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Manual for Europe a Beginner’S Guide to the EU

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Manual for Europe a Beginner’S Guide to the EU Manual for Europe A Beginner’s Guide to the EU Manual for Europe A Beginner’s Guide to the EU Karl Staudinger in cooperation with Peter Steyrer and Monika Feigl-Heihs The Green European Foundation is a European-level political foundation whose mission is to contribute to a lively European sphere of debate and to foster greater involvement by citizens in European politics. GEF strives to mainstream discussions on European policies and politics both within and beyond the Green political family. The foundation acts as a laboratory for new ideas, offers cross-border political education and a platform for cooperation and exchange at the European level. Published by the Green European Foundation, 2010 Printed in Belgium. Project coordination and text editing: Leonore Gewessler English language editing: Andrew Rodgers Production: Micheline Gutman Printed on 100% recycled paper Cover picture: © European Union PE-EP/Pietro Naj-Oleari The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the Green European Foundation. This publication has been realised with the financial support of the European Parliament. The European Parliament is not responsible for the content of this project. This publication can be ordered at: The Green European Foundation – Brussels Office: 15 Rue d’Arlon – B-1050 Brussels – Belgium Tel: +32 2 234 65 70 I Fax: +32 2 234 65 79 E-mail: [email protected] I Web: www.gef.eu Green European Foundation asbl 1 Rue du Fort Elisabeth – 1463 Luxembourg 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 6 How to use this manual 7 1. History of the EU 8 1. 1. European Coal and Steel Community– ECSC 8 1. 2. Treaties of Rome – EEC, Euratom 8 1. 3. Direct election to the European Parliament 9 1. 4. Southern Expansion 9 1. 5. Single European Act (SEA) 9 1. 6. Treaty of Maastricht 10 1. 7. Treaty of Amsterdam 11 1. 8. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union 12 1. 9. Treaty of Nice 12 1. 10. Eastward Expansion 12 1. 11. Constitutional Treaty 12 1. 12. Lisbon Treaty 13 1. 13. The Greens and Reform of EU Institutions 14 2. EU-Democracy 16 2. 1. The Democratic Model of the EU and its Evolution 16 2. 2. Charter of Fundamental Rights (Extract) 18 2. 3. European Citizens' Initiative 18 3. Legal System 22 3. 1. Primary Law/Treaties 22 3. 2. Secondary law 22 3. 3. Primacy of EU-Law over National law 22 3. 4. Regulations 22 3. 5. Directives 22 3. 6. Decisions 23 4. EU Responsibilities and Policy Areas 24 4. 1. Competences of the EU 24 4. 2. Union Policies under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) 24 4. 3. Subsidiarity, Proportionality, Early Warning System 25 5. European Parliament 26 5. 1. Composition 26 5. 2. Tasks and Rights 26 5. 3. Distribution of Seats in the European Parliament 27 5. 4. Proportion of Women in the Parliamentary Groups in the European Parliament 28 5. 5. Formation of Political Groups in the European Parliament 28 5. 6. Committees of the European Parliament 28 5. 7. Voting Procedures in the Parliament 29 5. 8. Petitions to the Parliament 29 4 6. Council of the European Union 30 6. 1. Council Presidency 30 6. 2. Qualified Majority in the Council 30 6. 3. Weighted Votes of Member States 30 6. 4. Double Majority Voting in the Council 31 6. 5. Blocking Minority 32 6. 6. Weighted Votes vs. Double Majority 32 6. 7. Unanimity in the Council/Bridging Clauses 34 6. 8. Legal Bases for Council Decisions 34 7. European Council 35 8. European Commission 36 8. 1. Appointment of the Commission 36 8. 2. The Special Role of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign 36 Affairs and Security Policy 8. 3. Dismissal of the Commission, Removal of Commissioners 37 8. 4. Implementation of EU Law - Comitology 37 9. Court of Justice of the European Union 38 10. Economic and Social Committee (EESC) 39 11. The Committee of the Regions (CoR) 39 12. The European Court of Auditors 39 13. The Decision-making Process in the Legislative Procedure 40 13. 1. Ordinary Legislative Procedure (Co-decision Procedure) 40 13. 2. Special Legislative Procedures (Consent and Consultation Procedures) 43 13. 3. Procedures without the involvement of the European Parliament (EP) 43 13. 4. The Open Method of Coordination (OMC) 43 14. The European Union Budget 44 14. 1. EU Revenue 44 14. 2. Multiannual Financial Framework 44 14. 3. British Rebate 44 14. 4. EU Expenditure 44 14. 5. Budgetary Procedure 44 14. 5. Green Positions concerning the EU budget 45 15. Economic and Monetary Union 46 15. 1. Stages of Monetary Union 46 15. 2. Euro Convergence Criteria 46 15. 3. Euro 46 15. 