2018
ACHIEVING GOALS OF SWACHH BHARAT MISSION THROUGH A FOCUSED APPROACH ON TARGET GROUPS
KALABURAGI DISTRICT, KARNATAKA A report compiled by Nabeel Iqbal Mogral, Zila Swachh Bharat Prerak(ZSBP), Kalaburagi Contents
Introduction ...... 2 Sanitation programs in India ...... 2 Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) ...... 3 Hyderabad Karnataka Region overview ...... 3 Gulbarga region overview ...... 4 Challenges in Gulbarga ...... 5 Process of toilet construction ...... 6 Preparation ...... 6 SBM organization structure ...... 6 Mobilizing contractors for Pre-fabricated toilets ...... 7 Reporting Mechanisms ...... 8 KOOSU ...... 8 Pilot study ...... 9 Problems in execution ...... 9 Breaking Barriers ...... 10 Organizing Baby Shower ...... 10 Koosu- The replication ...... 11 Result ...... 11 What made build and use toilets? ...... 12 SIRI ...... 13 Achieving sanitation through SIRI ...... 13 Launching SIRI ...... 14 Message through radio program ...... 14 Felicitating champions: ...... 15 Incentives under MGNREGA: ...... 15 Competitions, rallies and media ...... 15 Result ...... 16 References ...... 20
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Introduction This study gives a detailed overview of various IEC (Information, Education and Communication) activities carried out by Zila Panchayat– Kalaburagi (Gulbarga) in order to achieve the goals of Prime Minister‟s flagship program Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen (SBM-G). It will initially give a background of the sanitation programs in India and then an overview of Hyderabad Karnataka region and Kalaburagi district. There will be a thorough analysis of various parameters of performance to evaluatethe effectiveness of the program.
Sanitation programs in India India is a country with a population of 1.2 billion with a population density of 382 per square km. With this large amount of people India comes a large set of problems. One of biggest problems India is facing is poor quality of hygiene and sanitation. Due to lack of infrastructure in sanitation a large majority of the people in the country resort to open defecation. Almost 60% of world‟s Open Defecators are from India. The practice of open defection is moreprevalent in rural areas than urban areas. This leads to serious health complications such as Diarrhea, Cholera, Malaria etc. as well as issues like child mortality, contamination of ground water etc. As per astudy byWorld Bank in 2006, poor sanitation costs the country 6.4 % of GDP.
In 1986 the Government of India launched Central Rural Sanitation Program (CRSP). The objective of CSRP wasto provide 80 % subsidy for construction of individual sanitary latrines for BPL (Below Poverty Line) households on demand basis. After the assessing the failure of CRSP, the government launched a new program called Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) with a focus on creating awareness apart from subsidized model of toilet construction. With numerous policy changes, the TSC was revamped as Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan(NBA) in 2007. All these programs failed to make an impact because of its relatively low priority, ineffective resource deployment and poorly designed awareness programs. In the meantime, neighboring countries like Nepal and Bangladesh had made a tremendous progress in sanitation coverage.
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Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) In 2014, the Government of India launched Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) to accelerate the progress of Sanitation coverage and to bring in a new culture with regards to cleanliness and hygiene. The Mission is headed by Secretary, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS) with two sub missions- Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban). The mission aims to make India Open Defecation Free (ODF) by 2nd October 2019 as a tribute to 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. As compared to previous programs, SBM has overhauled the policies and strategies adopted with active participation of Central govt., State Govt. and the district administration. Refer Annexure 1 for details on implementation framework. The focus here will be on SBM(G) as SBM activities of Zila Panchayat-Kalaburagi comes under the purview of Gramin.
Hyderabad Karnataka Region overview Hyderabad Karnataka refers to north-eastern part of Karnataka consisting of districts of Bidar, Yadgir, Raichur, Koppal, Bellary and Gulbarga with regional headquarters at Gulbarga. These districts are considered amongst the most backward regions in India with Human Development Index (HDI) lower than levels of Sub-Saharan Africa. Owing to the backwardness of the region, it was granted “special status” by the Centre which enabled them to access more funds by the Centre. Sanitation coverage of the region is also very poor, way lower than national and state average. The table below shows district wise coverage of the region as on 2ndOctober 2014.
