul Broad gives an update on our key 4 SNOWY 2.0: PROJECT UPDATE achievements at Snowy Hydro in the last few months. 6 INTRODUCING FUTURE GENERATION JOINT VENTURE AND VOITH HYDRO 8 SNOWY 2.0: FEEDBACK SURVEY elcome to the 45th edition In April, we appointed the Future Generation of Snowy Hydro NEWS, Joint Venture as principal contractor to 9 DISCOVER THE SNOWY SCHEME which features a fresh new construct Snowy 2.0. Increasingly you will see 10 GUTHEGA CONTINUES TO MAKE HISTORY look and the latest news and Future Generation staff around the region and information about Snowy there is an introductory story about them in this 12 OUR PROUD HISTORY WHydro, especially for the Snowy Mountains newsletter. community. 13 70 YEARS OF SNOWY Later this month, the Snowy team will once It has been 70 years since the first blast marked again be hosting Snowy 2.0 community 14 PART OF THE COMMUNITY the start of the Snowy Scheme. Since then, information sessions across Snowy Mountains investment in and maintenance of our assets towns. We look forward to seeing you there has ensured we can help keep the lights on with the first session on June 25. across the National Electricity Market. On the retail front, Red Energy’s award- Renewal and upgrade works are ongoing on winning service and commitment to delivering the Scheme, with the current works including a additional value for customers is highlighted by major operation at our inaugural power station, passing the one-year mark with our Red Energy Guthega, to replace the generator in Unit 1 after Qantas Frequent Flyer offer.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference & Events
    See yourself in the Snowies An inspiring place to meet CONFERENCE & EVENTS A dramatic and powerful landscape, sweeping mountain ranges, intriguing alpine plants and wildlife, fascinating cultural heritage, and larger-than-life stories. Here on the roof top of Australia, the spirit of place inspires you to discover your own adventures. Meet in the Snowies and let in some natural light at your next conference or event. CANBERRA Adelong Tumut Queanbeyan Wondalga Blowering Reservoir Batlow Jounama Pondage KOSCIUSZKO Talbingo NATIONAL Captains Flat Kunama Tumut 3 PARK Power Station Laurel Hill Rosewood Talbingo Tantangara Reservoir Yarrangobilly Reservoir Caves Tumbarumba Anembo Kiandra Mt Selwyn Tooma Cabramurra Adaminaby Bredbo Anglers Reach Old Adaminaby Tooma Lake O’Neil Lagoon Reservoir Eucumbene Eucumbene Bunyan Numeralla Venues: Buckenderra Khancoban KOSCIUSZKO NATIONAL Cooma Murray 1 PARK Guthega Alpine Inn Power Station Cootralantra Cooma Lake West Scammell’s Kiah Lake WADBILLIGA Spur Lookout Lake NATIONAL PARK Jindabyne Perisher Valley Hotel Guthega Smiggin Berridale Perisher Holes East Jindabyne Charlotte Pass Buckleys Jindabyne Lake Mt Kosciuszko Siesta Villa 2228m Thredbo Nimmitabel Dalgety Lake Jillamatong Lake Crackenback Resort Beards Lake SOUTH EAST The Station FOREST NATIONAL PARK (Tantawangalo Section) Thredbo Alpine Hotel KOSCIUSZKO NATIONAL Bibbenluke PARK Cathcart The Denman Hotel Bombala ZONE LEGEND SOUTH EAST FOREST Freeway/Highway sealed unsealed NATIONAL PARK Main Road (Coolangubra Section) sealed unsealed BONDI GULF
    [Show full text]
  • Snowy Hydro Water Operations Reference Report
    SNOWY HYDRO WATER OPERATIONS REFERENCE REPORT Snowy Hydro Limited ABN 17 090 574 431 Level 37, AMP Centre, 50 Bridge Street, Sydney NSW 2000, GPO Box 4351 Sydney NSW 2001 Telephone: 02 9278 1888 Facsimile: 02 9278 1879, www.snowyhydro.com.au Snowy Hydro Water Operations Reference Report TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY.....................................................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................................4 2. PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT......................................................................................................................4 2.1 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE ..................................................................................................................................4 THE WATER OPERATIONS OF THE SNOWY SCHEME.....................................................................................5 3. SNOWY HYDRO ...................................................................................................................................................5 4. THE SNOWY SCHEME .......................................................................................................................................5 4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Strategy for the Snowy Montane Rivers Increased Flows 2014-15
    SNOWY RIVER RECOVERY: SNOWY FLOW RESPONSE MONITORING AND MODELLING PROGRAM Strategy for the Snowy Montane Rivers Increased Flows 2014-15 The Snowy Initiative is an agreement for water for environmental releases to be made, known recovery and environmental flows between the as the Snowy Montane Rivers Increased Flows NSW, Victorian and Australian Governments, (SMRIF). This value of 150 GWHrs is converted and is set out in the Snowy Water Inquiry into a volumetric allocation, but the conversion Outcomes Implementation Deed 2002 (SWIOID factor differs depending on the location of the 2002). The initiative provides three main releases in the Snowy Mountains Scheme. In environmental water programs as part of some locations water released can be re-used to rebalancing the impacts of the Snowy Hydro generate electricity so a smaller conversion Scheme on montane rivers. These three factor is applied (Table 1). programs are increased flows for: (i) Snowy River, (ii) Murray River, and (iii) Snowy