4. Stability and Growth Pact 46 15. 5. European System of Central Banks and the European Central Bank 47 5 16. EU Agencies 48 16. 1. Examples of Community agencies 48 16. 2. Lists of EU agencies 49 17. Political Parties and Foundations at the European Level 51 17. 1. Political Parties at the European Level 51 17. 2. Political Foundations at the European Level 51 17. 3. European Green Party (EGP) 52 17. 4. Green European Foundation (GEF) 52 18. Europe and the Greens 54 18. 1. Why is the EU important for the Greens? 54 18. 2. Green successes 54 19. Green Visions for Europe 56 20. Information, contacts 59 21. Websites of Civil Society Initiatives on EU Policies 60 22. Table of links 62 Acknowledgement 68 Index 69 Diagrams Diagram 1: EU Democray 17 Diagram 2: Ordinary Legislative Procedure 42 Tables Table 1: Accession History 9 Table 2: Treaties and Reforms 10 Table 3: ECI - minimum number of signatories per Member State 20 Table 4: Weighted votes in the Council 31 Table 5: Population, Proportional Population and Number of Votes 33 Table 6: EU Expenditure 2011 44 Table 7: Community agencies 49 Table 8: Agencies for the Community security and defence policy 50 Table 9: Agencies for political and judicial cooperation in criminal cases 50 Table 10: Executive agencies 50 6 FOREWORD Dear reader, a unique multilevel political system, which in its decision-making process provides for The past couple of years have shown in a quite national, regional and even local political ac- dramatic manner that politics at a national tors to be involved in one way or another. This level alone cannot provide the solutions we publication will attempt to be your guide to need for the most challenging problems of this system. To facilitate your navigation, it our time. provides links to documents and websites that illustrate the practical functioning and actual This is true especially for the issues Greens are work of the EU and the necessary information fighting for: environmental protection, an effi- about how to get involved. cient use and a sustainable production of energy, a reorientation of our economy to guarantee so- We were lucky as the Regulation on the cial inclusion and social security and – on the European Citizens' Initiative was adopted just world stage – peace, development and the con- before we printed this manual, so this book solidation of democracy and fundamental rights. contains detailed information about the rules to observe when citizens intend to set the agenda The problems we face and the goals we are of the institutions of the EU. fighting for need people who engage in public issues on the European level. This engagement The manual was first written for an Austrian - like any democratic political activity – needs a green audience when Ulrike Lunacek (today knowledge base: who decides about what, how a Member of the Greens/EFA group) and her are decisions made, what are the powers and team wanted to provide their campaigners with what are the responsibilities of the various in- a better knowledge of the Union ahead of the stitutions and bodies of the European Union and 2009 European Parliament election campaign. – most importantly – how can citizens interact After the Lisbon Treaty entered into force on with them and get involved in agenda setting at 1 December 2009, the manual was updated and the European level. printed as a book. GEF's mission is to contribute to the emer- We are happy to present it now in English gence of a better understanding and a deeper language, supplemented and adapted for the awareness of the tools the European Union European level. provides to shape our common future and to tackle the challenges of our time together. Read, debate, engage! Pierre Jonckheer This book is part of this effort as it tries to ex- Co-President Green European Foundation plain the institutional set up of the EU in an easy to comprehend manner and help over- Daniela Graf come the feeling that the EU is simply too Member of the Board, complex to be understood. Indeed: the EU is Grüne Bildungswerkstatt Austria 7 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL This manual attempts to provide easily read- url provider. The path of the links after www.bit. able quick access to knowledge about the ly is customised, e.g. www.bit.ly/eu-treaties-en European Union. There is no need to read it taking you to the consolidated versions of the from the beginning to the end, just jump to the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the parts you are interested in. Functioning of the European Union or www.bit. ly/gs-novel-food, pointing to the procedure file The manual intends to provide you with basic of the Novel Foods Regulation.
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