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Hyderabad Karnataka Socio-economic indicators Maternal Infant Per Sl Literacy Mortality Districts Sex ratio Mortality capita No. rate rate rate(IMR) income (MMR) 1 Bellary 978 67.85 55 227 75603 2 Bidar 952 71.01 31 134 39042 3 Kalaburagi 962 65.65 49 182 44881 4 Koppal 983 67.28 58 236 52282 5 Raichur 992 60.46 67 244 42119 6 Yadgir 984 52.36 48 186 36944 Hyderabad karnataka 975 64.1 51 201 48478 Karnataka State 973 75.6 35 144 76076
Gulbarga region overview Gullbarga district is in northern part of Karnataka with borders to Telagana and Maharastra state. It consists of 264 GPs(Gram Panchayats) and 824 villages. Gulbarga is one of the 250 most backward districts in India according to Ministry of Panchayati Raj(GoI?). It is one among the five districts of Karnataka that receives funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
Like any other backward district in India, Gulbarga has issues like low literacy, infant mortality, unemployment, drought and poor sanitation. Open defecation is a common site in most villages of Gulbarga. Only one in four households had access to toilets as of March 31st, 2015. Considering the low literacy levels and unawareness of hazards of Open Defecation, convincingpeople to build toilets isa huge challenge.
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Challenges in Gulbarga Considering the low literacy levels and unawareness of hazards of Open Defecation, making people build toilets poses as a huge challenge.
Behavioral Change: It is worth noting that even though people have toilets, usage of it is very poor. The main reason behind it is people‟s reluctance to accept change. From defecating in Open for so many years to suddenly defecate in a four-walled enclosure is something people won‟t accept so easily. This problem is there not just limited toGulbarga but can be observed in the entire country. Those who already constructed toilets the motivation for them is the Govt‟s incentive ofRs 12000 (Rs 15000 for SC/ST). After construction they use the structure for other purposes like storing firewood, cow dung, agricultural products etc.
Lack of initial funds to start construction or economic constraints: There are people who are convinced that toilets are necessary for a healthy quality of life. But they continue the practice of open defecation since they don‟t have access to toilets. Even though govt provides incentive (Incentive is given only after construction) they don‟t have the money to construct one.
Lack of awareness: The general lack of awareness of hygiene, sanitation, hazards of Open defecation and models of toilets available act as in hindrance in the progress of Swachh Bharat Mission.
Lack of availability of Water: There are certain places in Gulbarga where there is major scarcity of water. This problem is mainly seen in rocky terrains. There are no cheap alternatives of toilets for these kinds of areas and because of that people are reluctant to construct toilets.
Cultural barriers and social backwardness: People in India are superstitious owing to its socio-cultural and behavioral factors. Same is the case with Gulbarga. Belief that human faeces is impure and containing faeces in a pit inside the house was considered to be a sin. It is a sin because houses contain idols and pictures of god and having toilets inside or next to the house was considered inappropriate. This compelled the people to continue the practice of open defecation.
Importance of IEC programs
As per the guidelines of MDWS, Information, Education and Communication (IEC) is key to behavioral change and IEC will motivate peoplenot only to construct toilets but also to use it. IEC is basically creating awareness of usage of toilets to trigger behavioral change. So, emphasis is placed on behavioral change communication (BCC) which is not a stand-alone component to be done by the Centre, State or the district. It is an integrated approach where all the stake holders right from the Centre to Gram Panchayat are involved to achieve a common goal.
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Process of toilet construction In Karnataka the process of toilet construction starts with application given by the beneficiary to Gram Panchayat Office. The GP officials upload the application in Panchatantra, which is a Karnataka state online administrative portalwhere all the GP level works are recorded. The details of the process are mentioned below.
