OOCP 44/45(94)PES

Pest risk analysis of fucalvptus spp. at risk. from incursions of plant pests and pathogens through Australia's northern border

b,t Rob Floyd Ross Wylie Ken Old Mark Dudzinski Glen Kile

Report prepared by CSIRO Entomology

March 1998 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44 cll��/ij11�1i��ij1��11�[1i�1l�1�11]1tij111l113 9009 00447594 9

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Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. at risk from incursions of plant pests and pathogens through Australia's northern border

1 2 3 Rob Floyd , Ross Wylie , Ken Old , Mark Dudzinski3 and Glen Kile3

1CS1RO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601 2Queensland Forestry Research Institute, PO Box 631, lndooroopilly Qld 4068 3CS1RO Forestry and Forest Products, PO Box E4008, Kingston ACT 2604

March 1998

CSIRO �;1tAUSTRALIA

CSIRO makes no warranties or representations and accepts no liability for any loss or damage resulting from the use and/or reliance upon the information, advice, data and/or calculations provided in this report.

This is copy no. 6 of a limited print run of 40 copies Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

Table of Contents Page PART A: Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. for the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy ------1 Introduction ------2

STAGE 1: Identify the Pests and Pathogens of Eucalyptus spp. ------3 Potential quarantine pests ------4 Potential quarantine pathogens------20 STAGE 2: Pest Risk Assessment------25 DossiersAmb on/ yPestspelta ------26 2l.. Agrilus opulentuscocophaga ------c-sT.:if��;r,;;,�.�.�------2728 3. Agrilus sexsignatus------______Q_ __ ::,, 29 �-� elosterna scabra------tor ------c;------i C I!"'!! 11'.1,!"""".\'�P i1i 4. Coptotermes curvigna------thus ------LlB. '·------30 5 ------��:*-•------31 . Coptotermes formosanus � -if.4.Jf' l!.: 1 6. Helopeltls. ------�/1 . ------32 ilf � 7 a spph . ------�� -- r------33 . Oxym gis orni NO FOR[S'fj;;." 8 . Strepsicrates roth------ia ------· --<��------34 9. Zeuzera ------35 l0. coffeae------36

DossiersCryp of Pathogenshonectria cubensis------37 l . Corticium salmonicolor ------38 2. Cryptosporiopsis eucaly------pti ------40 3 . Cylindroc/adium ------4 l 4 . Endothia gyrosa spp. ------42 5. Kirramyces ------44 6 . Mycosphaerespplla. ------45 7. Phytophthora spp. ------47 8. Phytoplasmas spp. ------49 9. Pseudomonas ------syzygii ------5 l l 0. Puccinia psidii ------53 11 . Ra/stonia solan------acearum ------55 12. ------56 STAGE 3: Pest Risk Management ------57 References ------60 Insect Pest Bibliography------60 Pathogen Bibliography------65

CSIRO. Entomology Page i Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

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PART 8:0utline of the Pest Risk Analysis Methodology ------71

Introduction ------72

IVlethods ------72

Results ------.. ------73

Discussion ------73 �,

Acknowledgments ------73 � _J -,

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L_j Page ii CSIRO, Entomology Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

PART A:

.. Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. for the Northern Australia Quarantine Stategy

CSIRO, Entomology Pagel Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

Introduction The purpose of this pest risk analysis (PRA) is to firstlyidentify quarantine pests and pathogens which pose a threat to Eucalyptus spp., which may enter Australia through its northern borders into the area covered by AQIS' Northern AustraliaQuarantine Strategy (NAQS) and secondly, to identify measures which could be taken by various agencies to reduce the risks of entry or to minimise the impact of such pests should they arrive.

1 The PRA was conducted as outlined in the FAO Standard "Guidelines forPest Risk Analysis" , and is one of a series of PRAs commissioned by NAQS. The other host plants covered in this series are sugar cane and citrus.

Eucalyptus spp. are of great importance to Australia, both economically and environmentally and need to be protected fromincursions of exotic pests and pathogens. Over 700 species of Eucalyptus have been recognised and most are endemic to Australia. A few species occur on islands to the northof Australiaas extensions of their natural range in Australiawhile two species are endemic outside of Australia.E. deglupta occurs in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and the Philippines and E. urophylla is restricteci'to Timor and surrounding islands. In northern Australia, above 26°S latitude, more than280 species of Eucalyptus have been recognised and they forman important part of natural ecosystems in tropicalAustralia. In this report, species of Corymbia will also be considered as part of the target group of Eucalyptus spp.

Eucalyptus spp. are of much greater economic importance in temperate Australia than in tropical regions, however, their economic value is still considerable. In Queensland there is 4.5M ha of State Forest of which 1.73M ha is native eucalypt forest.The royalties on eucalypt logs fromState Forests in 1996/97 amounted to $6.7M. This figure does not include thedownstream worth of theproduct to the Queensland economy. In addition Queensland has about 3,000 ha of eucalypt plantations and is adding to this area at an increasing rate. The NorthernTerritory has less than 100 ha of eucalypt plantations. -'

Several species of Eucalyptus are being grown in plantations in the region immediately north of Australia. In Papua New Guinea there is 20,000 ha of eucalypt plantations mainly of E. deglupta and a small area of E. robusta. About 80,000 ha of eucalypts have been planted in various parts of Indonesia. In Malaysia, a total of about 8,000 ha have been -,

planted, mainly of E. deglupta, E. grandis and E. urophylla. In the Philippines, about 10,000 ha of E. deglupta and _ __) E. camaldulensis have been planted. Other countriesin South East Asia with significantareas of eucalypt plantations are Thailand (195,000 ha) and Vietnam (350,000 ha) of which most is E. camaldulensis. --1

Bothnatural stands and plantations of eucalypts in South East Asia represent a potential source of pests and diseases - J thatcould affectthe natural and planted forestsof Eucalyptus spp. in Australia. ]

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' International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures. FAO, Rome. Draft version, 1995 J Page 2 CSIRO, Entomology l Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

STAGE 1: m

Identify the Pests ·and Pathogens of Eucalyptus spp.

Lists of pests and pathogens

CSIRO, Entomology Page3 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

Potential quarantine pests The primary source area of potential pests and pathogens that may enter Australia through its northern border was considered to be Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines (hereafter referred to as the NAQS region) due to proximity and the amount of human and trademovement. These countries were the main focus of this PRA (Table 1) but potential pests and diseases from other countries were considered in a secondary category, particularly where potential pathways existed for incursions through Australia'snorthern borders (Table 2). Thesurvey of informationfrom the countries of secondary importance is not exhaustive but has included some of the key sources of information.

The PRA process used in this report was to conduct a survey of all available literature, use the accumulated knowledge of the authors of this report and consult with relevant experts in thearea. A large collection of published and unpublished literature on pests and pathogens of Eucalyptus spp. has been accumulated by the authors of this report and was surveyed to produce this report. In addition, electronic searches of the CABI and TREE bibliographic databases were performed to ensure exhaustive coverage of the literature. The authors have also had considerable first-handexperience in surveying pests and pathogens of Eucalyptus spp. in Asia and the Pacific, supported by CSIRO, QFRI, ACIAR and DIST have incorporated that knowledge into the PRAs. Apart from consulting with Australia-based staffin AQIS, CSIRO and QFRI, a number of experts from the NAQS region have been consulted and are listed in Part B of this report.

The records in Tables 1 and 2 are derived from a database of reports of insect pests of Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp., categorised by country and host species. For this reason, in a number of instances, pest species are referred to as an unknown species (egAgrilus sp.) even though severalknown species have also been recorded (eg Agrilus opulentus and A. sexsignatus) on other host species or in other countries. It was not possible to verify some of the unusual published records of insects causing damage to eucalypts, so in these cases, these records have been included. Insect -, species known to occur in Australia have been removed from the lists since they are not quarantinable, however, it remains important that potentially differentbiotypes or genotypes should be excluded fromAustralia. -,

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TABLE 1. Potential quarantine pests of Eucalyptus spp. from the NAQS region.

Insect Acauloplacella sp. Orthoptera: Tetrigidae Insect Adaxaphyes sp. Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Agrilus apulentus Kerremans Coleoptera: Buprestidae Varicose borer Insect Agrilus sexsignatus Fisher Coleoptera: Buprestidae Varicose borer Insect Agrilus sp. Coleoptera: Buprestidae Insect Alcidades sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Amblypelta cacaphaga China Hemiptera: Coreidae Coconut bug Insect Armacia sp. Hemiptera: Ricaniidae Insect Atelacera raptaria Germar Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Insect Atractamarpha crenaticeps Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae Insect Attacus atlas Linnaeus Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect Aulacaphara sp. nr. nigraplaglata Jae. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Austramalaya sp. Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Insect Baeturia sp. Hemiptera: Cicadidae Insect Baracellus nr. sp. Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Insect Barasagriselaa B. Baker Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Batacera numitar Newman Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Bathroganiasp. Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Insect Brizica exica Distant Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Insect Bulbitermes sp. Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Campanatus papua Emery Hymenoptera: Formicidae \::r Insect Carea angulata Walker Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Characama sp. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Chelisaches maria Fabricius Dcrmaptera: Forficulidae Insect Claviana birarensis (Kirkaldy) Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae Insect Calaspasama sp. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Calgarsp. Hemiptera: Flatidae Insect Canagania willeyi (Kirkaldy) Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Insect Captadryas recidens (Sampson) Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Insect Captatermes curvignathus Holmgren Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae Insect Captatermes elisae (Desneux) Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae Insect Captatermes abiratus Hill Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae Insect Creightanella frantalis Fabricius Hymenoptera: Megachilidae Insect Crematagaster sp. Hymenoptera: Formicidae Insect Crassatarsus lacardairel Chapuis Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae Insect Crassatarsus minusculus Sampson Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae

Insect Cryptathelea cramer (Lower) Lepidoptera: Psychidae Insect Dappula sp. Lepidoptera: Psychidae Insect Desmapterella biral Bolivar Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae Insect Diceropygasp. Hemiptera: Cicadidae Insect Dihammus sp. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Endaclita hasei Tindale Lepidoptera: Hepialidae (Borer) Insect Epiphyas sp. Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Eumecapada cyrtascelis K. Orthoptera: Tetrigidae Insect Eupractis sp. Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Insect Euproctis sp. nr.fulvistiata Swina Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Insect Euselasia eucerus (Hewitson) Lepidoptera: Riodinidae Insect Glenea lefeburei (or lefeburii) Guerin-Meneville Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Gymnogryllussp. Orthoptera: Gryllidae Insect Helopeltis anacardii Miller Hemiptera: Miridae Tea mosquito Insect Hexacentrus sp. Orthoptera: Tetrigidae Insect Halachlara sp. Orthoptera: Tetrigidae

CSIRO, Entomology Page 5 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

TABLE 1. continued

Insect Homona eductana Walker Lepic.loptera: Tortricidae Insect Homona sp. Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Hypertropha sp. Lepidoptera: Hypertrophidae Insect Hypomeces squamosus (Fabricius) Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect lchthyura sp. Lepidoptera: Notodontidae Insect Impocitor sp. Hemiptera: Membracidae Insect Krisna strigicolis Hemiptera: Fulgoridae Insect Lamenia sp. Hemiptera: Derbidae Insect Lymantria marginalis Walker Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Insect Lymantria ninayi B. Baker Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae . ' Insect Macelia sp. nr. umbrosallis Hampson Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Insect Macrotermes gilvus Hagen Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Macrotermes malaccensis (Haviland) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Microcerotermes distans Haviland Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Microcerotermes dubius Haviland Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Monolepta sp. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Narosa viridana Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Insect Nasutitermes johoricus John. Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Nasutitermes longinasoides Thapa Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Nasutitermes matangensis Haviland Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Nasutitermes novarum-hebridarum (Holmgren & Holmgren) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Nasutitermes sp. Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Nasutitermes sp. nr. neoparvus Thapa Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Neotermes sp. Isoptera: Kalotermitidae ·, Insect Neotermes spp. Isoptera: Kalotermitidae ..J Insect Nisitrus vittatus de Haan Orthoptera: Gryllidae Insect Nodostoma sp. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Insect Odites acribaria Meyrick Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae · 1i Insect Odontolabis sp. Coleoptera: Lucanidae . .J Insect Oldes cyanella Jae. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Oribius cruciatus Faust. Coleoptera: Curculionidae ' Insect Oribius destructor Marshall Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Oribius inimicus Marshall Coleoptera: Curculionidae J Insect Oruza semilux Walker" Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Paraectatops costalis Walker Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Insect Parallelia dentilinea B. Baker Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Paratella errudita Melichar Hemiptera: Flatidae Insect P aratella flavescens Hemiptera: Flatidae Insect Paratella sp. Hemiptera: Flatidae Insect Paratettix sp. Orthoptera: Tetrigidae ] Insect Peggioga formosa Kirkaldy Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae Insect Phisis sp. Orthoptera: Tetrigidae Insect Platypusforficula Chapuis Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae C;� Insect Platypus truncatigranosus Schedl Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae Insect Protaetia salomoensis Mosely Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Psyrana sp. Orthoptera: Tetrigidae ] Insect Pterolophlasp. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Pteroma plagiophleps? Hampson Lepidoptera: Psychidae Bagworm Insect Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae [ Insect Rhyparida coriacea Jacoby Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae � Insect Rhyparida robusta Bryant. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Rhyparida sp. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Ricania sp. Hemiptera: Ricaniidae J Page6 CSIRO. Entomology Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted r�eport No. 44

TABLE 1. continued

Insect Ricanula puncticosta (Walker) Hemiptera: Ricaniidae Insect Sarothrocera lowii White Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Scelimena novae-guineae Bolivar Orthoptera: Tetrigidae Insect Schedorhinotermes sp. Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae Insect Stenocratantops augustifrons Walker Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae Insect Strepsicrates rhothia Meyrick Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Strepsicrates sp. Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Strepsicrates sp. nr. rhothia Meyrick Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Strig Lina flaccosa Warren Lepidoptera: Thyrididae Insect Syllepte sp. Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Insect Synanthedon sp. nr. cirrhozona Diakonoff Lepidoptera: Sesiidae Insect Tagalina grandiventris Blanchard Dermaptera:Forficulidae Insect Tarundia glaucesens Melichar Hemiptera: Ricaniidac Insect Terentius sp. Hemiptera: Membracidae Insect Tricentrus robustus Hemiptera: Membracidae Insect Unknown sp. Lepidoptera: Nolidae Insect Unknown sp Diptera: Cecidomyiidae Gall midge Insect Xyleborus papatrae Schedl. Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Insect Zeuzera coffeae Nietner Lepidoptera: Cossidae Eucalyptus carpenter borer Insect Zeuzera conferta Walker Lepidoptera: Cossidae

CSIRO. Entomology Page 7 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

TABLE 2. Potential quarantine pests of Eucalyptus spp. not in the NAQS region.