Montane Table 1. Snowy Montane Rivers annual targets and the conversion factor of lost energy generation to Rivers (Figure 1). Five Snowy Montane Rivers water allocation. are identified to receive environmental SWIOID (Figure 1; Table 1). Snowy Montane Rivers Annual Conversion Increased Flows Target factor Figure 1. Location of the Snowy Montane River (GL) release points (indicated by green icons). Murrumbidgee River @ 27 1.94 Tantangara LAKE BURRINJUCK Goodradigbee River* 12 1.94 Geehi 12 1.85 Murrumbidgee Catchment New SouthSnowy Wales River- Island Bend 25 0.71 Snowy River- Perisher Range# 30 0.57 A.C.T GoodradigbeeRiver The water availability for SMRIFs is linked to the water availability for environmental flows to the Snowy River, which is determined by the water TANTANGARA DAM recovery in the western rivers and the climatic Murray River conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Guthega Skink Liopholis Guthega
    Guthega Skink Liopholis guthega Husbandry Manual Compiled by Mick Post May 2015 1. Introduction. 1.1 Description 1.2 Distribution 1.3 Status 2. Housing 2.1 Design 2.2 Position 2.3 Base 2.4 Substrate 2.5 Weather protection 2.6 Water 2.7 Heating/cooling 2.8 Video points 2.9 Shelter sites 2.10 Mixed species enclosures 2.11 Things to avoid 3. Transport 3.1 Design 3.2 Nest material 3.3 How many in box 3.4 Identification 3.5 When to transport 3.6 How long in box 3.7 Water and food 3.8 Release from box 4. Handling 4.1 Handling bags 4.2 Nets 4.3 When to handle 4.4 Capture from nest 4.5 Net capture 4.6 Weighing 4.7 Restraint 4.8 Measurements 4.9 Releasing 5. Field trapping 5.1Trap types 5.2 When to trap 5.3 Bait 5.4 Trap cover 5.5 General check 5.6 Removal from trap 5.7 Restraint 5.8 Measurements 5.9 Release 6. Husbandry 6.1 Cleaning routine 6.2 Changing of materials 6.3 Enclosure maintenance 6.4 Routine animal checks 7. Diet 7.1 Current diet 7.2 Previous diets 7.3 Quantity 7.4 Dietary changes 7.5 Live food 7.6 When to feed 7.7 Where to feed 8. Breeding 8.1Enclosure size 8.2 Nesting sites 8.3 Cover 8.4 Introduction of animals 8.5 Animal checks 8.6 Aggression 8.7 How long paired 8.8 Age estimate 8.9 Weaning weight and age 8.10 Timeline 9.
    [Show full text]
  • A Description and Preliminary Results
    THE SNOWY PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT RESEARCH PROJECT: A DESCRIPTION AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS A. W. Huggins1, S. L. Kenyon2, L. Warren2, A. D. Peace2, S. P. Bilish2 and M. J. Manton3 [1] Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, USA, [2] Snowy Hydro Ltd., Cooma, New South Wales, Australia, [3] Monash University, Victoria, Australia Abstract. A gradual reduction in water from snow-melt over the past century has motivated Snowy Hydro Ltd. to pursue a wintertime cloud seeding project in the Snowy Mountains of south-eastern Australia. The Snowy Precipitation Enhancement Research Project is one of only a few cloud seeding experiments in the last two decades to employ a randomized design, and the first such randomized experiment to incorporate dual-trace chemistry analysis of snowfall as part of the pro- ject evaluation. The project design, seeding criteria, ground-seeding network, and measurement infrastructure are described, as are the general components of the statistical evaluation plan. Some initial results from analysis of physical and trace chemical measurements are presented for an extended storm period in 2006 that included five randomized experimental units. The trace chemistry results were found to validate several of the components of the seeding conceptual model, and a unique time series of tracer element concentrations appears to indicate when seed- ing and tracer materials were released. Progress during the first four seasons of the project is de- scribed, as are various findings that could affect the outcome of the project. 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Recurring drought conditions in the early 1980s rekindled interest in cloud seeding in the The Snowy Mountains are one of the few area.
    [Show full text]
  • Output Chunks
    GuthegaGuthega RiverRiver SnowshoeSnowshoe This pleasant snowshoe walk starts from the car Length: 3.3 km park at Guthega. You will wander down the gently hill following a wide trail, then cross Guthega Dam Time: 1 hr 30 mins wall. There are great views over the pondage as Climb: 115 m you continue along the snow covered trail past Guthega Shaft. The flat trail soon ends and the Style: Return more challenging walking starts as you make your Rating: Track: Hard way along the side of Guthega River valley, gently leading down to the edge of the river. A little Where: 0.6 km NNE of Guthega upstream is a small timber bridge. Do not walk on Transport: car or anywhere near the ice on the pondage - the water level often changes and the ice will not hold Visit www.wildwalks.com for more info your weight. Kosciuszko National Park Side trips and Alternate routes mentioned in these notes are not included in the tracks overall rating, distance or time estimate. The notes only describe the side trips and Alternate routes in one direction. Allow extra time for resting and exploring areas of interest. Please ensure you and your group are well prepared and equipped for all possible hazards and delays. The authors, staff and owners of wildwalks take care in preparing these notes but will not accept responsibility for any inconvenience, loss or injury sustained by using these notes or maps. Please take care and share your experience through the website. Please check park closures, weather information and Fire Danger Rating just before leaving for your walk.
    [Show full text]