Target Group Approach
With just 35% of sanitation coverage much lower than the state and national average priority has to be given to SBM to make progress in Gulbarga coupled with innovative IEC programs. Zila Panchayat Kalaburagi under the leadership of CEO Hephsibha Rani Korlapati decided to focus on target groups for toilet construction. All the activities are concentrated on selected target groups giving a fresh dimension to approach towards sanitation. Under ZP Gulbarga, two such initiatives were KOOSU and SIRI which will be discussed in the sections below
Preparation Before the launch of the program there were some preparation to be done with respect to monitoring, assigning duties, setting targets etc. This is important in order to achieve better results.
SBM organization structure An Organization structure was constituted specifically for SBM consisting of various district level officers. This is done for task allocation, better coordination and supervision. The structure is as follows
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SBM nodal officer looks after the progress of the toilet construction who reports to the CEO. Each nodal - officer has been assigned 7-8 GPs and are held accountable for the performance of the GP. Executive officers are also accountable for the progress within their Taluka. All of them have been given freedom to conduct their own IEC activities to trigger behavioral change.
District consultants give support to the CEO as well as district level officers in generating reports, follow up with Executive Officers, necessary support required for MIS, IEC activities etc., and solving technical issues. Taluka Coordinators give support to Executive Officers in following up with PDOs, field visits to monitor progress, technical support etc.
The service of Zila Swachh Bharat Prerak (ZSBP) is also leveraged to give technical and management support to the CEO in effective implementation of the program. ZSBPs are deployed by MDWS(Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation) in each district all over the country and they act as a link between the MDWS and the district administration.
Mobilizing contractors for Pre-fabricated toilets There are differentnumber of ways in which toilets can beconstructed. From the traditional superstructure made of bricks/hollow bricks to the most innovative structure used with bamboo sticks (which is mostly seen in North East part of India). After considering various factors such as availability, reliability, life of the structure, time to construct and cost it was suggested that toilets whose structure is constructed with prefabricated panels are ideal for Gulbarga. There were quite a few contractors who already supply these panels and new contractors also decided to supply anticipating high demands. However, people were given freedom to choose their type of toilets as some of them wanted to construct toilets with bricks.
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Reporting Mechanisms A reporting mechanism was introduced to have an effective monitoring of Panchayat level activities. All PDOs have to update the progress of toilet construction in their respective GPs to Taluka coordinators. The sample report is shown below.
Instead of just focusing on toilet construction (based on entries made on SBM MIS website), this report gives more details on ground level progress with number of work orders issued, no. of pits dug, toilets under construction and completed toilets. This gives anin-depth analysis of performance of each GPs and attempts to highlightproblems faced by some of them. For eg: One of the GPs had very good number of pits dug but these are not getting converted to toilets. So, when enquired about that it was found that there were some payment related issues where after construction of toilets beneficiaries did not receive the money from the govt. This created a negative image among the villagers who refused to continue the construction of their toilets. The issue was taken up by concerned Zila Panchayat authorities and problem was rectified after contacting the state office. This reporting mechanism also enabled segregation of GPs with poor performance.
KOOSU Poor access or no access to toilets affects all sections of people from kids to senior citizens, men and women, physically challenging etc. But it was observed that the pregnant women are the most affected due to this. No toilets make them hesitant to go out and defecate due to difficulty associated with it. As a result, pregnant women tend have less food and water which leads to malnutrition.
This is why Gulbarga Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Shri Hephsibha Rani Korlapatti came up with the idea of „Koosu‟ meaning child in Kannada. Fixing the target group as pregnant women,Koosu program aims that no pregnant women in Gulbarga will be deprived of basic sanitation facilities.
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Pilot study The map shows the villages selected for pilot project. A target was also set for these villages
First step in the implementation process is to do a survey to know the usage of toilets among pregnant women. For this purpose,Accredited social health activists (ASHAs) workers and/or anganwadi teachers where deployed. After the pregnant women had done ANC(?) registration community health workers check for access to toilets. These ASHA workers are entrusted with the responsibility of making these pregnant women construct toilets. They were given a deadline of 10 days.
Problems in execution One of the biggest problems ASHA workers faced in convincing households with pregnant women was superstitious beliefs amongst the villagers. Villagers believed that it is inauspicious to dig or till soil during pregnancy and they feared that evil will fall upon new born baby or new born will have serious physical and mental malfunctions.