Insect Acalolepta ampliata (Gahan) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Acalolepta sp. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Acanthocoris scabrator (Fabricius) Hemiptera: Coreidae Insect Acanthopsyche sp. Lepidoptera: Psychidae Insect Acanthopsyche subferalbata Hampson Lepidoptera: Psychidae Insect Acanthoxyla spp. Phasmatodea: Phasmidae Insect Achaea catella Guenee Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Achaea lienardi Boisduval Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Achradidius creticus Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Acromyrmex spp. Hymenoptera: Formicidae Leaf cutting ant Insect Actias selene (Hilbner) Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect Adoretus compressus (Weber) Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Adoretus severi Heyden Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Adoretus sinicus Burmeister Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Adoretus sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Advretus tenuimaculatus Waterhouse Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae : Insect sp. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Aedia ._! Insect Aedophronus fimbriatus Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Aenetus virescens (Doubleday) Lepidoptera: Hepialidae l Insect Aeolanthes sagulata Meyrick Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae Insect Aeolesthes holosericea (Fabricius) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae ._ _) Insect Agonoscelis pubescens Thunberg Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Insect Agrilus sinensis Thomson Coleoptera: Buprestidae Insect Agrotis tokionis Bulter Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Alchisme sp. Hemiptera: Membracidae Insect Coleoptera: Curculionidae Alcidodes brevirostris ·1I I I ! ; Insect Alcidodes geniculatus Faust Coleoptera: Curculionidae J Insect Alcidodes obsoletus Gerstiiecker Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Allodontotermes rhodesiensis Sjostedt Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Allodontotermes schultzei (Silvestri) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Alphaea phasma Leech Lepidoptera: Arctiidae Insect Amadus sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Amarygmus sp. nr. rufidorsis Pie Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae . Insect Amatissa snelleni Heylaerts Lepidoptera: Psychidae l Insect Ambrosiodmus eichhoffi (Schreiner) Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Insect Ambrosiodmus natalensis (Schaufuss) Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Insect Amitermes foreli Wasmann Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Amitermes truncatidens Sands Isoptera: Termitidae

Insect Anacanthotermes macrocephalus Desneux Isoptera: Hodotermitidae ij Insect Anacanthotermes sp. nr. viarum Konig Isoptera: Hodotermitidae '· �-- Insect Ancistrotermes latinotus (Holmgren) Isoptera: Termitidae ·i Insect Ancistrotermes spp. Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Anomala chamaeleon Fairmaire Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae E � Insect Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Anomala cupripes (Hope) Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Bates Insect Anomala expansa Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae . Insect Anomala pyropyga (Nonfr) Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae � Insect Anomala sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Anoplocnemis binotata Distant Hemiptera: Coreidae Insect (Fabricius) Hemiptera: Coreidae Anoplocnemis curvipes '--�

Page 8 CSIRO. Entomology l Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

TABLE 2. continued

Insect Anoplocnemis phasiana (Fabricius) Hemiptera: Coreidae Insect Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Anoplotermes spp. Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Aonidiella sp. Hemiptera: Diaspididae Insect Apate indistinca Murray Coleoptera: Bostrichidae Insect Apate monachus Fabricius Coleoptera: Bostrichidae Insect Apetelodes sericea Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae Insect Aphis sp. Hemiptera: Aphididae Insect Aphthona kanarensis Jacoby•. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Apion col/are Schilsky Coleoptera: Brentidae Insect Apoderus notatus (Fabricius) Coleoptera: Attelabidae Insect Apogonia coriacea Waterhouse Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Apogonia cribricollis Burmeister Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Apogonia sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Arbela bailbarana Matsumura Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae Insect Archips micaceanus (Walker) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Leafwebber Insect Archips occidentalis (Walsingham) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Archips tabescens (Meynich) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Aristobia approximator Thomson Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Ascotis infixaria Walker Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Ascotis selenaria (Denis & Schiffermiiller) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Ascotis trispinaria Walker Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Aspidiotus ruadensis Blach. Hemiptera: Diaspididae Insect Aspidolopha melanophthalma Lacordaire Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Aspongopus fuscus Westwood Hemiptera: Dinidoridae Insect Astetholea lepturoides Bates Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Astetholida lucida Broun Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Astycuslateralis Fabricius Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Asytesta? sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Atta cephalotes (Linnaeus) Hymenoptera: Formicidae Insect Atta laevigata (F. Smith) Hymenoptera: Formicidae Insect Atta sexdens (Linnaeus) Hymenoptera: Formicidae Insect Atta sexdensrubropilosa Fore! Hymenoptera: Formicidae Insect Aufidussp. Hemiptera: Cercopidae Insect Aufidus variegatus Lallemand Hemiptera: Cercopidae Insect Aulacophora femoralis (Motschulsky) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Aulacophora sp. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Aularches miliaris scabiosus (Fabricius) Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae Insect Automeris complicata (Walker) Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect Automeris coresus (Boisduval) Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect Automeris illustris (Walker) Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect Bacchisa atritarsis Pie. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Baryrrhinus sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Batocera lineolata Chevrolat Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Batocera rufomaculata Be Geer Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Riston regalis Moore Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Blera sp. Lepidoptera: Notodontidae Insect Blera varana Schaus Lepidoptera: Notodontidae Insect Bo lax flavolineatus Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Bostrychoplites cornutus Oliver Coleoptera: Bostrichidae

CSIRO, Entomology Page 9 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

TABLE 2. continued

Insect Brachytrupesmembranaceus Drury Orthoptera: Gryllidae Insect Brachytrupes portentosus Lichtenstein Orthoptera: Gryllidae Insect Bradysia coprophila (Lintner) Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Fungus-gnat Insect Busseola fusca (Fuller) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Buzura sp. Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Buzura suppressaria (Guenee) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Cacia ?solomonum Aurivillius Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Calliteara horsfieldii Saunders Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Insect Calomycterus obconicus Chao Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Campsosternussp. Coleoptera: Elateridae Insect Canephora unicolor Hufnagel Lepidoptera: Psychidae Insect Capritermes nitobei Shiraki Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Capritermes sp. nr. obtusus Isoptera:Termitidae Insect Capua plagiatana (Walker) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Carea sp. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Catharsius molossus Linnaeus Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Insect Celosternascabrator Fabricius Coleoptera: Cerambycidae ' _) Insect Celosternasp. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae '' Insect Ceresa sp. Hemiptera: Membracidae '

Insect Cerophysella basalis (Baly) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae - _) Insect Ceroplastes sp. Hemiptera: Coccidae Insect Ceropria sp. Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae Insect Ceropria subocellata Casto Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae , _ _) Insect Chalcophana sp. Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae Insect Chalia larminati Heylaerts Lepidoptera: Psychidae Insect Chalioides kondonis Matsumura Lepidoptera: Psychidae Insect Chalioides vitrea Hampson Lepidoptera: Psychidae -] Insect Cherotenon longimanus Fahringer Coleoptera: Anthribidae Insect Chibchacris sp. Orthoptera: Acrididae Insect Chilecomadia valdiviana Phillipi Lepidoptera: Cossidae Insect Chirotenon longimanus Fahringer Coleoptera: Anthribidae Insect Chloebius sp. ... Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Chondracris rosea (De Geer) Orthoptera: Acrididae ' Insect Chrysobothris dorsata Klug. Coleoptera: Buprestidae ] Insect Chrysocoris stollii (Wolff) Hemiptera: Scutelleridae

Insect Chrysolamprajlavipes Jacoby Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Chrysomima semilutearia (Felder & Rogenhofer) Lepidoptera: Geometridae '---/f,-� Insect Citheronia laocoon (Cramer) Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect Citheronia marion Lepidoptera: Satumiidae

Insect Clania cramerii Westwood Lepidoptera: Psychidae C �li Insect Clastopera sp. Hemiptera: Cercopidae Insect Clavigralla horrens Dohm Hemiptera: Coreidae '

Insect Cleoporus variabilis (Baly) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae ,_ ' Insect Cleora determinata Walker Lepidoptera: Geometridae -i Insect Cleora herbuloti (Fletcher) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Cleora nigrisparsalis (Janse) Lepidoptera: Geometridae c Insect Cleora scriptaria (Walker) Lepidoptera: Geometridae j Insect Cletomorpha simulans Hsiao Hemiptera: Coreidae Insect Cletus punctiger (Dallas) Hemiptera: Coreidae Insect Clitarchus spp. Phasmatodea: Phasmidae '- J

Page 10 CSIRO, Entomology Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

TABLE 2. continued

Insect Coccotrypes sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Insect Colasposoma dauricum auripenne Mostchulsky Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Colasposoma femorale Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Colasposoma igneicolle Baly Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Colasposoma pusillum Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Colasposoma semihirsutum Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Coptotermes amanii (Sjostedt) Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae Insect Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae Insect Coptotermes heimi (Wasm�nn) Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae Insect Coptotermes parvulus Holmgren Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae Insect Coptotermes testaceus Linee Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae Insect Coraebus sidae Coleoptera: Buprestidae Insect Cosmopsaltria sp. Hemiptera: Cicadidae Insect Cosmoscarta bispecularis (White) Hemiptera: Cercopidae Insect Cosmoscarta sp. Hemiptera: Cercopidae Insect Cosmosoma auge Linne Lepidoptera: Amatidae Insect Costalimaita ferruginea Coieoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Costalimaita ferruginea vulgata Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Costelytra zealandica (White) Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Creatonotos transiens Walker Lepidoptera: Arctiidae Insect Cryptocephalus trifasciatus Fabricius Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Cryptothelea miniscula Butler Lepidoptera: Psychidae Insect Ctenopseustis obliquan'l (Walker) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Cussolenis sp. Coleoptera: Eucnemidae Insect Cyclocephala sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Cydnus nigritus Fabricius Hemiptera: Cydnidae Insect Cylindrepomus grammicus Pascoe Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Cyphochilus sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Cyrtacanthacris tatarica Linnaeus Orthoptera: Acrididae Insect Dalpada oculata (Fabricius) Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Insect Dalpada viridula Distant Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Insect Dasychira grotei Moore Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Insect Dasychira sp. Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Insect Declana floccosa (Walker) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Delochilus tookei Ferreira Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Deretiosus sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Diabrotica sp. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Diaphone eumela (Stoll) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Diastocera wallichi (Hope) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Didymocantha sp. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Doliopygus chapuisi Duvivier Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae Insect Doliopygus serratus (Strohm.) Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae Insect Dorysthenesgranulosus Thomson Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Dromaeolus sp. Coleoptera: Eucnemidae Insect Drosophilaflavohirta Malloch Diptera: Drosophilidae Eucalypt nectar fly Insect Eacles imperialis Drury Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect Eacles magnifica (Walker) Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect Eccoptopterus sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Insect Ectropis obliqua Warren Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Ellimenistes laesicollis Fahraeus Coleoptera: Curculionidae

CSIRO, Entomology Page 11 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

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Insect Ellimenistes notatus Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Ellimenistes virens Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Empoasca flavescens (Fabricius) Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Insect Endoclita undulifer Walker Lepidoptera: Hepialidae Insect Engonius sp. Coleoptera: Endomychidae Insect Epicauta baleni Haag Coleoptera: Meloidae Insect Epinotia plebiana Zeller Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Epinotia sp. Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Episomus chinensis Faust Coleoptera: Curculionidae c, Insect Erianthus gullatus Westor Orthoptera: Acrididae Insect Erthesina Julio (Thunberg) Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Insect Eucolaspis brunnea (Fabricius) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae ·, Insect Euconocephalus thunbergi Stal. Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae Insect Eulachnus rileyi (Williams) Hemiptera: Aphididae Insect Eulachnus sp. Hemiptera: Aphididae Insect Eumeta crameri (Westwood) Lepidoptera: Psychidae ·, Insect Eumeta sp. Lepidoptera: Psychidae Insect Eumeta sp. nr. japonica Lepidoptera: Psychidae Insect Eumeta variegata Snellen Lepidoptera: Psychidae l Insect Euproctis diploxutha Collenette Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae . _J Insect Euproctis fraterna Moore Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Insect Euproctisscintillans (Walker) Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae -, Insect Euproctis sp. nr. taiwana (Shiraki) Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Insect Euproctis terminalis (Walker) Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae .J Insect Eupseudosoma aberrans (Schaus) Lepidoptera: Arctiidae Insect Eupseudosoma involuta (Sepp) Lepidoptera: Arctiidae ·1 Insect Euricania gloriosa Distant Hemiptera: Ricaniidae J Insect Eurycnema cercata Phasmatodea: Phasmidae Insect Eurynotia hochstetteri (Redtenbacher) Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Eurytermes topslippensis Chatterjee & Thapa Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Euselasia apisaon Dalmon Lepidoptera: Riodinidae ] Insect Eusthenes cupreus (Westwood) Hemiptera: Tessarotomidae Insect Eutricha capensis (Linnaeus) Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae Insect Euwallacea laevis Eggers Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Insect Exolontha serrulata Burmeister Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Exophthalmida coerulescens Marshall Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect F ergusonia sp. Hymenoptera: Cynipidae ] Insect Formica sp. Hymenoptera: Formicidae Insect Fulgora sp. Hemiptera: Fulgoridae Insect Gaeana maculata (Drury) Hemiptera: Cicadidae Insect Gastrimargus marmoratus (Thunberg) Orthoptera: Acrididae ] Insect Gelonia dejectaria (Walker) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Glena bipennaria (Guenee) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Glena sp. Lepidoptera: Geometridae ] Insect Glenea sp. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Globitermes sulphureus (Haviland) Isoptera: Termitidae

L_ ' Insect Glycyphana sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae -��i Insect Gnaproloma subochrea Butler Lepidoptera: Geometridae CJ Insect Gonocephalum schusteri Kaszab Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae 'I Insect Gonometa pallens B.B. Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae J

Page 12 CSIRO, Entomology l Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

TABLE 2. continued

Insect Greenaspis elongata (Green) Hemiptera: Diaspididae Insect Gryllusassimilis (Fabricius) Orthoptera: Gryllidae Insect Gryllussp. Orthoptera: Gryllidae Insect Gryllus testaceus Walker Orthoptera: Gryllidae Insect Gymnogryllushumeralis Walker Orthoptera: Gryllidae Insect Halisidota sp. Lepidoptera:Arctiidae Insect Helopeltis schoutedeni Reuter Hemiptera: Miridae Insect Helopeltis sp. Hemiptera: Miridae Mosquito bug Insect Heteracris illustris Walkei:. Orthoptera: Acrididae Insect Heterobostrychus brunneus (Murray) Coleoptera: Bostrichidae Insect Heteropsylla sp. Hemiptera: Psyllidae Insect Heterotermes tenuis (Hagen) Isoptera: Hodotermitidae Insect Hodotermes mossambicus (Hagen) Isoptera: Hodotermitidae Insect Hodotermes sp. Isoptera: Hodotermitidae Insect Holotrichia diophalia Bares Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Holotrichia ovata Chang Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Holotrichia saureti Moser Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Holotrichia scobiculata Brenske Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Holotrichia sinensis Hope Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Holotrichia sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Holotrichia titanis Reitter Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Homoeocerus walkeri Kirby Hemiptera: Coreidae Insect Hoplasoma unicolor (Illiger) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Hygropastaspoliatella Walker Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Hylesia sp. Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect Hyperchiria incisa (Walker) Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect Hyperops unicolor Herbst Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae Insect Hypomecis punctinalis conferenda (Butler) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Hypopholis sommeri Burm. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect lceryamaxima Newstead Hemiptera: Margarodidae Insect ldalus agustus Lepidoptera: Agaristidae Insect ldalus sp. ... Lepidoptera: Agaristidae Insect lmbrasia cytherea cytherea (Fabricius) Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect lmbrasia tyrrhea tyrrhea (Cramer) Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect lndarbela quadrinotata (Walker) Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae Insect lophosa obliqua Lallemand Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae Insect lphimoides ? sp. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Kalidasa sp. Hemiptera: Fulgoridae Insect Kalotermes brouni Froggatt Isoptera: Kalotermitidae Insect Kunugia hyrtaca Cramer Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae Insect Kunugia latipennis Walker Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae

Insect Labidostomis sp. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Lachnosterna sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Latoia latistriga (Walker) Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Insect Lawana conspersa (Walker) Hemiptera: Flatidae Insect Lawana imitata (Walker) Hemiptera: Flatidae Insect Lawana sp. Hemiptera: Flatidae Insect Lepidiota bimaculata Saunderson Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Lepidiota minor (Moser) Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Lepidiota stigma Fabricius Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

CSIRO, Entomology Page 13 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptusspp.

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Insect Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard) Hemiptera: Diaspididae Insect Leptataspis semicrocea Jacobi Hemiptera: Cercopidae Insect Leptocentrus sp. Hemiptera: Membracidae Insect Leptocoris varicornis Fabricius Hemiptera: Rhopalidae Insect Lichnoptera gulo Herrich-Schaffer Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Lilioceris quadripustulata Fbar. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell) Hemiptera: Diaspididae Insect Liothula omnivora Fereday Lepidoptera: Psychidae Insect Litopus violaceus Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Lonomia sp. Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect Lymantria concolor Walker Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Insect Lymantria similis Moore Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae -, Insect Lymantria xylina Swinhoe Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Insect Macroplectra nararia (Moore) Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Insect Macropoda sp. Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae Insect Macrotermesannandalei (Silvestri) Isoptera: Termitidae : Insect Macrotermes barneyi Light Isoptera: Termitidae _ _J Insect Macrotermes dimorphus Tsai et Chu Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Macrotermes estherae (Desneux) Isoptera: Termitidae l Insect Macrotermes falciger (Gerstacker) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Macrotermes michaelseni (Sjostedt) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Macrotermes natalensis (Haviland) Isoptera: Termitidae ' Insect Macrotermes subhyalinus (Rambur) Isoptera: Termitidae _ _J Insect Mahasena colona Sonan Lepidoptera: Psychidae

Insect Mahasena theivora Dudg. Lepidoptera: Psychidae -1 Insect Maladera sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae i Insect Mecistocerus sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae _J Insect Mecopoda elongata Linnaeus Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae Insect Megalopyge lanata (Stoll.) Lepidoptera: Sphingidae Insect Megymenum inerme (Herrich-Schaeffer) Hemiptera: Dinidoridae Insect Melanchra sp. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Melanolophia commotaria (Maassen) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Metanastria hyrtaca Cramer Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae Insect Metanastria latipennis Walker Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae J Insect Metcalfiellamonogramma (Germar) Hemiptera: Membracidae Insect Microcerotermes crassus Snyder Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Microcerotermes minor Holmgren Isoptera: Termitidae -1 Insect Microcerotermes parvulus (Sjostedt) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Microhodotermes viator (Latreille) Isoptera: Hodotermitidae Insect Microtermes incertoides (Holmgren) Isoptera: Termitidae ] Insect Microtermes mycophagus (Desneux) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Microtermes obesi Holmgren Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Microtermes pallidus Haviland Isoptera: Termitidae J- Insect Microtermes propallidus Isoptera: Termitidae Microtrichia cephalotes Insect Burmeister Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae - Microtrichia Insect sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae -� Insect Mictis tenebrosa Fabricius Hemiptera: Coreidae Insect Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) Hemiptera: Coccidae Insect Mimallo amilia (Stoll-Cramer) Lepidoptera: Sphingidae Insect Mimela inscripta Nonft. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Page 14 Entomology CSIRO, -, Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