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Breaking Barriers The officials set in a motion to teach the pregnant women the importance of health, hygiene, sanitation and nutrition. They explained to them that using toilets is one single solution of overcoming the problems of malnutrition and having healthy new born babies. They also narratedstories where one pregnant woman went out for open defecation and had a snake bite which developed fear among pregnant women. By continuously teaching, educating and telling stories the officials were able triumph over superstitions and convince the importance of having a toilet.
Ten percent of the pregnant women took up the challenge to construct 1000 toilets. Along with ASHA worker/ Anganwadi teachers they would go on a mission to trigger behavioral change and make the villagers build toilets.
Organizing Baby Shower Those who have constructed the toilet a baby shower program was organized in each GP to celebrate the bump and motherhood. This event was organized once the selected GPs achieved the set target of 1000 toilets.
The focus is not just on building the toilets. Regular checkups, having institutional delivery, educating about breast feeding and immunization of child are linked with this program giving a holistic approach to pregnancy and post pregnancy care of new born. Coordination with the health department was ensured for institutional delivery and post-delivery care.
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Koosu- The replication The success of the pilot project prompted the district administration to launch the program in all the villages of the district. The baby shower program was also coincided with the district level launch of the program. Media coverage was ensured in local newspaper so that the objective of Koosu program was met. A new target of 10560 toilets was set with each GP having to construct 40 toilets.
Result More than 11000 toilets were constructed under this program with a success rate of 110% against the set target. 82% of the GPs were able to achieve the individual target and some of them achieved overwhelming result way beyond the settarget. As you can see in the graph below, Gulbarga Taluka has achieved a tremendous result, whereas Aland, Jevargi and Chincholi taluka fell slightly below the target.
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Toilets Constructed under Koosu program Average No. of Taluka Achievement Target per GP achievement Success rate GPs per GP Afzalpur 28 1215 1120 43 108% Aland 47 1518 1880 32 81% Chincholi 36 1378 1440 38 96% Chitapur 43 2104 1720 49 122% Gulbarga 41 2692 1640 66 164% Jevargi 42 1493 1680 36 89% Sedam 27 1236 1080 46 114% Total 264 11636 10560 44 110%
Apart from construction of toilet, the program has been able to create an enthusiasm and support towards hygiene, sanitation, breast feeding and post-delivery care. Safe water and hygiene are being discussed by all pregnant women. The program has also seen active support from other stakeholders like Panchayat President/Members and Self Help Groups (SHGs) who have contributed financial assistance for poor beneficiaries who are willing to construct toilet but have no money to construct one.
A good state of sanitation brings a better health and economic implications. According to a study by World Bank improved hygiene and sanitation have more impact on health outcomes in terms of reductions in parasitic infections, diarrhea, morbidity and mortality. Koosu program has definitely helped people understand the importance of sanitation and how it is linked with quality of life.
What made build and use toilets? Despite various challenges people have come out to build toilet as well as support this noble exercise. This can be explained by following
The program has been able to create a social capital with people coming together for a common goal which facilitated coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit. Making a village Open Defecation Free benefits all the villagers‟ not just individuals. This realization prompted everyone to join hands to achieve the objectives of the mission. As discussed earlier, pregnant women are the most affected with lack of availability of safetoilets. So, by teaching them the importance of sanitation they were able to create tremendousimpact on the society. They were the natural leaders of change in this mission. Koosuprogramme certainly did address the fundamental goal to give women and children their Right to Life through safe sanitation and a healthy pre-natalcare.
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SIRI As mentioned in the above sections Kalaburagi is one of the most backward districts in Karnataka. The human development indicators reflect the social imbalances in the district. Child marriages, teenage pregnancies, malnutrition and superstitious beliefs majorly contribute to the social backwardness prevalent in the district. In a background of social backwardness and low literacy levels, to enable a higher quality of life for every child in the Kalaburagi,the district administration conceived and implemented a campaign called SIRI.