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Insect Mime/a mundissima Walker Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Mime/asp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Mone ma flavescens Walker Lepidoptera: Eucleidae Insect Monolepta signata (Olivier) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Mussidia pectinicomela Hampson Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Insect Mylabris sp. Coleoptera: Meloidae Insect Myllocerus disco/or Boheman Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Myllocerus setulifer Desb. Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Myllocerus viridanus FabricJus Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Nasutitermes fletcheri (Holmgren) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Naupactus sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Navomorpha lineata (Fabricius) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Navomorpha sulcata (Fabricius) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Neocleosa sp. Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Neoclytus pusillus (Laporte & Gory) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Neocurtilla hexadaxtyla (Perty) Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae Insect Neas tauropus alternus Walker Lepidoptera: Notodontidae Insect Neotermes militaris Desneux Isoptera: Kalotermitidae Insect Niphe elongata (Dallas) Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Insect Niphona cylindracea White Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Nodonota sp. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Notobitus sexguttatus (Westwood) Hemiptera: Coreidae Insect Nystalea nyseus (Cramer) Lepidoptera: Notodontidae Insect Ochrochira sp. Hemiptera: Coreidae Insect Odites sp. nr. sucines Meyrick Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae Insect Odontotermes assmuthi Holmgren Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes badius (Haviland) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes bellahunisensis Holmgren and Holmgren Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes brunneus (Hagen) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes ceylonicus (Wasmann) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes distans Holmgren and Holmgren Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermesfeae (Wm;mann) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes guptei Roonwal & Bose Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes gurdaspurensis Holmgren Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes hainanensis (Light) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes horni (Wasmann) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes indicus Thakur Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes maesodensis Ahmad Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes malabaricus Holmgren and Holmgren Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes microdentatus Roonwal and Sen-Sarma Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes obesus (Rambur) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes parvidens Holmgren and Holmgren Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes proformosanus Ahmad Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes redemanni (Wasmann) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes roonwali Bose Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes taiwaniana Shiraki Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes transvalensis (Sji:istedt) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontotermes wallonensis (Wasmann) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Odontria sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

CSIRO, Entomology Page 15 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

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Insect Oemona hirta (Fabricius) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Oiketicusldrbyi (Lands- Guilding) Lepidoptera: Psychidae Insect Oiketicus spp. Lepidoptera: Psychidae Insect Oligotoma saundersi Westwood Embioptera: Oligotomidae Insect Oncideres cingulata cingulata (Say) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Twig girdler Insect Oncometopia parallela (Walker) Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Insect Ophiusa mejanesi Guenee Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Ophiusa sp. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Opodiphthera paphia Linnaeus Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect Orgyia postica Walker Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Insect Orthacris simulans Bolivar Orthoptera: Acrididae Insect Orthopagus lunulifer Uhler Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae Insect Oti,wtoides sp. Hemiptera: Membracidae Insect Oxydiaplatypterata Guenee Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Oxydia vesulia (Cramer) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Oxymagishorni (Heller) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae -,

Insect Oxyrachis sp. Hemiptera: Membracidae - J Insect Pachybrachis sp. pos. reticulata Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Pandeleteius sp. nr. nodifier (Ch) Coleoptera: Curculionidae - ' Insect Pantorhytes biplagiatus (Guerin) Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Parallelia joviana Stoll. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Parallelia sp. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae --, Insect Parasa lepida (Cramer) Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Insect Parasa sinica Moore Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Insect Peggioga sp. Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae Insect Pelidnota sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Penicillaria sp. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae .J Insect Pentarthrum sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Pericapritermes assamensis (Mathur & Thapa) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Pericapritermes vythirii Verma Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Phaenomerus sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae J Insect Phassus giganteus " Lepidoptera: Hepialidae Insect Philotherma rosa rosa (Druce) Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae t Insect Phlaeoba antenna/a Brunner von Wattenwyl Orthoptera: Acrididae -.;,j Insect Phobetron hipparchia Cramer Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Insect Phocides palemon Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae • � Insect Phrixopogon mandarinus (Fairmaire) Coleoptera: Curculionidae -i Insect Phryganistria virges Westwood Phasmatodea: Phasmidae Insect Phymateus viridipes Stal. Orthoptera: Acrididae Insect Physopelta schlanbuschi (Fabricius) Hemiptera: Largidae 'S'-1 Insect Phytoscaphus triangularis Olivier Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Piromis tibia/is (Walker) Hemiptera: Ricaniidae Insect Plagionotulus westringi Fahringer Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Planotortrix excessana (Walker) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae J Insect Planotortrix excessana excessana (Walker) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Planotortrix notophaea (Turner) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Platymycterus sieversi (Reiter) Coleoptera: Curculionidae _-� [ Insect Platypleura hilpa Walker Hemiptera: Cicadidae Insect Platypuscaviceps Broun Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae Insect Platypus gracilis Broun Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae j Page 16 CSIRO, Entomology Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

TABLE 2. continued

Insect Platypussp. nr. suffodiens Sampson Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae Insect Platytrachelus paviei Aurivillius Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Platytrachelus psittacinus Faust. Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Plautia crossota Dallas Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Insect Plautia fimbriata (Fabricius) Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Insect Podontia lutea Olivier Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect P opillia feae Krantze Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Popillia mutans Newman Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Popillia quadriguttata Fabriciys Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Postelectrotermes militaris (Desneux) Isoptera: Kalotermitidae Insect Prasoidea sericea (Gyllenhal) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Premnobius cavipennis Eichhoff Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Insect Prionus californicus Motschulsky Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Calfiomiaprionus Insect Priotyrranus closteroides (Thomson) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Prosarthria teretriostris Brunner von Wattenwyl Orthoptera: Proscopidae Insect Prosmidiaconifera (Fairmaire) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Protermes sp. Isoptera: Protermitidae Insect Protostrophus noxius Marshall Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Protostrophus salignae Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Protostrophus sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Pseudacanthotermes militaris (Hagen) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Pseudacanthotermes spiniger (Sjostedt) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Pseudobunaea irius (Fabricius) Lepidoptera: Satumiidae Insect Pseudocoremia suavis fenerata (Felder) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Pseudotermes militaris Haag. Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Psilocarea sp. nr. nigrocumulata Warren Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Psiloptera fastuosa Fabricius Coleoptera: Buprestidae Insect Psiloptera gregaria Coleoptera: Buprestidae Insect Psiloptera viridicuprea Saunders Coleoptera: Buprestidae Insect Psorocampa denticulata Schaus Lepidoptera: Notodontidae Insect Psyllotoxus griseosinctus Thomson Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Pteroplata adustus ? Bun:p.eister Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Ptyelussp. Hemiptera: Cercopidae Insect Putala rostrata Melichar Hemiptera: Fulgoridae Insect Putala sp. Hemiptera: Fulgoridae Insect Pygaera cupreata Butler Lepidoptera: Notodontidae Insect Pygaera fulgurita Walker Lepidoptera: Notodontidae Insect Pyronota festiva (Fabricius) Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Pyropslathburii Hemiptera: Fulgoridae Insect Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae Insect Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae Insect Ricania marginalis (Walker) Hemiptera: Ricaniidae Insect Ricanula sp. Hemiptera: Ricaniidae Insect Riptortus imperialis Hemiptera: Alydidae Insect Riptortus linearis (Fabricius) Hemiptera: Alydidae Insect Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) Hemiptera: Alydidae Insect Sabulodes aegrotata (Guenee) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Sabulodes caberata (Guenee) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Sabulodes glaucularia (Snellen) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Sagra sp. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Sahyadrassus malabaricus Moore Lepidoptera: Hepialidae Sapling borer

CSIRO, Entomology Page 17 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

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Insect Saissetia neglecta De Lotto Hemiptera: Coccidae Insect Salagena sp. nr. tessellata Distant Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae Insect Sarsina violascens (Herrich-Schaeffer) Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Insect Scapanes australis (Boisduval) Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Schedorhinotermes lamanius (Sjostedt) Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae Insect Schistocera gregaria (Forskill) Orthoptera: Acrididae Insect Sciobius brevicollis Filhraeus Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Sciobius tenuicornis Marshall Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Scolytoplatypusfasciatus Hagedorn•. Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Insect Selenothrips rubrocinctus ? (Giard) Thysanoptera: Thripidae Redbanded thrips Insect Semiothisa sp. Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Sephena punctulosa Distant Hemiptera: Flatidae Insect Serica sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Serrodes partita (Fabricius) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Sibine sp. Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Insect Silvanus quadraticollis Coleoptera: Silvanidae Insect Sinoxylon sp. Coleoptera: Bostrichidae Insect Sitobion pauliani Rem au diere Hemiptera: Aphididae Insect Sphingomorpha chlorea monteironis Butler Lepidoptera: Noctuidae r Insect Spodopterafrugiperda (J.E.Smith) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Insect Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenee) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae __ _, Insect Stauropus alternus Walker Lepidoptera: Notodontidae Insect Stenalcidia grosica Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Sternocolaspisquatuordecimcostata Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Insect Stilpnochlora quadrata (Se.) Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae Insect Streblote sp. Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae "l Insect Streblote sp. ?grabergi Dewits Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae Insect Strepsicrates holotephras Meyrick Lepidoptera: Tortricidae J Insect Strepsicrates sp. nr semicanella (Walker) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Insect Stromatium longicorne (Newman) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Suana concolor Walker Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae ] Insect Suana divisa (Moore)., Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae Insect Syllepte balteata Fabricius Lepidoptera: Pyralidae . . Insect Synacanthotermes zanzibarensis (Sjostedt) Isoptera: Termitidae ' ] Insect Syntermes insidians Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Syntermes molestus (Burmeister) Isoptera: Termitidae . Insect Tagasta sp. Orthoptera: Acrididae . . Insect Tarbinskiellus portentosus Lichtenstein Orthoptera: Gryllidae Rice field cricket i Insect Tarundia boadicea Distana Hemiptera: Ricaniidae Insect Telingana flavipes (Kirby) Hemiptera: Membracidae Insect Tettigoniella ferrug inea Fabricius Hemiptera: Cicadellidae J-, Insect Thalassodes immissaria intaminatus Inove Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Thalassodes sp. Lepidoptera: Geometridae • Insect Thrips japonicus Bagnall Thysanoptera: Thripidae '-·''-ii_·_fr Insect Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) Lepidoptera: Geometridae Insect Timocratica albella (Zeller) Lepidoptera: Stenomatidae Insect Timocratica palpalis (Zeller) Lepidoptera: Stenomatidae � Insect Tosena meloptera White Hemiptera: Cicadidae J Insect Toxoptera odinae (van de Goot) Hemiptera: Aphididae Insect Trabala vishnou Lefebure Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae Insect Tradactylla sp. Orthoptera: Tridactylidae J Page 18 CSIRO, Entomology Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

TABLE 2. continued

Insect Trictenotoma davidi Deyrolle Coleoptera: Trictenotomidae Insect Trigonops planicollis Heller Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Trigonops sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae Insect Trilophidia sp. Orthoptera: Acrididae Insect Trinervitermes biformis (Wasmann) Isoptera: Termitidae Insect Tylopsis sp. Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae Insect Ugyops sp. Hemiptera: Delphacidae Insect Varcia sp. Hemiptera: Nogodinidae Insect Wiseana sp. Lepidoptera: Hepialidae Insect Xenocerus equestris ancorinus Jordon Coleoptera: Anthribidae Insect Xuthodes punctipennis Pascoe Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Xyleborus ?exiguus (Walker) Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Insect Xyleborus antaisaka, Schedl Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Insect Xyleborus sp. nr dasyurus Browne Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Insect Xylinades maculipes Coleoptera: Anthribidae Insect Xylion adustus Fahr Coleoptera: Bostrichidae Insect Xylobiops basilaris (Say) Coleoptera: Bostrichidae Red-shouldered bostrichid Insect Xylocopa appendiculata FSmith Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae Insect Xylocopa phalothorax Lepeletier Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae Insect Xylocopa sinensis FSmith Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae Insect Xylopertha picea Oliver Coleoptera: Bostrichidae Insect X yloperthodes castaneipennis Coleoptera: Bostrichidae Insect Xyloperthodes nitidipennis Murr. Coleoptera: Bostrichidae Insect Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoft) Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Black twig borer Insect Xylotrechus nauticus Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Insect Xylotrupes sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Insect Zeuzera sp. Lepidoptera: Cossidae Insect Zonocerus elegans (Thunberg) Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae

CSIRO, Entomology Page 19 Eucalyptus Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of spp.

Potential quarantine pathogens In view of the publication in 1995 of an authoritative list of records of fungi, (including pathogens), on eucalypts worldwide (Sankaran, Sutton and Minter, 1995), and the very large number of fungi present on Eucalyptus stems and foliage, both in Australia and overseas, the decision was taken not to attempt the compilation of a comprehensive listing of significant eucalypt pathogens as part of this consultancy. To undertake this as a separate exercise would have been a very large undertaking outside the agreed funding limits. For example in 1989 Crous et al. listed 95 pathogens of eucalypt foliage alonefrom world literature, and a further66 saprophytes or weak pathogensfound on leaves.

A list was therefore prepared, with literature citations, of pathogens of eucalypts that occur in the countries in the NAQS region: Papua New Guinea; Indonesia; Philippines and Malaysia (Table 3). As part of the development of dossiers, records of selected major pathogens on a world wide basis have also been included in thedatabase, and have been listed fromthose countries outside the NAQS region as Table 4. Access to records was assisted through personal contacts developed with professionalpathologists, State forestryorganisations, private plantation companiesand their research staffduring visits by K.M. Old and M.J. Dudzinski to south east Asian countries over the last 5 years sponsored by CSIRO, ACIAR and DIST. Information was also supplied by Australian pathologiststhrough informaldiscussions and provision of records.

Table 3 includes pathogens, not only on eucalypts but also on the myrtaceous species guava and cloves, which have been foundto have certain pathogens in common with eucalypts. A list of major pathogens considered to be quarantinable ·, and of medium or high quarantine risk has also been compiled as Table 5.

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TABLE 3. Pathogens of Eucalyptus spp. recorded in the NAQS region, with some additional records on guava and cloves.

Eucalyptus Chromista Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. &Laff. Phytophthora root rot Chromista Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker Phytophthora root rot Chromista Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Phytophthora root rot Chromista Phytophthora spp. Phytophthora root rot Chromista Pythium sp. Pythium root rot Fungus Botryodiplodiatheobromae Pat. Stem canker, twig canker Fungus Cercospora sp. Cercospora leaf spot Fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. &Sacc. Leaf blight Fungus Colletotrichum sp. Leaf blight Fungus Coniella australiensis Petrak Coniella leaf spot Fungus Corticium salmonicolor Berk. &Broome Pink disease

Fungus Cryphonectria cubensis (Bruner) Hodges Cryphonectria canker

Fungus Cryphonectria nitschkei (Otth.) Barr Cryphonectria canker Fungus Curvulariasp. Leaf spot Fungus Cylindrocladium colhounii Peerally Cy-lindrocladium leaf blight Fungus Cylindrocladium floridanum Sobers &Seymour Cylindrocladium leaf blight Fungus Cylindrocladium ilicicola Boedijn &Reitsma Cylindocladium leaf blight Fungus Cylindrocladium parvum Anderson Leaf spot Fungus Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum Boedijn &Reitsma Cylindrocladiumleaf blight Fungus Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan Cy lindrocladium leaf blight Fungus Cytospora eucalypticola van der Westhuizen Cytospora canker Fungus Endothia gyrosa (Schw.)Fr. Stem canker Fungus Fusarium spp. Fusarium root rot Fungus Guignardia citricarpa Kiely Leaf spot Fungus Hainesia lythri (Desm.) Hohn Hainesia shoot blight Fungus Harknessia renispora Swart Harknessia leaf spot Fungus Harknessiaspp. Harknessia leaf spot Fungus Helminthosporium sp. Leaf spot Fungus Kirramyces epicoccoides (Cooke &Massee) J Walker, Kirramyces leaf blotch B. Sutton &Pascoe Fungus Kirramyces destructans Wingfield &Crous Kirramyces leaf blight Fungus Mycosphaerella gracilis Crous &Alfenas M ycosphaerella leaf blotch Fungus Mycosphaerella heimii Crous M ycosphaerella leaf blotch Fungus Mycosphaerella molleriana (Thum.) Lindau M ycosphaerella leaf blotch Fungus Mycosphaerella parkii Crous, MJWingf., FA Ferreira M ycosphaerella leaf blotch &Alfenas Fungus Mycosphaerella sp. Mycosphaerella leaf blotch Fungus Mycosphaerella suberosa Crous, FA Ferreira, Alfenas Mycosphaerella leaf blotch &MJWingf. Fungus Mycosphaerella suttoniae Crous & MJ Wingfield Mycosphaerella leaf blotch Fungus Nectria sp. Nectria canker Fungus Oidium sp. Powderymildew Fungus Pestalotia macrotricha Klebahn Leaf spot Fungus Pestalotiopsis mangiferae (P. Henn.) Steyaert Leaf spot Fungus Phellinus noxius (Comer) G. Cunn. Brown root rot Fungus Physalospora eucalypti Narendra &Rao Leaf spot Fungus Pseudocercospora eucalyptorum Crous et al. Pseudocercospora leaf spot Fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Seedling blight

CSIRO, Entomology Page 21 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

TABLE 3. continued

Psidium guajava Alga Cephaleuros sp. Kunze Algal leaf spot Alga Cephaleuros virescens Kunze Algal spot, red rust Chromista Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan Phytophthora seedling blight Fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Fruit rot Fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. Anthracnose Fungus Pestalotiopsis psidii (Pat.) Venk. Fruit scabby canker Fungus Phellinus noxius (Comer) G. Cunn Brown root rot

Syzygiumaromaticum Bacterium Pseudomonas syzygii Roberts et al. 1990 Sumatra disease Alga Cephaleuros virescens Kunze Algal spot, red rust Chromista Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Phytophthora root rot Chromista Pythium vexans de Bary Seedling blight Fungus Cryptosporella eugeniae Nutman& Roberts Stem canker Fungus Cylindrocladium floridanum Sobers & Seymour Cylindrocladium leaf spot Fungus Cylindrocladiumquinqueseptatum Boedijn & Reitsma Cylindrocladium leaf blight - _I Fungus Phyllosticta sp. Leaf blister blight Fungus Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk Seedling blight '

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Page 22 CSIRO, Entomology l Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

TABLE 4. Major pathogen records of Eucalyptus spp. not in the NAQS region.

Bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. 1995 Bacterial wilt Chromista Phytophthora spp. Phytophthora root rot Fungus Armillaria spp. (Vahl.:Fr.) Kummer Armillaria root rot Fungus Aulographina eucalypti (Cooke& Massee) Arx & Mill!. Aulographina leaf spot Fungus Botryosphaeriadothidea (Moug.) Ces.& de Not. Botryosphaeria canker Fungus Coniella castaneicola (Ell. &Ev.) Sutton Coniella leaf spot Fungus Coniella fragariae (Oud.) Sutton Coniella leaf spot Fungus Coniothyrium zuluense Crous& Wingf. Coniothyrium canker, measles disease Fungus Corticium salmonicolor Berk.& Broome Pink disease Fungus Cryphonectriacubensis (Bruner) Hodges Cryphonectria canker Fungus Cryphonectriagyrosa (Berk.& Broome) Sacc. Cryphonectria canker Fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) ME Barr Chestnut blight Fungus Cryptosporiopsiseucalypti Sankaran& B Sutton Cryptosporiopsisshoot blight Fungus Cylindrocladium candelabrum Viegas Cylindrocladium leaf blight Fungus Cylindrocladium clavatum Hodges&May Cylindrocladium leaf blight Fungus Cylindrocladium floridanum Sobers& Seymour Cylindrocladium leaf blight Fungus Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan Cylindrocladium leaf blight Fungus Cylindrocladium spp. Fungus Endothia gyrosa (Schw.)Fr. Endothia stem canker Fungus Hainesia lythri (Desm.) Hohn Hainesia shoot blight Fungus Harknessiaspp. Leaf spot Fungus Kirramyces epicoccoides (Cooke& Massee) Walker, Sooty leaf blotch, Kirramyces leaf spot Sutton &Pascoe Fungus Kirramyces eucalypti (Cooke& Massee) J Walker, Kirramyces leaf spot B Sutton & Pascoe Fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Charcoal root rot Fungus Mycosphaerella cryptica (Cooke) Hansf. Mycosphaerella leaf spot, crinkle leaf Fungus Mycosphaerella nubilosa (Cooke. Hansf.) Mycosphaerella leaf spot, crinkle leaf Fungus Mycosphaerella spp. Mycosphaerella leaf spot Fungus Nattrassia mangiferae (Syd.& P. Syd) B Sutton& Dyko Dieback Fungus Pseudocercospora eucalyptorum Crous, Wingf., Marasas& Sutton Pseudocercospora leaf spot Fungus Winter Guava rust, eucalypt rust Puccinia psidii '- Fungus Sporothrix eucalypti Crous& Wingf. Leaf spot, shoot blight Fungus Wuestneia eucalyptorum Crous, Wingfield& Nag Raj Leaf spot Phytoplasma (Phytoplasma) Little leaf, yellows

CSIRO, Entomology Page 23 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. ,-,

TABLE 5. Potential quarantine pathogens of Eucalyptus spp. for NAQS target list (medium/high risk).

Bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. 1995 Bacterial wilt Chromista Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Phytophthora root rot Chromista Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff. Phytophthora root rot Chromista Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker Phytophthora root rot Chromista Phytophthora spp. Phytophthora root rot Fungus Cryphonectria cubensis (Bruner) Hodges Cryphonectria canker Fungus Cryphonectria gyrosa (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. Cryphonectria canker Fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) ME Barr Chestnut blight fungus Fungus Kirramyces destructans Wingfield & Crous Kirramyces leaf blotch Fungus Puccinia psidii Winter Guava rust, eucalypt rust Phytoplasma (Phytoplasma) Little leaf, yellows

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1 -1 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

STAGE 2: ::�����;;mJJ;;

Pest Risk Assessment

CSIRO, Entomology Page 25 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

Dossiers on Pests

Species which are potential quarantine pests of Eucalyptus spp. in northernAustralia (T able 1 and 2) were assessed for their potential to enter, colonise and spread, as well as the expected level of damage they could cause. This assessment was achieved by reviewing all available published literature, accessing unpublished records, gaining the opinion of various forest entomologists, including the first-hand knowledge of R.B. Floyd and F.R. Wylie on these or related species. Clearly, thisassessment process was based on various objective sources of information but ultimately is relatively subjective and may need to be revised as new information becomes available.

The database of pests of Eucalyptus spp., developed by R.B. Floyd andF.R. Wylie, contains informationon theoverall quarantine risk and the reasons for assigning a particular risk level to each species. Dossiers have been prepared for species having a moderate or high overall risk. These species would have a moderate or high potential to gain entry, colonise and spread in northernAustralia, and could cause moderate to severe damage. Dossiers have only been developed for pest species fromthe NAQS region that dQ.not occur in Australia.

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DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PESTS

1. Amblypelta cocophaga Species: Amblypelta cocophaga Author: China Order: Hemiptera Family: Coreidae Common name(s): Synonyms and changes in combination: Hosts: Eucalyptus deglupta, Eucalyptus pellita, Campnosperma brevipetiolata, Macaranga spp., Merremia spp., Clerodendrum sp., Ficus spp., Flindersia brayleana, Sterculia pattersonii,Araucaria hunsteinii Distribution: Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea Nearest known location to Australia: Bougainville Economic damage: This insect is a major pest of Eucalyptus deglupta and attacks a number of other forest tree species. In agriculture, it is a major pest of coconut, cassava and cocoa. It has the potential to affect tropical, subtropicaland temperate regions of Australia. Entry potential: Carried as eggs or nymphs on fruit or foliageof some agricultural crop species or on tree seedlings. Colonisation potential: High Spread potential: High Biology: Eggs are laid singly on leaf or stem of the host plant and hatch after eight days. There are five nymphal instars which are completed in 33 days. Nymphs and adults feedon young, unhardened shoots (or, in the case of coconut, on the young nuts). Physical damage: The saliva injected into the plant during feedingis toxic and produces blackened, necrotic areas. Witheucalypts, attacked shoots wilt and die back, and the trees become bushy and flat topped. Plant part affected: Flower O Fruit O Seed O Leaf• Stem O Root D Other• Detection/ diagnosis: Identification is based on morphology of the adult. Options forresponse to detection: Offshore:The insect is already known offshore. Onshore: Eradication may be attempted if surveys showed that the infestation was limited. Australia has three indigenous species of Amblypelta including one throughout theTo rres Straitislands. Estimated risk: High. The insect has caused economic damage to plantation eucalypts, is in close proximity to Australia and there is potential forassisted and natural spread into Torres Strait. Quarantine status: Quarantinable References: Bigger (1985); Bigger (1988)

CSIRO, Entomology Page 27 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PESTS

2. Agrilus opulentus Species: Agrilus opulentus Author: Ker. Order: Coleoptera Family: Buprestidae Common name(s): Varicose vein borer Synonyms and changes in combination: Hosts: Eucalyptus deglupta, Syzygium sp. and other Myrtaceae. Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay, CentralProvince) Nearest known location to Australia: Papua New Guinea Economic damage: Moderate. This insect h�s caused considerable economic loss, throughloss of growth increment and mortality, of young plantations of E. deglupta (kamarere) in PNG. Has the potential to affect tropical and subtropical regions of Australia. Entry potential: Carried as immature stages in timber or wood products. ' Colonisation potential: Medium; suitable hosts and climate but dependent on relatively synchronised emergence and successful mating of at least one adult pair at entrylocation. Spread potential: High Biology: The larvae are under-bark cambium feeders,usually attacking stressed trees. They tunnel in a zigzag manner, ··, usually in the lower 2-3m of thetrunk, causing raised welts of about 1.5m length on the bark. Adults feed on new foliage in the crowns of the preferred tree hosts. Length of the life cycle depends on thestate of thehost, from 1, 6 months in suppressed trees to 12 months or incomplete in dominants. 'I Physical damage: Infested trees show loss of annual increment. Small diameter trees and suppressed treesare effectively girdled and killed. j Plant part affected:Flower D Fruit D Seed D Leaf D Stem • . Root D Other D Detection/ diagnosis: On smooth-barkedtrees, raised welts in a zigzag patternare typical of known damaging species '

of Agrilus. Species identification is based on morphology of adults. - ,J Options forresponse to detection: Offshore: This pest is already known offshore. -, Onshore: Australiahas 20 indigenous species of Agrilus (none of economic importance) about which very little is known. Eradication options are therefore difficult to assess, pending more information about biology and .J behaviour of local species. Estimated risk: Medium. The insect has caused economic damage to young eucalypt plantations, can be transported in wood or wood products, could enter through Torres Strait via indigenous traffic and then spread by flight. Quarantine status: Quarantinable References: Mercer (1990); Roberts (1987) ,_-]·. ]

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Page 28 CSIRO, Entomology Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PESTS

3. Agrilus sexsignatus Species: Agrilus sexsignatus Author: (Fisher) Order: Coleoptera Family: Buprestidae Common name(s): Varicose borer Synonyms and changes in combination: Hosts: Eucalyptus deglupta. Distribution: Philippines Nearest known location to Australia: Philippines Economic damage: Moderate. This insect has caused considerable economic loss, through loss of growthincrement and mortality, in young plantations o(E. deglupta (PNG provenance) in Mindanao. Has the potential to affect tropical and subtropical regions of Australia. Entry potential: Carried as immature stages in timber or wood products. Its main host plant, Eucalyptus deglupta, occurs in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and there is a possibility of natural spread through these countries and into Torres Strait. Colonisation potential: Medium; suitable hosts and climate but dependent on relatively synchronised emergence and successful mating of at least one adult pair at entry location. Spread potential: High Biology: Eggs are laid singly or in groups under flakesof bark or in crevices and hatch in about 14 days. The larvae feedin the cambium of stems, branches and roots of trees. They tunnel in a zigzag manner, causing raised welts on the bark, and pupate in the wood. The lifecycle lasts an average of 114 days. Physical damage: Infested treesshow stunting and loss of annual increment. Repeated attacks can result in gi�dling and death of trees. Stressed trees are most commonly attacked. Plant part affected:Flower O Fruit O Seed O Leaf O Stem • Root • Other • Detection/diagnosis: On smooth-barked trees, raised welts in a zigzag patternare typical of known damaging species of Agrilus. Species identificationis based on morphology of adults. Options forresponse to detection: Offshore: This pest is already known offshore. Onshore: Australiahas 20 indigenous species of Agrilus (none of economic importance) about which very little is known. Eradication options are therefore difficult to assess, pending more information about biology and behaviour of local species. Estimated_risk: Medium. The insect has caused economic damage to young eucalypt plantations, can be transported in wood or wood products, and has the potential to spread naturally to PNG and TorresStrait. Quarantine status: Quarantinable References: Braza (1988); Braza (1992)

CSIRO, Entomology Page 29 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptusspp.

DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PESTS

4. Celosternascabrator Species: Celosterna scabrator Author: Fabricius Order: Coleoptera Family: Cerarnbycidae Common name(s): Synonyms and changes in combination: Hosts: Corymbia citriodora, E. grandis, E. tereticornis,Acacia spp., Casuarina equisetifolia Distribution: India, Pakistan Nearest known location to Australia: India Economic damage: Damage results in complete cessation of growthwhich in the case of weak plants is followed by death. Celosternascabrator is regarded as a 'key' pest of young eucalypt plantations in India. Has the potential to affecttropical and subtropicalregions of Australia. Entry potential: Carried as immature stages in timber or wood products. - -, Colonisation potential: Medium; suitable hosts and climate but dependent on relatively synchronised emergence and successfulmating of at least one adult pair at entry location. Spread potential: High Biology: Eggs are usually laid singly in an incision made by the female in the bark of young living plants (having a - ' basal stem diameter at least 5 cm) and hatch in 2-3 weeks. The larva bores in the sternand roots, enlarging its tunnel as it grows. Thelife cycle of theinsect is one year with thelarval stages occupying about 9 to 10 months. Physical damage: Stems and roots of infested trees are hollowed out and treedieback or death can occur. The adults -- "'"' i feedon bark and can ringbark young shoots. Plant part affected: Flower D Fruit D Seed D Leaf D Stem • Root • Other • _ .J Detection/diagnosis: Identification is based on the morphology of theadult. - -, Options for response to detection: Offshore: The insect has a high profile in the literature as a major Asian forest pest. j Onshore: An eradication attempt is unlikely because of the difficultyof distinguishing between thedamage of this insect and Australia'smany species of longicoms which tunnel in stems of trees. Estimated risk: Medium. Because the insect usually only attacks trees of stem diameter 5-23 cm, themain risk of entryis likely to be in artefacts and small, manufactured wooden articles rather than sawn timber. Quarantine status: Quarantinable References: Beeson (1961); Chaudhuri et al. (1986) �-J-� ] -i ] ]

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Page 30 CSIRO, Entomology l Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PESTS

5. Coptotermes curvignathus Species: Coptotermes curvignathus Author: Holmgren Order: Isoptera Family: Rhinotermitidae Common name(s): Rubber termite Synonyms and changes in combination: Hosts: Eucalyptus spp. Pinus spp., Acacia mangium, Araucaria hunsteinii, Gmelina arborea, Hevea brasiliensis, Ficus elastica, Shorea robusta,Mangifera indica, Tectona grandis, Albizi,a procera, Salix spp. Distribution: India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Philippines, Indonesia Nearest known location to Australia: Indonesia Economic damage: Principally known as an important pest of rubber trees(H evea brasiliensis) but is a primary pest of a wide range of plantation trees including eucalypts and acacias. Entry potential: Carried in infestedtimber, cargo, crates, pallets or containers. Colonisation potential: High Spread potential: High Biology: Following swarming of alates, mated pairs make nests in dead timber, in logs and in old tree stumps, partially or wholly underground. From this central nest, foraging galleries ramify to subsidiary nests. Queens are rather small and not frequently found. Supplementary queens, which replace normal queens, are not uncommon and seem to be produced rather easily. Physical damage: Attack on living trees is primary, independent of wounds or decay, and entry may be made through roots or above ground. When the treeis attacked above ground level its stem is encased in a thick crust of earth, the bark is eaten away, and thetermites penetrate to the heartwood which is often hollowed out and filled.with wood carton combs. Infestationcan result in tree death, particularly for young trees. Plant part affected: Flower D Fruit D Seed D Leaf D Stem • Root • Other • Detection/ diagnosis: Any termite infestationdiscovered in internationalcargo, crates or containers should be regarded as highly quarantinable. Identificationis based on morphology of soldiers and alates, but is complicated by the fact _ thatAustralia's several species of Coptotermes are in need of taxonomic revision. Options forresponse to detection: Offshore:The pest is already known offshore. Onshore: Eradication would be attempted if surveys show that the infestation is limited. Estimated risk: High. Theinsect is of economic importance throughout Asia, has attacked young eucalyptplantations, has the potential to be spread by internationaltrade, can disperse fromnests by flight of alates, and is difficultto distinguish fromindigenous speciesof Coptotermesin Australia. Quarantine status: Quarantinable � References: Browne (1968); Krishna and Weesner (1970)

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DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PESTS