SIRI meaning „prosperity in Kannada‟ is an acronym for Support Initiate Reach out and Inspire. The mission aims to achieve social development through education, nutrition and sanitation. “SIRI is an integrated action for improving quality of life and especially quality of school education in Kalaburagi district. We shall work with more integration and make all efforts to facilitate, mentor and support the students in the district to improve Education-Nutrition-Sanitation under SIRI program.”, quoted shrihephsibha Rani Korlapti, CEO Kalaburagi.
Achieving sanitation through SIRI According to a study conducted by Cambridge University, Children from families with limited education tend to get more influenced by teachers than parents and have strongest long-term response towards teacher encouragement. Realizing this, Zila panchayat decided to trigger school children through their teachers for behavioral change where they will nudgetheir parents to construct and use toilet. The goal of
13 | P a g e sanitation under the program is met by mobilizing school children and making school children agents of change in the society.
Launching SIRI The purpose of identifying children as target groups is not just motivating them to construct toilet personal but also to have a holistic approach towards cleanliness. Children are encouraged to build a clean environment in schools and villages and are taught on the importance of clean water and good hygiene practices.
Teachers were given the task of identifying children inPrimary, Secondary and Higher secondary schools who did not have access to household toilets. They triggered the young minds by demonstrating how pathogens from fecal matter pass from one person to the mouth of another person. Demonstrations were also given on toilet technologies where segregation and disposal of human excreta wasexplained. Application forms were filled for children who did not have personal toilets and Gram Panchayat PDOs were instructed to issue work orders. A target of 200 toilets were given to each GP and it is responsibility of PDO and school teachers that the target is met
Message through radio program A weekly radio program called SIRI radio program was conducted to spread the message of education, nutrition and sanitation. All the schools were supplied withradio sets. District officials were appointed to speak from Akashavani FM station in Gulbarga. This program continuously tried to create awareness in the minds of children regarding the importance of hygiene and sanitation so that they could influence their parents to build toilets and use it.
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Felicitating champions Students who have constructed toilets were felicitated by Zila panchayat. The idea here is to make children feel more proud, appreciated and happier as well as motivate other children to nudge their parents to build and usetoilets. The champion felicitation program attracted other children and parents to be a part of this mission.
Incentives under MGNREGA To recognize the efforts done by teachers and PDOs, Zila panchayat introduced an incentive schemeunder Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Scheme (MGNREGS) for those who have achieved the target of 200 IHHLs in their respective GPs. Under this scheme, top performers where given funds to create assets for schools and improve infrastructure in school and villages. For schools the infrastructure improvement includes building compound walls, providing table and desks for classrooms, playground facilities, hand washing units etc. Gram panchayats were given necessary funds to build infrastructure for Solid Liquid Waste Management (SLWM).
Competitions, rallies and media To get students involved in this program a painting competition was conducted with a theme Swachathe (Cleanliness in Kannada). The winners were awarded and given a chance to paint the wall with their own painting works. The aim is to provide two-fold function of creating awareness among villagers about Swachtha mission as well as cultivating a culture of cleanliness among the children. There were also awareness rallies conducted in manyvillages by school children spreading the message of sanitation and hygiene.
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Zila panchayat ensured that there is necessary media coverage of important events happening under the program. Articles regarding the program appear every week in local newspapers and once in a while in state level and national level media. ZP also smartly utilized social media platforms especially Facebook to post the progress of the program, activities conducted as well as stories of eminent persons involved in this program. The recognition through social mediamotivated PDOs and teachers to work even harder.
Result “A silent revolution is taking place in the district”, said Afzalpur Taluka Executive Officer GurunathShettagar when asked about the impact the program had on Swachh Bharat Mission. The program was able to generate a success rate of 57 % with a total of 30130 toilets are constructed.