6. Coptotermes formosanus Species: Coptotermes formosanus Author: Shirake Order: Isoptera Family: Rhinotermitidae Common name(s): Formosan termite Synonyms and changes in combination: Hosts: Feeds on many species of living plants including Eucalyptus, and a wide range of timber products. Distribution: China, Taiwan, Japan, Hawaii, Micronesia, Sri Lanka, South Africa, United States, Pakistan, Brazil Nearest known location to Australia: SouthernChina Economic damage: Recognised worldwide {IS an extremely destructive structural pest. Has caused considerable mortality of young Eucalyptus exserta trees in plantations in southern China (Guangdong Province). Has the potential to affect tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of Australia. Entry potential: Carried in infestedtimber or cargo. Has been spread throughout the world mainly through seaborne trade, for example in crates, pallets, shipping containers, and infested boats. Colonisation potential: High Spread potential: High Biology: Alate swarms occur in spring. Mated pairs make nests in wood in or on the ground, in tree stumps, posts or �: buildings. Colonies may be large(2-4 million individuals) and the gallery system extensive. Coptotermesformosanus commonly produces supplementary reproductives which can head new colonies 'budded off'from larger colonies. It is also able to constructand maintain above-ground nests withoutrequiring ground connection (hence the occurrence l of large viable colonies on board ships). Physical damage: Termites chew the root system and below-ground stem of young trees, often killing them. They are - _J verydestructive of timber and wood products. Plant part affected:Flower D Fruit D Seed D Leaf D Stem • Root • Other • Detection/ diagnosis: Any termite infestationsdiscovered in ships, internationalcargo, crates and containers should be regarded as highly quarantinable. Identificationis based on morphology of soldiers and alates but is complicated by the fact thatAustralia's several indigenous species of Coptotermesare in need of taxonomic revision. Options forresponse to detection: Offshore: The pest is already known offshoreand has a high quarantine profile. ] Onshore: Eradication would be attempted if surveys show that infestationis limited. In the past therehave been extensive surveys of port facilitiesin easternAustralia for this pest. Estimated risk: High. Theinsect is of economic importance worldwide, has attacked young eucalypt plantations, is readily spread by international trade, can infest ships or boats, can disperse from infested material by flight of alates, and is difficultto distinguish fromindigenous species of Coptotermesin Australia. s Quarantine status: Quarantinable �.]...·.t' References: Coaton and Sheasby (1976); Ebeling (1978)

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7. Helope/tis spp. Species: Helopeltis spp. Author: Order: Hemiptera Family: Miridae Common name(s): Mosquito bugs Synonyms and changes in combination: Hosts: Over 100 species of plants including major cash crops such as tea, cinchona and cocoa, as well as Eucalyptus spp. and Acacia mangium in Southeast Asia. Distribution: Sri Lanka, India, Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam,West Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Timor, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Philippines, Sabah, Papua New Guinea, Australia, West Africa, Singapore, Bhutan Nearest known location to Australia: Papua New Guinea and Timor Economic damage: Moderate to high. Principally agricultural/ horticultural pests but in parts of Indonesia have caused severe damage and growth loss to young plantations of eucalypts. Have the potential to affecttropical and subtropical regions of Australia. Entry potential: Carried in infestedfruit and other plant material; potential fornatural movement (wind, flight) through SE Asia to PNG and into Torres Strait. Colonisation potential: High Spread potential: High Biology: Eggs are embedded in plant tissue (eg. fruit, shoots, leaves) singly or in small groups. Incubation period is usually 6-11 days, and there are 5 nymphal instars generally lasting 9-19 days (up to 54 days in colder climates). Adults live forabout 30 days. Both adults and nymphs suck sap from plants. Physical damage: Typical feeding damage appears as a discoloured, necrotic area around the point of.entry of the bug's mouthparts. Tissue around the puncture is killed by the insect's salivary secretions and, where shoots and leaves are attacked, this results in wilt and tip dieback. Plant part affected: Flower D Fruit • Seed D Leaf • Stem • Root D . " Other • Detection/ diagnosis: Identification of adults based on morphology. Options forresponse to detection: Offshore: These pests are already known from neighbouring countries. Surveys are current in Queensland and parts of SE Asia to determine distribution and status of this pest group (and others)on eucalypts and acacias. This work is heightening the awareness of forest managers and protection specialists about forestinsect pest problems in theregion. Onshore: If species of H elopeltis other than the endemic H. claviferwere detected in Australiathen an eradication program would be considered because of the potential to damage both agricultural and tree crops. Estimated risk: Moderate to high. Tfie genus has high economic importance, is in close proximity to Australia (throughTorres Strait and Timor), has many hosts and can be carried in fruit or plant material, Quarantine status: Quarantinable References: Stonedahl (1991)

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8. Oxymagishorni Species: Oxymagis horni Author: (Heller) Order: Coleoptera Family: Cerambycidae Common name(s): Synonyms and changes in combination: Hosts: Has a wide host range including Eucalyptus deglupta, E. pellita, E. tereticornis, Paraserianthesfalcataria, Terminalia spp., Pometia pinnata, Gmelina moluccana. Distribution: Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea Nearest known location to Australia: Bougainville Economic damage: It is an important pest •.in eucalypt plantations in the Solomon Islands, particularly during establishment. Has the potential to affect tropicaland subtropical regions of Australia. Entry potential: Carriedas the immature stages in timber or wood products. Colonisation potential: Medium; suitable hosts and climate but dependent on relatively synchronised emergence and successful mating of at least one adult pair at entry location. Spread potential: High Biology: Eggs are laid singly in crevices in twigs, small branches or stems. The larvae hatch in 10-11 days and burrow -, into the wood. Tunnels may spiral 2-3 m down branches and stem. Holes are bored to the surface at intervals of about 10 cm to expel waste material. Pupation takes place in a chamber deeper in the wood. The lifecycle lasts -about six months. Physical damage: Larvae prune off branches and stems and this is particularly important when the tree is young. Tunnelling also greatly weakens the stems of smaller trees and wind break is common. _ __, Plant part affected: Flower D Fruit D Seed D Leaf D Stem • Root D Other • Detection/ diagnosis: Identificationis based on morphology of the adult. -1

Options forresponse to detection: '- _i Offshore: This insect is already known offshore. Onshore: An eradication attempt is unlikely both because of thedifficulty of distinguishing between the damage of this insect and that of Australia'smany indigenous longicoms witha branch pruning habit, and the logistics of dealing with a pest possibly in the crowns of large trees. Estimated risk: Medium. The insect has caused economic damage to young eucalypt plantations, is in close proximity to Australia,has a wide range of tree hosts, and has potential forassisted spread into Torres Strait. Quarantine status: Quarantinable J References: Bigger (1988)

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DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PESTS

9. strepsicrates rothia Species: Strepsicrates rothia Author: Meyrick Order: Lepidoptera Family: Tortricidae Common name(s): Synonyms and changes in combination: Spilonota rothia Hosts: Corymbia torelliana, Eucalyptus alba, E. camaldulensis, E. deglupta, E. multiflora,E. paniculata, E. propinqua, E. saligna, Mangifera indica, Syzygiumcuminii. Distribution: Sri Lanka, India, Mauritius, Nigeria, Pakistan, Malaysia Nearest known location to Australia: M�laysia Economic damage: Known as the most serious defoliator of E. deglupta in Sabah (Chey 1996), and has caused severe damage to nursery stock and seedlings in Nigeria (Browne 1968). Has the potential to affecttropical and subtropical regions of Australia. Entry potential: Carried in the immature stages (larva or pupa) on foliage of plants. Colonisation potential: High Spread potential: High Biology: Larvae web leaves together or rollleaves, particularly those on or near the shoot, and feedand pupate within this shelter. Thelarval stage lasts about 10 days, and the pupal stage about a week. Physical damage: Larvae roll and skeletonise new leaves which causes growth increment loss and sometimes multiple branching when thegrowing tip is injured. Plant part affected: Flower D Fruit D Seed D Leaf • Stem D Root D Other D Detection/ diagnosis: Identificationis based on the morphology of adults. Options forresponse to detection: Offshore: Surveys are currentin SE Asia to determine distribution and status of this and other pests on Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbiaspp .. Onshore: Eradication options are difficultto assess pending more informationon biology and behaviour of several indigenous species of Strepsicrates in Australia. Estimated risk: Medium. The insect is of increasing economic importance on eucalypt plantations in Asia, and there is potential forassisted and natural spread to near northernneighbours. Quarantine status: Quarantinable References: Browne (1968); Chey (1996)

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10. Zeuzera coffeae Species: Zeuzera coffeae Author: Nietner Order: Lepidoptera Family: Cossidae Common name(s): Red borer Synonyms and changes in combination: Zeuzera roricyanea Walker Hosts: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. deglupta, E. grandis, E. saligna, E. urophylla,and a wide range of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs including species of Casuarina, Flindersia, Grevillea, Melia, Swietenia, Tectona, Terminalia, and Toona. Distribution: Sri Lanka, India, Malaysia, Thaj1and, Myanmar, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia Nearest known location to Australia: Papua New Guinea and Indonesia Economic damage: Principally known as a major pest of coffee,tea and cocoa, but is reported to have ruined plantations of Eucalyptus deglupta in Malaysia and is an increasingly serious pest of young eucalypt plantations in Indonesia. Has the potential to affecttropical and subtropicalregions of Australia. Entry potential: Capable of being transported as an immature stage in young treeseedlings or fruit trees (eg. guava, citrus); potential fornatural movement (wind, flight). Colonisation potential: High .-, Spread potential: High Biology: Eggs are laid on the bark of small stems and branches. On hatching, a young larva may launch itself out on 1, a silken thread and be carried by wind for a considerable distance. A larva that settles on a suitable host bores in the cambium and in thecentre of .the stem or branch, cutting ejection holes through which the frassis pushed. Pupation -, occurs in the tunnel. The lifecycle is completed in 4-5 months and there are overlapping generations. Physical damage: Tunnelling by the larva may completely girdle the stem or branch and the plant dies back to this point. Small treesmay be killed outright. Infestedstems and branches may snap offin the wind. Plant part affected:Flower D Fruit D Seed D Leaf D Stem • Root • Other • _j Detection/diagnosis: Identificationof adults based on morphology. Options forresponse to detection: ,-r Offshore: This pest is already known close offshore in PNG and Indonesia. Onshore: An eradication program would be considered because of the potential of this insect to damage both J horticultural and treecrops. Estimated risk: High. The pest has caused economic damage to young eucalypt plantations, is in close proximity to Australia, can be carried in treeseedlings (including fruit trees) and potentially transported by people trafficin the north,and has larvae capable of 'ballooning''· on the wind. Quarantine status: Quarantinable References: Beeson (1961); Mieke (1994)

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Dossiers of Pathogens

A list of potential quarantine pathogens was prepared based on our experience of eucalypt pathogens and their status, world literature and the outcomes of the FAQ/ IPGRI workshop on Safe Movement of Eucalypt Germplasm, Bangkok, 1995 at which K.M. Old was a participant. This workshop was attended by leading forest pathologists fromseveral countries where eucalypts are major plantation crops, including Australia,Brazil, India, Thailand, China and Africa. There is close agreement between pathogens highlighted by the workshop and thosechosen fordevelopment of dossiers. Each dossier is adequately referenced as a ready source of information on the diseases and to indicate sources of expertise on theseveral pathogens in Australia and overseas.

Of the species chosen for dossiers, with a few exceptions (eg eucalypt rust, Sumatra disease, little leaf)the pathogens or closely related species are already listed as present in Australia,and could therefore be regarded as non-quarantinable. In some instances, however, the genera include pathogenic species which have not so far been identified in Australia, in others theirtaxonomic status is uncertain'or under review. In addition, some pathogens show a high level of pathogenic variationand a newly introduced strain could pose a threat equal to that of a newly introduced species. Such issues have been considered in development of the dossiers, especially with regard to assessment of risk and quarantine status. These assessments therefore can be regarded as being partially subjective and review may be necessary as knowledge of particular eucalypti pathogen interactions increases.

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1. Cryphonectria cubensis Species: Cryphonectria cubensis Author: (Bruner) Hodges Common name(s): Eucalyptus canker, Cryphonectria canker Synonyms and changes in combination: C. cubensis was first described as Diap orthe cubensis by Bruner (1917). Hodges (1980) questioned thegeneric affinity of D. cubensis, placing it in the genus Cryphonectria on the basis of the stromatic tissue, arrangement of the peritheciaand thepresence of septate ascospores. This placement has been supported by Micales and Stipes (1987) and is now generally accepted. Hodges et al. (1986) suggested that C. cubensis may be a pathogen of other Myrtaceae and showed thefungus to be conspecificwith Endothia eugen iae

(Nutman and Roberts) Reid and Booth, a pathogenof cloves (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry). Walker, Old and Murray (1985) provide a summary of thetaxonomy of Endothia and Cryphonectr ia spp. foundon eucalypts. Hosts: Myrtaceae including Eucalyptus and Syzygium spp. Distribution: C. cubensisis a widespread and important pathogen of plantation eucalypts in the tropics and subtropics. It has been recorded fromthese climatic zones in Surinam (Boerboom and Maas 1970); Brazil (Hodges and Reis 1974), Venezuela (Sharma etal. 1985), Cuba (Bruner 1917), Puerto Rico, Florida and Hawaii (Hodges etal. 1979), -, Trinidad and Western Samoa (Hodges 1980), Hong Kong, India and Cameroons (Sharma et al. 1985). The only records frommore temperate regions are from SouthAfrica (Gibson 1981, Conradie et al.·1990; Wingfield etal. 1989) and the south-westof WesternAustralia (Davison and Coates 1991). ·-ci Nearest known location to Australia: In Australia, C. cubensis has been recovered from root cankers of E. marginata �J in WesternAustralia (Davison and Coates, 1991) and was recently associated with cankers on stems and branches of the same species (Davison, personal communication). In the countries to the immediate north of Australia C. cubensishas been found on eucalypts with typical cankers in Indonesia (Sumatra,Alfenas personal communication; 1 South Kalimantan and Thailand, Old unpublished records). J Economic damage: The main economic effects of the disease are reduced growth rate ( Camargo et al. 1991 ), reduced coppicing (Barnardet al. 1987; Hodges and Reis 1976; Sharma et al. 1985), and increased mortality (Boerboom ' and Maas 1970; Hodges etal. 1979). Wood yield was significantlyreduced when cankers extended more than25% of the commercially useful stem length(Ferrari etal. 1984). Compared withnormal wood, cankered wood contains _J more extractives and lignin and is denser with shorter fibresand thinnercell walls (Foekkel etal. 1976); Although themain problem in processing wood fromaffected stands is theloss in pulp yield, increase in extractives adversely affectsbleaching. It was found possible to produce pulp of a quality similar to healthystands provided infestation c_-J.J levels were below 34%. Stands with more than50% of treesinfected were not recommended forpulping (Foekkel etal. 1981). Entry potential: Low, the fungus produces spores (both sexually and asexually) adapted to dispersal by rain splash ] and wind blown rain. There is no evidence forseed bornedispersal of thepathogen. Hodges et al. (1986) suggested that as the fungus is conspecific withE.'eug en iae, it may have been disseminated internationallyto most parts of the world on clove planting stock taken from one country to anotherby colonists and spice traders. This could explain the presence of C. cubensis in isolated locations such as Hawaii and American Samoa. As such trade in ] planting stock into Australia no longer occurs, there seems little chance of further introductions. The presence of the fungus in WesternAustralia is enigmatical as no records of the fungus exist in other parts of Australia. Colonisation potential: High colonisation potential in thehumid tropics. In Hawaii and American Samoa, the first ] rotation plantings of E. sa lign a (regarded as the most susceptible species) have been significantly affected by canker disease. In theMediterranean climate of WesternAustralia the relative scarcity of symptomatic treessuggests that the colonisation potential on native and introduced plantation species may be low. ] Spread potential: Spread appears to be favoured by high rainfall (2000mm+), high humidity throughout the year and temperatures which average 23°C or higher, and the presence of susceptible host species. Biology: There have been few studies of the biology of C. cubensis. The fungus has a similar etiology to the well known chestnut blight pathogen (C. parasitica), which it resembles in many ways. Infection is through wounds ] with natural growth cracks at the base of rapidly growing trees being a common avenue of entry. Other avenues include branch stubs where the pathogen gains entry through poorly occluded suppressed branches. If coppice rotations are practised (Barnardet al. 1987) the pathogen can grow frombasal cankers on stumps to attack newly j developed coppice stems. The most common infection propagules appear to differin different parts of the world. Ascospores and conidia are common in SouthAmerica, Thailand (Old, personal observations) and India (Sharma, Mohanan and Florence 1989). In Africa only conidia have been found (Wingfield, Swart and Abear 1989).

Page 38 CSIRO. Entomology �l Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

Physical damage: The main damage to affectedtrees is the presence of large basal cankers which can kill trees during the first 2-3 years of growth (the most common expression of disease in South Africa). On older trees extensive perennial cankers develop several metres in length up the bole of the tree. Under favourable climatic conditions with susceptible species or clones, up to 50% of stems in plantations have been killed (Alfenas,Jeng and Hubbes 1983). Cankers show death of phloem, cambium and sapwood with partial girdling of trees and copious flow of kino. Plant part affected: Main stems and coppice shoots. Detection/diagnosis: Basal cankers which can extend several metres up the stem. Occasional cankers are associated with lower branch stubs. Where stems have been girdled, trees may wilt and die suddenly during hot dry weather. Older trees which have survived initial infection often develop basal swellings and severe bark cracking. Bark associated with these lesions and lesion margins often bears very large numbers of sexual or asexual fruiting structures either on thebark surface or in fissures. These concentrations of fruiting bodies can be seen with the naked eye or a hand lens, bothperithecia and pycnidia may be produced. Perithecia form globose bases under the bark surface fromwhich the necks protrude, especially in humid weather. Conidia are produced within pycnidia which are often bornesuperficially on the bark. Long necks may protrude fromthese pycnidia and ooze masses of yellow conidia. Options for response to detection: Offshore: The status of C. cubensis as a pathogen of plantation eucalypts in countries to the north needs to be monitored as it could be a problem for hardwood initiatives based on eucalypts in sub-tropical Australia. Onshore: The status of C. cubensis as a pathogen of eucalypts in WesternAustralia (WA) needs further study, there appear to be no studies of the pathogenicity of the WA isolates on a range of eucalypts, and symptomology does not reflect overseas experience. In view of the isolated records of the pathogen in WA it would be appropriate to regard any detection in theeastern States as being a newly introduced pathogen. Note that if introduced to the humid tropics of northern Australia, native Syzygium spp. in addition to species of Eucalyptus and Corymbia could be at risk. Estimated risk: Medium Quarantine status: Should be regarded as a quarantinable disease due to the isolated nature of Australianrecords and the apparently atypical symptomology and etiology of the C. cubensis isolates in WA. References: Alfenaset al. (1983); Barnardet al. (1987); Boerboom and Maas (1970); Bruner (1917); Camargo et al. (1991); Conradie et al. (1990); Davison and Coates (1991); Ferrari et al. (1984); Foekkel et al. (1976); Foekkel et al. (1981); Gibson (1981); Hodges (1980); Hodges and Reis (1974); Hodges and Reis (1976); Hodges et al. (1979); Hodges et al. (1986); Micales and Stipes (1987); Sharma et al. (1989); Sharma et al. (1985); Walker et al. (1985); Wingfieldet al. (1989)

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2. Corticium salmonicolor Species: Corticium salmonicolor Author: Berkeley & Broome Common name(s): Pink disease Synonyms and changes in combination: C. salmonicolor is described in CMI Description No. 511 (Mordue and Gibson 1976). Synonyms include Phanerochaetesalmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Jiilich, P ellicularia salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Dastur, and Erythriciumsalmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burds. Hosts: Very wide host range, especially among tropicaland subtropicaltree and plantation crops including eucalypts, acacias, rubber, citrus and otherfruit trees. Distribution: Worldwide in thetropics and subtropics, eg Australia (on fruit trees, not recorded on eucalypts); New Zealand; southernJapan on citrus(Oniki et al. 1985); India on many hosts (Seth et al. 1978); Vietnam and Laos on rubber and acacias (Old, personal obseriations); Malaysia on rubber and acacias (Hilton 1958); Indonesia on rubber and acacias including Kalimantan (Hadi and Nuhamara 1997), Sumatra (Zulfiyah and Gales 1997), Papua New Guinea on cocoa, coffeeand tea (Muthappa 1987). Records of damage on eucalypts include India (Seth et al. 1978); Philippines (Soriano pers. comm.); Zambia (Shakacite pers. comm.); South Africa (Wingfield, pers. comm.); Costa Rica (Segura 1970); and Brazil (Ferreira and Alfenas1977). Nearest known location to Australia: Present in New South Wales as 'pink limb disease' on fruit trees (Penrose, 1987) and in Queensland (J. Alcornpers. comm.). Nearest neighbouring countries with records of significant pink disease on tree plantations are Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Economic damage: Most reports of C. salmonicolor causing significant damage come fromsouthern India (Sethet al. 1978, Sharma et al. 1984), althoughthe pathogen causes economic damage on many species of eucalypts in Brazil (Ferreira 1989) and has limited the use of some clones of E. grandisand hybrids in some regions of that country. In India, Seth et al.(1978) estimated losses to mortality in 5-11 year-old plantations of E. tereticornisat 55-96%. Entry potential: Low, fungus survives as a saprophyteon dead branches and fallen trees. The worldwide distributionof thedisease in thetropics suggests movement in earlier centuriespredating limits on movements of plants and woodymat erial. Colonisation potential: Moderate in humid climates. Records of the pathogen in NSW and Queensland have not been accompanied by infection of eucalypts but this may not give a true picture of the capacity of a future incursion of C. salmonicolor to infect forest trees. -, Spread potential: Spread very stronglyinfluenced by high rainfall, in India (2000mm+ ),in Brazil (1500mm+). Presence of established and poorly maintained plantations of fruitand rubber treesnear newly established plantations is seen as _J being a main factorin the spreadof disease. In acacia plantationsin southernSumatra, favoured by high stocking rates. Biology:C. salmonicolorformsfour distinct growthforms on stems and branches namely"cobweb", "pustule", "necator" and "pink encrustation". The latter gives the disease its common name and is the Corticium teleomorphic stage. Thenecator stage is conidial, being orange red in colour and bornemainly on theupper side of branches. The pink j encrusting hymenia (Corticium) occurs mostly on the underside of dead and dying branches (Seth et al. 1978). Physical damage: Main damage is the development of diffusecankers which kill the cambium and girdle branches -]_"_-_ causing shoot dieback. Thetrees often suffertop breakagein strong winds. J Plant part affected: Mainstems and branches. Detection/diagnosis: Brokentops and main branches occurringas discrete fociwithin the plantation in moderatelyaffected tl stands. Cobweb stage of early .infectionsvisible in humid conditions.Development of diffusecankers precedes furthers ymptoms, J thenecator stage andh ymenial encrustationsbeing veryobvious on dead and dying branchesof severelyaffected trees. Options for response to detection:

Offshore:Present offshore on eucalypts. Impacts on plantation eucalypts and acacias in the humid tropics need to ' be monitored. � Onshore: Plantation development in high rainfall areas of northern NSW and far north Queensland may create conditions suitable forpink disease to spread to eucalypts. Variation in thesusceptibility of species, provenances � and clones to disease has been observed in Brazil (Alfenas pers. comm.), and to phytotoxins produced in culture ---I by the fungusin India (Sharma et al. 1988). Estimated risk: Low Quarantine status: Not a quarantinable disease due to presence in Australia. Current regulations regarding import of -ji·;.·�- wood should provide an effectivebarrier. References: de Segura (1970); Ferreira (1989); Ferreiraand Alfenas (1977); Hadi and Nuhamara (1997); Hilton ( 1958); Mordue and Gibson (1976); Muthappa (1987); Oniki et al. (1985); Penrose (1987); Seth et al. (1978); Sharmaet al. (1988); Sharma et al. (1984); Zulfiyah and Gales (1997) J J Page 40 CSIRO, Entomology Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalvptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

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3. Cryptosporiopsis eucalypti Species: Cryptosporiopsis eucalypti Author: Sankaran and Sutton Common name(s): None Synonyms and changes in combination: None Hosts: Reported on E. microcorys,E. nicholii and E. globulus in easternAustralia, E. grandis and E. robustain Hawaii, E. grandis and Eucalyptus sp. in India (Sankaran, Sutton and Balasundaran 1995). Unpublished records of the pathogen on E. nitens, E. globulus, E. camphora, E. cinerea, E. cypellocarpa, E. viminalis and E. nova anglica in Japan (Old and Kobayashi), on E. camaldulensis in Vietnam and Thailand(Old, Yuan andPongpanich) and E. pellita and E. urophylla in northernQueensland (Old and Dudzinski). Distribution: Australia, India and Hawaii (Sankaran et al. 1995), Old and Dudzinski (unpubl. data), Japan, (Old and Kobayashi, as Cryptoclinesp. unpublished report 1985), Vietnam and Thailand(Old and Yuan 1994), a report from Brazil (Ciesla, Diekmann andPutter 1996) is questionable; New Zealand as Cryptosporiopsissp.(Forestry Research Working Group 7, unpubl. reports). Nearest known location to Australia: Present in northern Australiain native stands and plantations. Economic damage: Minor damage in native stands. Major damage due to leaf spot and shoot blight in E. camaldulensis plantations in SE Asia with occasional death of young trees. The capacity of this fungus to cause significant damage in eucalypt plantations has only been recently recognised through observations byPongpanich in Thailand and Old, Dudzinski and Yuan in Vietnam. Entry potential: Low although there is no information on whether this funguscould be seedborne. Its slow growth on artificialmedia would make its detection in seed samples difficult. Colonisation potential: High; fungusproduces vast numbers of spores on infectedleaves and further sporulation on infectedshoots. Conidiomata may persist on shed leaves and moribund shoots. Spread potential: High due to very large levels of inoculum production on pycnidia borne on thesurfa£e of affected leaves and shoots. Biology: Little is known regarding the biology of this pathogen. Infects leaves either through stomata or minor wounds. Leaf symptom development takes 4-7 days in artificial inoculations and typical lesions are produced at 24°C. At 32°C no symptoms were produced after one month (Sankaran et al. 1995). Physical damage: Leaf spots and blotches with eventual drying up and shedding of leaves. This can lead to almost complete defoliationin susceptible clones of E. camaldulensis. In some instances epidermal cells of leaf surfaces become extensively ruptured with sparse sporulation on the proliferated tissue. Shoot dieback can be extensive withdeath of individual branches and progressive invasion of themain stems fromthe terminal portion. Plant part affected: Leaves and shoots. Detection/diagnosis: Conidia are pro�uced on both surfaces of infectedleaves and on infected shoots borne within cup shaped conidiomata. Leaf spots are dark brown and irregularin shape withsome differencesin lesion morphology between species, or between individual trees.The extensive rupturing of the epidermis described above may not be characteristic of C. eucalypti infectionon all hosts but has been found commonly on E. camaldulensis. Conidiomata on leaves are slightly pigmented especially when desiccated. ·When moistened, conidiomata on leaves or stems form a cream coloured mass of spores. These spores are one celled, rarely two celled; ellipsoidal to elongate ellipsoid measuring 11-26 x 4.5-10 µm in size. Small, thin walled ovoid, one celled microconidia were foundin a collection fromAustralia (Sankaranet al. 1995) but this has not been foundin other isolates and may be atypical of the species. Growth in culture is relatively slow on potato dextrose agar with grey mycelium. For illustrations of diagnostic features see pages 27-29, Ciesla, Diekmann and Putter (1996). Options forresponse to detection: Offshore:The levels of damage reported on E. camaldulensis in SE Asia indicate that this is a serious pathogen of which little is known. Its geographical range which spans temperate and tropical regions suggests that there may be considerable variability in the pathogen and that offshore strains of the fungus may present a risk. Onshore: Pathogen reported fromQueensland, the report fromCanberra in Sankaran et al. (1995) may not indicate its true distributionin Australia. Estimated risk: Medium Quarantine status: Not a quarantinable disease. References: Ciesla et al. (1996); Old and Yuan (1994); Sankaran et al. (1995)

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DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PATHOGENS

4. Cylindrocladiumspp. ,- Species: Cylindrocladiumspp. In the most recent review of Cylindrocladium (including anamorphs of Calonectria), by Crous and Wingfield

(1994) 22 species are accepted. Of these, the following 12 species are listed as being pathogenic to eucalypts: r· ·,, C. candelabrum Viegas, C. clavatum Hodges & May, C. colhounii Peerally var colhounii, C. colhounii var macroconidialisCrous, Wingfieldand Alfenas,C.floridanum Sobers and Seymour, C. ilicicola (Hawley) Boedijn & Reitsma, C. ovatum El Gholl, Alfenas,Crous & Schubert, C. parasiticum Crous, Wingfield &Alfenas,C. pteridis Wolf, C. quinqueseptatum Boedijn & Reitsma, C. scoparium Morgan, C. spathulatum El-Gholl, Kimbrough, Barnard, Alfieri & Schoulties. C. theae (Petch) Subramanian. Authors: Listed above

C ' Common name(s): Cylindrocladium leaf blight (CLB) ) Synonyms and changes in combination: See Crous and Wingfield 1994 Hosts: Most species have a wide to verywide host range including woody and herbaceous species and cause a variety

of diseases including root disease, seedling blight, leafspots, shoot blight and stem dieback. • l Distribution: C. candelabrum: Australia,Brazil, India, Kenya, Mauritius, South Africa. C. clavatum: Brazil, Cariada,In�ia, Mauritius, South Africa. C. colhounii var colhounii: Australia, India, Indonesia, Mauritius, Colombia, USA. C. colhounii var macroconidialii:South Africa. - i ' C.floridanum:Brazil, Canada, USA; Germany, Japan,fudia, New '.Zealand,Great Britain, Malaysi a,Mauritius,Sri Lanka • ...J C. ilicicola: Brazil, Europe, India, USA. C. ovatum: Brazil. -1 C. parasiticum: Widely distributed, including Australia. C. pteridis: Africa, Brazil, USA; _j C. quinqueseptatum: Australia, BrazB, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Mauritius,Sri Lanka, Thailand,

Vietnam,Madagascar, Papua New.Guinea. · 1I I C. scoparium: reportedfrom many countrieswo rldwide including Australia,transfer to C. candelabrumofsome South • .J Africanand Brazilian isolatesmay indicate thatC. scoparium is less widely distributedthan previously thought. C. theae: Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, Florida, Mauritius ·1 Nearest known location to Australia: See above for distributions of Cylindrocladium spp .. I J Economic damage: Cause a variety of diseases including serious nursery diseases, damping off, seedling blights requiring remedial measures (Sharma, Mohanan and Florence 1984; Ferreira 1994; Crous et al. 1991) also severe leaf spots and shoot blightafter plantation establishment(Sharma and Mohanan 1982; Bolland et al. 1985). Different species of Cylindrocladiumare of importance as plant pathogens in differentregions of the world (see distribution J lists above). A review qf worldwide records was prepared by Crous et al. (1991) with a focus.on potential for damage in SouthAfrican.nurseries. In India, although nine Cylindrocladiumspp. have been foundassociated with disease of eucalypts, the four most important in nurseries and plantations are C. quinqueseptatum, C. ilicola, C. clavatum and C. theae (Mohanan and Sharma, 1986). In south-east Asia C. quinqueseptatum is the species most often associated with significant leaf and shoot blight of plantation-grown eucalypts, In Brazil, C. clavatum, C. scoparium and C. pteridis are important nursery and plantation pathogenswith screening forresistance practised -hl (Blum et al. 1992). Here in Australia, apart fromoccasional problems in nurseries, the major epidemics have been \_� caused by C. quinqueseptatum in northernQueensland (Bolland et al. 1985). Entry potential: Cylindrocladiumspp. are generally regarded as being soil or litter bornepathogens in thefirst instance -i with local spread by splash-dispersed wind borneconidia once an epidemic is established. Thereis a possibility for L] seed to be contaminated with inoculum. Rattan et al. ( 1983) recorded 1 % contamination of Eucalyptus hybrid seed with C. clavatum. ,. Colonisation potential: Once introduced, colonisation potential is high with a wide range of hosts being susceptible to 1__:;- infection from airborne inoculum and Cylindrocladium spp. able to persist in soil and infect plant material by . m' means of mycelia, microsclerotia and chlamydospores. Spread potential: High through splash dispersed conidia within plantations of susceptible hosts. As Cylindrocladium . spp. are common nursery pathogens, long distancedispersal can occur through shipping of infected seedlings to l_ � new areas. Biology: The species discussed here occur in soil and litter and on susceptible hosts. A wide range of propagules are produced, including septate conidia, chlamydospores and microsclerotia, and occasionally the Calonectria J 'J ,J Page 42 CSIRO. Entomology

·1 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

teleomorphs which are often brightly coloured red, yellow, orange or brown (Crous and Wingfield 1994). There is some evidence for pathogenic specialisation(Sharma and Mohanan 1991) but the significanceof this with respect to selection for resistant trees or importance forquarantine is not known. Plant part affected: Pre or post emergence seedling blight and root disease in nurseries. Leaf spots, shoot blight and stem cankers in plantations. Plantation treessubjected to repeated infections and defoliation suffercrown dieback multi-stemmed form. Secondary canker fungi invade severely affected trees which canbe killed. Detection/diagnosis: On eucalypt leaves, large spreading lesions with dark or water soaked margin, profuseand rapid sporulation in moist conditions. Young shoots are infectedby discrete dark or reddish brown spots which coalesce and girdle the shoot. Tufts of white conidiophores can sometimes be seen with the naked eye on diseased shoots. The pathogens sporulate readily in culture producing hyaline septate conidia. Artificiallyinoculated plants develop leaf spots in 2-4 days. Options for response to detection: Offshore:Several of these pathogens are present in countries in the NAQS region and cause significant disease. Contacts with pathologists and participation in surveys of impacts of disease in commercial plantations in south�eastAsian countries is providing useful informationon species of importance and their potential impacts. Onshore: Many of these pathogens have been recorded in Australia on eucalypts ,and other hosts. Resistance of eucalypt species and provenances to Cylindrocladium leaf blight in Vietnam is being compared to the susceptibility of these provenances to Australian isolates of C. quinqueseptatum. Estimated risk: Low risk unless research shows large differencesin pathogenicity of C. quinqueseptatumjsolates in Vietnam compared to Australian isolates of the fungus. Potential forseed borne phase of these fungi should be examined, although they do not show up in routine screening of seed .samples at CSIRO Australian Tree Seed Centre. Quarantine status: Not quarantinable References: Blum et al. (1992); Bolland et al. (1985); Crous et al. (1991); Crous and Wingfield (1994); Ferreira (1994); Mohanan and Sharma (1986); Rattan et al. (1983); Sharma and Mohanan (1982); Sharma andMohanan (1991); Sharma et al. (1984)