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Toilet Constructed under SIRI program
Average Taluka No. of GPs Achievement Target achievement per Success rate GP
Afzalpur 28 4401 5600 157 79% Aland 47 4508 9400 96 48% Chincholi 36 3181 7200 88 44% Chitapur 43 7186 8600 167 84% Gulbarga 41 3707 8200 90 45% Jevargi 42 3977 8400 95 47% Sedam 27 3170 5400 117 59% Total 264 30130 52800 114 57%
It is to be noted that under Koosu program Gulbarga Taluka had a success rate of 167 % which was the highest. But it came down to 45% under SIRI program which is the lowest among all the talukas. Chitapur taluka has been the most consistent top performer with a success rate of 122% and 84 % under the two programs respectively. Even though the overall success rate of SIRI is just 57%, work orders were issued to all the remaining households in the district, work is under progress for 16% (against target set) of the households which will be carried over to the next year. Apart from these measurable parameters there are other outcome as well.
A culture of sanitation and hygiene is engraved in the minds of children. These children become brand ambassadors of change.
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The program was able to identify problem among girl child like the insecurity a girl child faces when defecating in open.SIRI became a platform for them to discuss about it with lady teachers. Teachers would carefully counsel these children and talk to their parents to build toilets. Developed leadership qualities among school children through enabling students to take lead in the program. Incentive scheme under MGNREGA motivated the teachers, panchayat officials and political members to contribute to the mission
Even though SIRI program could not achieve the success rate with respect to target set, it was still a remarkable performance. As compared to previous year‟s number of toilets constructed is almost doubled. Number of toilets built under the SIRI program is almost three times the no. of toilets constructed under the Koosu program.
Monthly Progress 2017-18 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
Total ConstructedTotal 0
Months
Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chitapur Gulbarga Jevargi Sedam
The peak in the graph is at June and September which are months soon after the launch of KOOSU and SIRI respectively. Around 28% of the GPs wereable to achieve the target of SIRI program. There were 10 GPs which were not able to achieve the target under both the programs.
Gram Panchayats with Target achievement Taluka Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chitapur Gulbarga Jevargi Sedam Total Both Koosu and SIRI 11 5 2 15 5 5 7 50 Only SIRI 1 3 3 9 4 2 2 24 Only Koosu 15 36 30 17 31 34 17 180 None 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 10
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The overall progress made by the district can be seen in graphs below. The increase in ODF coverage of the district has never increased bymore than 7% where as in the year17-18 it increased byan impressive 17.5%.
ODF Coverage (Percentage) 80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00 AFZALPUR ALAND CHINCHOLI CHITAPUR GULBARGA JEVARGI SEDAM
14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18
The no. of toilets constructed in the year 16-17 was 13670 whereas in 17-18 it tripled to 41985 toilets. There was only one village which was ODF before 16-17 but in the year 17-18 125 villages out of a total of 824 villages in the district were declared ODF.
Toilet Construction 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18
AFZALPUR ALAND CHINCHOLI CHITAPUR GULBARGA JEVARGI SEDAM
Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has set a deadline of 2ndOctober 2019 for making the country ODF.Against this deadline every year the required rate of construction of toilets increases. For the year 17-18 it was 5249 toilets to be constructed. The actual rate of construction stood at 3499 which was almost three times the rate of construction the previous year.
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Required vs Actual rate of Construction (Monthly)
6000 5249 5000 4112 3532 3499 4000 3233 3000
2000 1530 1283 1139 1000
0 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18
Required rate of Construction Actual rate of construction
References http://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/Guidelines/Comple te-set-guidelines.pdf http://pragati.nationalinterest.in/2014/08/indias-sanitation-story/ https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/total-sanitation-campaign-india/ https://www.thebetterindia.com/topics/sanitation/ https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/hyderabad-karnataka-region-special-status- granted-124789-2012-12-19 http://sanitation.indiawaterportal.org/english/node/4038 http://www.thealternative.in/business/10-toilet-designs-for-rural-india/ http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01213/WEB/0__CO-81.HTM http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/siri-programme-for- girls-development-launched/article19568904.ece https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/new-mission-to-focus-on-students-in- kalaburagi/articleshow/60366847.cms http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/encouragement-from-teachers-has-greatest- influence-on-less-advantaged-children http://www.thehindu.com/data/What-numbers-tell-us-about-Open-Defecation-in- India/article15422326.ece http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2022%20Issue7/Version- 8/K2207086468.pdf
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