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DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PATHOGENS

5. Endothia gyrosa Species: Endothia gyrosa Author: (Schwinn ex Fries) Fries Common name(s): None Synonyms and changes in combination: None Hosts: Many Eucalyptus spp., in native stands and plantations in easternAustralia. Found in Australiainitially on E. saligna Sm. (Walker, Old and Murray 1985), but later on a large number of eucalypt species (Old et al. 1990; Yuan and Mohammed 1997). In WesternAustralia only theEndothiella anamorph has been foundon several eucalypts (Davison and Tay 1983). Occurs on E. grandis, E. nitens and E. urop hylla and hybrids of E. grandis with E. urophylla and E. camaldulensis in SouthAfrica. Records in India include Corymbiato relliana, E. te reticornisand E. deglupta. Non-eucalypt hosts in NorthAmerica include Liquidambar formosana Hance, Castanea spp., Acer sacc harinum L., and a wide range of Quercus spp. (Roane et al. 1974). Distribution: Australia (Walker et al. 1985), North America (Roane et a/. 1974), South Africa (van der Westhuizen et al. 1993). India (Sharma, Mohanan and Florence 1985) Portugal (Spaulding 1961), Germany, Italy, Spain, China, Sri Lanka; Philippines and New Zealand (Snow, Beland and Czabator 1975). Nearest known location to Australia: Present in easternAustralia including Tasmania andthe south west of Western Australia; Nearest offshorerecord is in New Zealand. Economic damage: Minor damage in native stands, except where trees.are stressed by drought or insect defoliation (Old et al. 1990). Some reports of significant damage in plantations in SouthAfrica (van der Westhuizen et al. -�' 1993) and in northernTasmania (Wardlaw, unpublished report). Entry potential: Low, not regarded as being seedborne. Origin of fungus in Australia not known. May have been introducedbefore quarantine controls on planting material. Colonisation potential: High; fungus readily colonises wounds on stems and branches and can persist and sporulate .__J around small lesions on otherwise healthy trees. In a wounding study in mixed species eucalypt stands in East '! Gippsland, E. gyrosa was a frequentprimary wound coloniser and was associated with discolouration of sapwood forseveral years after wounding. Spread potential: High, due to very large levels of inoculum production on perithecia and or pycnidia erumpent on the surface of affectedbranches. E. gyrosa has been consistently isolated fromcankers of plantation and nativeeucalypts in southernAustralia. 'l Biology: A wound pathogen isolated commonly froma variety of canker lesions on a wide range of Eucalyptus spp. in both forestsand woodlands. The fungus occurs as a sapwood coloniser in asymptomatic treesand is also associated with severe cankers on stems of stressed trees. It is commonly associated with major cankers and crown dieback of treesin rural areas affected by the rural dieback syndrome common in tablelands of easternAustralia (Old et al. ] 1990). Thefungus produces peritheciavery commonly in SE Australia but only the anamorph has been found in WesternAustralia. Both ascospores and conidia can initiate cankers if introducedinto wounds (Yuan and Mohammed (Quercus palustris) 1998). The fungus caused severe cankers and dieback of pin oak and Formosan sweetgum LlJrr (Liquidambar formosana) (Snow, Beland and Czabator 1974). Physical damage: Stem and branch cankers of variable severity which can girdle branche& and even kill large trees. r �,_'_; Inoculation of vigorous saplings can give rise to small lesions which quickly heal. ; \T �, Plant part affected:Stem and branch cankers and associated crown dieback. Detection/diagnosis: Fungus formsorange stromaticstructures erumpent on thesurface of affected stemseither on dead barkover thecanker or adjacent tothe canker margin. Conidia arevery small (2-4 x 1 µm), and slightly curved in shape. Perithecia are immersed in well developed stromata, with elongated black necks visible at the stromatal surface or ,,L] slightly protruding. Ascospores are cylindrical or allantoid (sausage shaped) unicellular 7-l 1 x 1.5-2.0 µm in dimensions. Options forresponse to detection: E. grandis Offshore: The reports that some clones of in SouthAfrica are particularly susceptible to thispathogen '- � need to be monitored as plantation forestryin Australia may adopt clonal methodsfor some species. -!; Onshore: Pathogenwidely distributed already in southernAustralia. Estimated risk: Low ;j l_- �"--_'i Quarantine status: Not a quarantinable disease. References:Davidson and Tay (1983); Old etal. (1990); Roane et al. (1974); Sharma et al. (1985); Snow etal. (1974); Snow etal. (1975); Spaulding (1961); van der Westhuizen etal. (1993); Walker etal. (1985); Yuan and Mohammed (1998), Yuan and Mohammed (1997)

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DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PATHOGENS

6. Kirramycesspp. Species: Kirramyces spp. Four Kirramyces spp. have been recognised so far on eucalypts: Kirramyces epicoccoides (Cooke and Massee) J Walker, B Sutton and I Pascoe; Kirramyces eucalypti (Cooke and Massee) J Walker, B Sutton and I Pascoe; Kirramyces lilianiae (Cooke and Massee) J Walker, B Sutton and I Pascoe (Walker, Sutton and Pascoe 1992); Kirramyces destructans Wingfield and Crous (Wingfield,Crous and Boden 1996) Authors: Listed above Common name(s): Leaf spot Synonyms and changes in combination: Cited in detail in Walker, Sutton and Pascoe (1992) and in Crous, Ferreira and Sutton (1997) which resurrects tht name Phaeophleospora for Kirramyces spp., and in a recent article by Crous and Wingfield(1997) in which the teleomorph of K. epicoccoides (Phaeophleospora epicoccoides) is described as Mycosphaerella suttoniae Crous & Wingfield. Kirramycesepicoccoides: Phaeophleospora epicoccoides (Cooke and Massee) Crous, FA Ferreira and B Sutton Cercospora epicoccoides Cooke and Massee apud Cooke Hendersonia grandispora McAlp. Phaeoseptoria eucalypti Hansf. Phaeoseptoria luzanensis T Kobayashi

Kirramyces eucalypti: Phaeophleospora eucalypti (Cooke and Massee) Crous, FA Ferreira & B. Sutton Cercospora eucalypti Cooke and Massee apud Cooke Pseudocercospora eucalypti (Cooke and Massee) Guo & Liu Septoria pulcherrima Gadgil and Dick Stagonospora pulcherrima (Gadgil and Dick) Swart Hosts: K. epicoccoides; twenty-six species listed by Walker, Sutton and Pascoe (1992), including Eucalyptus and Corymbia spp., and 35 species listed by Sankaran, Sutton and Minter (1995). K. eucalypti; thirteen specieslisted by Walker et al. (1992), eucalypts in the subgenus Symphyomyrtus only. Sankaran, Sutton and Minter (1995) listed 60 hosts encompassing Symphyomyrtus, Monocalyptus and Corymbia. K. lilianiae; found so far only on Corymbiaeximia (Walker et al. 1992). K. destructans; foundso far only on E. grandis (Wingfield, Crous and Boden 1996). Distribution: K. epicoccoides; widely distributed in most parts of the world where eucalypts .are grown, including Africa, South America, Australia, India, SE Asia, Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, New Zealand. K. eucalypti; records from Australia'and New Zealand, SouthAmerica, South Africa, India, Taiwan and Italy. K. destructans; recently described by Wingfield et al. (1996) from Sumatra. Nearest known location to Australia: Of the fourspp. of Kirramyces on eucalypts only K. destructans is not known to occur in Australia. This may reflectits recent separation as a new taxon. Theauthors speculated that it may have been introducedfrom Australia or fromeastern Indonesia where eucalypts are indigenous. Economic damage: K. epicoccoides is common in the lower crown of trees and can cause significant defoliation of seedlings in nurseries (Sharma and Mohanan 1981). It can cause severe infection of younger leaves of some E. grandis clones in South Africa and stressed trees seem to be somewhat more susceptible (Crous, Knox-Davies and Wingfield 1989; Knipscheer, Wingfield and Swart 1990). K. eucalypti is less well known but is similar in its impacts to K. epicoccoides. Degree of premature defoliationwill influence the impacts on tree growth. Infectioncan be associated with severe leaf damage which can extend well up into the crown of young trees but little information is available on the economic damage caused by the fungus. K. destructans, as implied by its name Wingfield et al. (1996) foundthis newly described fungus to cause severe damage to young E. grandis, however no inoculation studies have been carried out. It appeared to be far more damaging than K. epicoccoides which occurred on the same trees. K. lilianiae need not be further considered here. Entry potential: High. Kirramyces spp. apparently specific to eucalypts have spread worldwide in the past, possibly on seed or associated trash although there is no evidence of seed transmission. Colonisation potential: Very high once introduced into areas where eucalypts are cultivated.

CSIRO, Entomology Page 45 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

Spread potential: Very high as very large amounts of inoculum are borne on leaves. Survival on fallen leaves and subsequent splash dispersal of spores is also likely in humid environments. Stressed trees may be more susceptible to infection, and young trees may exhibit lower crowns with the characteristic purplish discolouration associated with lesions caused by K. epicoccoides. Kirramyces spp. are common nursery pathogens and can be spread in infected planting stock. Biology: All species infectfoliage especially on the lower parts of the crown. K. epicoccoides sporulates primarily on the lower surface of the leaves and produces black cirri(aggregated columns of spores) with very large numbers of conidia adhering together. K. eucalypti sporulates on both leaf surfaces and forms dense clusters of small dark pycnidia. K. destructans forms subcircular leaf spots or leaf blight symptoms with elongate black cirri exuded onto theleaf surface. Physical damage: Leaf spots, leaf blight, shoot blight (K. destructans) and premature defoliationespecially of seedlings and young trees. Plant part affected: Foliage Detection/diagnosis: Detection on the basis of leaf spot symptoms, which vary with the species of Kirramyces. K. epicoccoides typically formsbrownish iesions with reddish or purple margins sporulating by scattered pycnidia on theunderside of leaves fromwhich extend black cirri. K. eucalypti formsirregular shaped necrotic lesions with dense clusters of pycnidia. Further diagnosis is on the basis of conidial morphology, especially pigmentation, ,-, number of septa and the presence of rough walls (K. epicoccoides) and conidiogenous cells. Options forresponse to detection: Offshore:Need forfurther information on the impacts of K. destructans on a range of eucalypt spp. in Indonesian plantations, and comparison with AustralianKirramyces spp. 'l Onshore: Need to monitor incidence and impacts of Kirramyces spp., especially on plantation grown eucalypts where stressor the choice of species, provenances or clones may favourimpacts by this genus of eucalypt pathogens. _J

Estimated risk: Medium -- � Quarantine status: K. destructans should be treatedas a quarantinable pathogen until more is known of its geographical distribution, relationship to Australian Kirramyces spp. and its capacity to cause disease on a range of eucalypt _J species. Note that the taxonomy of this group of fungiis complex and new species and combinations are appearing ---i regularly in the literature. i References: Crous et al. (1989); Crous et al. (1997); Crous and Wingfield (1997); Knipscheer et al. (1990); Sankaran et al. (1995); Sharma and Mohanan (1981); Walker et al. (1992); Wingfieldet al. (1996) _J

-71 I _J

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DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PATHOGENS

7. Mycosphaerellaspp. Species: Mycosphaerella spp. A recent listing ofMycosphaerella spp. on eucalypts (Dudzinski unpubl.) included 27 spp. and new taxa are regularly described in the literature. This dossier will focus on M. nubilosa (Cooke) Hansf. and M. cryptica (Cooke) Hansf. which have until recently been regarded as causing most outbreaks of Mycosphaerella leaf disease both inAustralia and other parts of theworld. Mention will also be made of several Mycosphaerella spp. recently described or newly collected in South Africa, Brazil and Indonesia. The latter include: M. heimii Crous M. gracilis Crous and Alfenas M. parkii Crous, Wingfield,Ferreira �d Alfenas M. suberosa Crous, Ferreira, Alfenasand Wingfield M. suttoniae Crous and Wingfield Authors: See above Common name(s): Mycosphaerella leaf spot, mycosphaerella leaf blotch Synonyms and changes in combination: The genus Mycosphaerella on eucalypts has not been clearly defined and may actually represent several distinct genera. This possibility is supported by the wide range of anamorphic states (asexual spore types) which have been associated with differentMycosphaerella species including Colletogloeum, Colletogloeopsis, Phaeophleospora, Pseudocercospora, Sonderhenia, Stagonospora, Stene/la and Uwebraunia. Significantchanges in combinations and association of anamorphs with Mycosphaerella include: the reinstatement of M. nubilosa and M. molleriana as separate taxa on the basis of growth rate in culture, ascospore shape and production of the anamorph in culture by M. molleriana (Crous and Wingfield 1996); theassociation of the newly described M. suttoniae with Phaeophleospora epicoccoides (syn. Kirrainyces epicoccoides). Recent descriptions of 10 Mycosphaerella spp., their synonyms, anamorphs and hosts are provided in Set 124 IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria (1995), and for species occurring in South Africa by Crous and Wingfield(1996). Hosts: It is likely that all species of eucalypts can be infected by one or more species of Mycosphaerella. Crous, Carnegieand Keane (1995a) list more than 50 hosts for M. cryptica across all subgenera of Eucalyptus; juvenile, intermediate and adult foliage are all susceptible to infection. Twenty-two host species are listed by the same authors (Crous et al. 1995b) forM. molleriana (regarded as syn. M. nubilosa). All hosts of thisfungus fallwithin the subgenus Symphyomyrtus and only juvenile and intermediate foliage are susceptible. Host records forfungi collected inAustralia often include several to many species whereas overseas records of Mycosphaerella on plantation eucalypts are sometimes restricted to a single tree species. This may reflect thelimited range of Eucalyptus spp. present in exotic plantations rather than host specificity. Distribution: Mycosphaerella spp. have been recorded on eucalypts in all States and forested regions of Australia althoughthe knowledge of thespecies present and their impacts on tree healthis incomplete (Carnegie,Keane and Podger 1997). These pathogens are also present in virtually all countries where significant eucalypt plantations have been established. Crous and Wingfield (1996) have attempted to determine the range of species present in southernAfrica and a complex picture has emerged with no less than6 new species being recently described (Crous and Wingfield1996; 1997). They speculate thatas many species are not known within the native range of Eucalyptus, adaptation may have taken place frompathogens present on native plants, probably Myrtaceae. There is particular interest in species described fromBrazil, M. parkii (Crous et al. 1993a), M. suberosa (Crous et al. 1993b), and Indonesia. The latter includeM. heimii andM. gracilis (Crous and Wingfield 1996; Crous andAlfenas1995). Both M. parkii and M. suberosa have also been collected in Indonesia. The recent identification of M. suberosa in WesternAustralia (Carnegieet al. 1997) suggests that this fungus is likely to have originated in Australia. Fungi in this group have shown a remarkable capacity for international movement. For example, M. marksii a species first described in Australia (Carnegie and Keane 1994), was found in 1995 causing a leaf spot on E. camaldulensis in Vietnam and has established in plantations in the area to the west of Hanoi. Nearest known location to Australia: There are several species not recorded in Australia, but present in Indonesia including M. gracilis, M. heimii and M. parkii. Collections have been generally made in Northern Sumatra in the Lake Toba area where eucalypt plantations are being established on a significant scale. The capacity of these fungi to cause serious disease is not established. Economic damage: There have been several studies of the impacts of infection by Mycosphaerella spp. in native forests (Park 1988) and plantations of E. globulus and E. nitens in south-easternAustralia (Carnegie et al. 1994;

CSIRO. Entomology Page 47 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

Dungey et al. 1997) and in South Africa(Lundquist and Purnell1987). Defoliationof the juvenile crown of these species of greater than25% results in reduction of growth rate. Severe infection of adult and juvenile foliage by M. cryptica (Dick and Gadgil 1983) can also markedly affect the form of young trees. Dungey et al. (1997) suggested that some of the perceived benefits conferred by the prolonged juvenile leaf stage shown by some provenances of E. nitens (Beadle et al. 1989) could be reduced by the susceptibility of such foliageto M. nubilosa. Entry potential: Althoughthere is no direct evidence that Mycosphaerella spp. attacking eucalypts are seed borne,the remarkably wide distribution of several species of this genus in countries where eucalypts are grown as exotics suggests that movement in seed as endophytes or as persistent fruiting structureson leaf debris may occur. There is no direct evidence that Mycosphaerella spp. on eucalypts can infect other hosts including Myrtaceae. Their generally poor ability to grow and formrecognisable fruiting structures on artificialmedia makes it unlikely that they would be detected in routine seed health testing. In view of the demand for native provenance germplasm and improved genotypes of eucalyptus in many parts of the world, there is a significantpotential forcontinued international spread of these pathogens. Colonisation potential: Very high once h�st trees are infected as very high inoculum loads are produced on infectedleaves. Spread potential: Very high. Epidemics in plantations are characterised by a build up of inoculum during favourable climatic conditions, and virtually every treein thestand is exposed to airborne,and splash dispersed spores. Several --� species produce both conidia and ascospores on infectedleaves. Biology: Most work has been carried out with M. nubilosa and M cryptica (Park and Keane 1982; Park and Keane 1987). Severity of epidemics is affected by the age of the host, phenology and seasonal differences in rainfall. There are major differencesbetween epidemic cycles of differentspecies even on the same host. For example Park -1 (1988) found that although M. crypticacompleted several generations during each epidemic through formation of conidia and secondary ascospores, M. nubilosa on the other hand showed a lag in symptom development of 4-5 monthsafter initial infection of newly formedleaves to epidemic disease levels in expanded foliage. Physical damage: Infecfed leaves develop spots and blotches, their severity depending on the pathogen species and the susceptibility of the host. In highly susceptible interactions, large lesions develop often with crinkling of the -J leaf. Affectedtrees sufferpremature defoliation. Severedisease can cause stunting of trees. Plant part affected: Foliage with limited infection of shoot tissue in very severe infections. -1 Detection/diagnosis: Characteristic necrotic spots and blotches of variable size and shape from a fewmillimetres to several centimetres in diameter, depending on the fungus/host combination . Lesions can be straw-coloured, brown in colour or variable in colour with reddish pigmentation. The leaf may be crinkled or lesions may have a corky -1 surface (M. suberosa). Small pigmented pseudotheciaare embedded in thelesion either singly scattered or aggregated. I - j Identification is difficult for the non-specialist, for example germination patterns of ascospores are increasingly used to identify species of thisgenus. Options for response to detection: Offshore: The identity and impacts of fungi of this group present on plantation eucalypts overseas, especially in Indonesia, need to be carefully monitored as severalrecently described species have not been foundin Australia. Onshore: Thereis a need to maintain expertise with this important group of pathogens and continue to develop a -� comprehensive knowledge of Australianspecies as a prerequisite to assessing risks fromincursions. Knowledge I of possible endophytic and or seed bornephases of growth of significant pathogenic species is needed to explain how this highly specialised group has become so widely distributed in countries lacking Eucalyptus in their flora, and to assess risks involved in the importation of vegetatively propagated germplasm. Estimated risk: Medium -,I Quarantine status: Quarantinable References: Beadle et al. (1989); Carnegie et al. (1994); Carnegie et al. (1997); Crous and Alfenas(1995); Crous and Wingfield (1996); Crous and Wingfield (1997); Crous et al. (1993a), Crous et al. (1993b); Crous et al. (1995a); ] Crous et al. (1995b); Dick and Gadgil (1983); Dungey et al. (1997); Lundquist and Purnell (1987); Park (1988) Park and Keane (1982); Park and Keane (1987) ]

j!

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8. Phytophthora spp. Species: Phytophthora spp. Species of Phytophthora listed as being recorded on eucalypts by Sankaran, Sutton and Minter (1995) include: P. boehmeriae Sawada P. cactorum (Leb. & Cohn) Shroet. P. cinnamomi Rands P. citricola Sawada P. drechsleri Tucker P. heveae Thompson P. nicotianae Breda de Haan P. parasitica Dastur In addition: P. cryptogea Pethybridge and Lafferty(Some authors regard this tax.on as a synonym of P. drechsleri) Eucalypts have also been shown to be susceptible to several other Phytophthora spp. (Irwin and Ribeiro 1996). Authors: See above. Common name(s): P. cinnamomi is sometimes referredto as the 'cinnamon fungus'. The disease in the jarrah forest of WA which causes death of trees and understorey species is called, 'jarrah dieback'. A generic term foreucalypt disease caused by this group of fungi is 'phytophthoraroot disease'. Synonyms and changes in combination: Identification of most Phytophthora spp. is based on the key of Waterhouse (1963). Although commonly referredto as 'fungi'this group now belongs to Chromista, more closely related to the brown algae (Irwin and Ribeiro 1996). Hosts: Phytophthora spp. attacking eucalypts are characterised by having wide host ranges, especially among woody hosts and including many species of trees, shrubs and woody perennials, ornamentals and crop plants. The best known and most damaging pathogen of eucalypts on Australia-wide and world-wide bases is P. cinnamomi, which has several hundred recorded hosts, especially in Western Australia (WA) where major and severe impacts on native vegetation have occurred during the last half century (Podger 1972). In view of the internationalimportance of this pathogen the dossier will focuson P. cinnamomi unless otherwise stated. Distribution: Worldwide in many tropical, warm temperate and mediterranean climatic zones including Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Japan, Hawaii, USA, South Africa, Spain, France, Italy. Although the A2 mating strainof thefungus is very widely distributed, theAl strain has been isolated in only a few countriesincluding Australia,South Africa, PNG, California,Taiwan and Japan. Nearest known location to Australia: Present in easternAustralia from north Queensland to Victoria and Tasmania, southernSouth Australia and the south west of WA. Nearest location overseas is PNG (Arentz and Simpson 1986). Economic damage: Has caused severe damage to native vegetation in Australiaincluding the jarrahforests of Western Australia and lowland and foothill �h, stringy bark and mixed eucalypt forests of eastern and central Gippsland, Brisbane Ranges, and Grampian nationalparks in Victoria Economic losses in the jarrahforest arise from tree death, impacts on forestrypractices, including quarantineof vulnerable areasof forest,hygiene meas uresincluding thewashing of forestryand mining machinery and therehabilitation of Phytophthora-infested mining areas and adjacent forest. P. cinnamomi is a major problem in forestnurseries but has not been a significant pathogen of eucalypt plantations in Australiaor overseas as the species most widely planted areof thesubgenus Symphyomyrtus and relativelyresistant to disease. Entry potential: Low, however there is a risk of introduction of soil and plants across the straits fromPNG. Movement of mining equipment fromPNG to Australia and vice versa could result in transfer of Phytophthora species between countries. Old et al. (1984) showed that genetic variability in Al isolates of P. cinnamomi from PNG was much greater thanAl and A2 isolates fromAustralia. This indicates that although the fungus is widely present in Australia there is a potential for incursion by new, perhaps highly virulent strains of the fungus from PNG. There is circumstantial evidence of aPhytophthora introduction in the past. The isoenzyme genotype of an Al Phytophthora, resembling P. cryptogeaassociated with an outbreak of root disease in E. tetrodonta at Nhulunbuy in the Northern territory was very similar to that of twenty isolates from PNG supplied by Dr Franz Arentz (Old and Dudzinski, unpubl.). The isozyme characteristics of this fungus were unlike other isolates of Phytophthora collected from native vegetation and cultivated crops in many parts of Australia. Arentz (1986) has provided a key to Phytophthora spp. present in PNG with notes on their distribution and morphology. Colonisation potential: Phytophthora spp., especially P. cinnamomi have shown a remarkable capacity to colonise native vegetation and nurseries of foresttrees and woody ornamentals in many parts of Australia.

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Spread potential: Moderate in thefield, as Phytophthora spp. attacking eucalypts are disseminated in soil and infected plant debris, usually through transportof such material on wheeled or tracked vehicles although hiking trails have been associated withthe spread of disease, especially in national parks in WA and Tasmania. There is also evidence formovement of inoculum by feralpigs and native animals. Movement over short distances can be in soil water by means of swimming zoospores. Phytophthoraspp. are readily moved over long distances in asymptomatic infected planting material from nurseries. Biology: The biology of P. cinnamomi has been thoroughly studied and is the subject of many reviews (Zentmyer 1980; Irwin and Ribeiro 1996). Of particular interest in the quarantine context is the ability of the fungus to produce a range of spore types adapted for dispersal in water (motile zoospores released from papillate ovoid sporangia) and survival in soil and plant debris (encysted zoospores, chlamydospores and mycelium). Thus the fungus can be introducedinto new regions by infected plants,plant debris and soil. There is evidence for pathogenic variability in P. cinnamomi. Physical damage: P. cinnamomi infects fineroots, lateral roots, tree collar and can produce basal cankers with stem girdling and treedeath. The fungus attacks.cortex, phloem and cambial tissues in roots and stems causing necrosis. Plants may sufferdieback or total death. Plant part affected:Roots, lignotubers and basal portions of the stem of susceptible hosts. Detection/diagnosis: For P. cinnamomi, dieback of larger trees with epicormic shoot production and crown decline. '---, In younger trees and in some sites in older trees, foliar wilting and death with massive invasion of lateral roots, infection of stem bases and lignotubers and rapid tree death. In native forest deathof understorey species, especially highly susceptible Proteaceae, eg Banksia spp. can indicate the presence of Phytophthora. Diagnosis requires the isolation of Phytophthora spp. from host tissue and from soil associated with diseased roots. Highly selective 'l ' media assist isolation (Ribeiro 1978) and available methods are very successful in isolating a range of Phytophthora I - _J spp. from both infected plant tissue and soil. Once isolated, identification is commonly on the basis of the key of i Waterhouse (1963). Formation of sexual spores in culture can be achieved by mating isolates with tester strains of -1 known mating typeon V8 juice agar. Options forresponse to detection: _ __J Offshore:Information regarding the range of species of Phytophthora present in countries to the north such as that -, supplied by Arentz (1986) for PNG is usefuland requires to be updated. I

Onshore: Further information is needed on the relative importance of Phytophthora spp. as pathogens in native - _J vegetation and outbreaks on plantation trees should be closely monitored. Estimated risk: Medium. P. cinnamomi is listed by EPPO as a major quarantine risk and was included by FAO as a pathogenof internationalimportance (Hepting 1964). Although thisgroup of fungi is well established in Australia introductions of new variants could increase the impacts on native forests and plantations. Quarantine status: Quarantinable et al. References: Arentz (1984); Arentz and Simpson (1986); Hepting (1964); Irwin and Ribeiro (1996) Old (1984); ' Podger (1972); Ribeiro (1978); Waterhouse (1963); Zentmyer (1980) C']:.; 0

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DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PATHOGENS

9. Phytoplasmas Species: Phytoplasmas Author: Not applicable Common name(s): Little leaf disease (LLD), yellows disease, witches broom. Synonyms and changes in combination: Formerly called MLOs (mycoplasma-like organisms). Phytoplasmas are now placed in class Mollicutes which includes mycoplasmas, spiroplasmas and acholeplasmas (Brown and Ogle 1997). Hosts: Phytoplasmas have been knownon a wide range of cropspecies since mycoplasma-like organisms were associated with a number of leaf hopper-transmitted yellows diseases in the late 1960s-early 1970s (Maramorosch, Granados and Hirumi 1970). Records on eucalypts have mostly come fromIndia and include Ghosh, Balasundaran and Ali (1985) on E. grandis and E. tereticornis, these species plus E. globulus, (Sharma, Mohanan and Florence 1983) and E. citriodora (Nayar and Ananthapadmanabha 1977). Other reports include E. microtheca collected in the Sudan (Dafalla, Theveu and Cousin 1986), and several unidentifiedEucalyptus spp. in Italy (Marcone, Ragozzino and Seemuller 1996). There is some evidence that the phytoplasmas related to symptoms of spike disease in sandalwood were transmitted to nearby eucalypts and to several understorey species (Nayar and Ananthapadmanabha 1977) and that a phytoplasma within the elm yellows group of phytoplasmas can be transmitted to eucalyptus (Marcone et al. 1996). Distribution: India (Sharma et al. 1983), Sudan (Dafalla et al. 1986), China (Zhing et al. 1982) and Italy (Marcone et al. 1996). Nearest known location to Australia: China and India. There are no reports of phytoplasma related disease of eucalypts in Australia at this time. Economic damage: Little information available regarding the impacts of phytoplasmas on eucalypts. LLD affects growth especially of seedlings, which become unthrifty and often fail to survive. Incidence of disease in out­ planted treeshas been observed to be 3-5% with affectedtrees becoming stunted and bushy in appearance (Sastry et al. 1971). In Italy affectedtrees showed yellowing, proliferationof shoots, stunting dieback and crown decline but no estimates of impacts on stands of treesare available. Entry potential: High, as phytoplasmas could be introduced on asymptomatic hosts, not restricted to the genus Eucalyptus. Phytoplasmas are not seed transmitted but the increasing movement of vegetatively propagated germplasm in tissue culture raises the possibility thatintroductions could occur. Colonisation potential: There is little information available on the potential for spread of eucalypt phytoplasmas. Informationis largely available fromIndia where incidence of disease in seedlings and out planted trees is typically a fewpercent of the crop. As most of the informationin the literature is more thana decade old with no evidence of major epidemics, this may indicate that colonisation potential is moderate. Spread potential: Phytoplasmas are spread in many crops through leaf hoppers although plant hoppers and psyllids have been implicated. They can have a persistent relationship withthe vector which is itself a host to theorganism, multiplication occurring in the vector tissue, especially in the salivary glands. There is no direct evidence that phytoplasmas infectingeucalypts are insect transmitted,but thismust be regarded as a possibility. Other means of transmission are grafting and through infection by Cuscuta sp. (dodder). In thecase of Santalum (sandalwood) which is a root parasite on many hosts (including eucalypts), transferto these hosts fromsandalwood infectedwith the phytoplasma related spike disease is a possibility. Biology: Phytoplasmas are pleomorphic bodies, spherical or oval in section and variable in size and shape varying in size from 300 nm to more than 1 µm in diameter. They are bounded by a plasma membrane 7-11 nm thick distinguishing them frombacteria which have a rigid cell wall. They exist only in the phloem of infectedplants and are morphologicallysimilar when viewed as ultra-thin sections in an electronmicroscope (Markham and Townsend 1983). Phytoplasmas found in the phloem of diseased eucalypts by Zhing et al. (1982) were 92-640 nm diam., enclosed by a plasma membrane, 10 nm in width. Organisms found in E. microtheca fromthe Sudan (Dafalla et al. 1986) were similar in their morphology and dimensions. Graft transmission attempts with eucalypts have generally been unsuccessful (Sharma et al. 1983). Tetracycline therapy has caused remission of little leaf symptoms in E. grandis, the diseased treesproducing normal foliagefor several months after which symptoms of disease recurred ( Ali, Balasundaran and Ghosh 1987 ). Physical damage: Stunting with reduction in height and stem growth, yellowing and reduction in leaf size, shortening of intemodes and shoot proliferation. Plant part affected: Whole plant

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Detection/diagnosis:Ideally, diagnosis should be based on a combination of whole plant symptoms, electron microscopic obseivation of phytoplasmas in phloem and graft transmission of infectiveagents. The combination of these tests does not appear to have given positive results in any of the reports of phytoplasmas on eucalypts. Other diagnostic tools are evidence of response of plants to tetracycline treatment, fluorescence microscopy and detection of phytoplasmal DNA using polymerase chain reaction analysis (PCR) (Marcone etal. 1996, Brown and Ogle 1997). The latter approach is highly sensitive and is used fordetection of other pathogenic agents in plant tissue. Options forresponse to detection: Offshore:Evidence forincidence of little leaf disease and its association with phytoplasmas is fragmentaryand reports are dispersed geographically. The incidence of the disease in future should be closely monitored through the literature and other communication with pathologists. The preponderance of reports fromIndia may indicate that agents associated withlittle leaf andyellows of eucalypts are more widely present thanin othercountries. The relationship between the agent associated with LLD and other phytoplasmas, eg agents associated with spike disease of sandalwood and elm yellows needs further study. Onshore: In view of thepossibility of introductionof phytoplasmas on symptomless hosts (including non eucalypts), import of.tissue cultured germplasm should be closely monitored and plants propagated fromsuch material should be rigorously inspected when grown under quarantine forevidence of stunting, little leaf and yellows symptoms. Reports of yellows symptoms on eucalypts not readily attributable to physiological causes, eg the .recent reports fromSouth Australiaof a yellows syndrome on eucalypts should be investigated. Estimated risk: Medium, asreports of phytoplasma associated diseases are few. Quarantine status: Aquarantinable disease. References: Ali et al. (1987); Brown and Ogle (1997); Dafalla et al.·(1986); Ghosh et al. (1985); Maramorosch etal. (1970); Marcone etal. (1996); Markham and Townsend (1983); Sharmaet aL (1983); Nayar andAnanthapadmanabha (1977); Sastry et al. (1971); Zhing et al. (1982)

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DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PATHOGENS

10. Pseudomonas syzygil Species: Pseudomonas syzygii Author: Roberts et al. 1990 Common name(s): Sumatradisease Synonyms and changes in combination: None Hosts: Syzygium aromaticum Circumstantial evidence for a forest origin of Sumatra disease at several locations in Sumatra and Java (Lomer et al. 1992) suggests that the outbreaks on cloves that date back to the early 1960s (Waller and Sitepu 1975) may have been due to adaptation from as yet unidentified myrtaceae. Distribution: Indonesia including Sumatra and Java (Lomer et al. 1992), Kalimantan and Sulawesi (Hayward 1994). Nearest known location to Australia: Java Economic damage: A very destructive disease causing wilt, leaf fall and death of clove trees of all age classes usually within two years. A second major symptom type has been designated as 'senescence dieback' with death occurring about 4 years after onset of symptoms (Bennett, Hunt andAsman 1979). Entry potential: Moderate. The disease is vectored by tube building cercopoids of the genus Hindola, especially H. fulvain Sumatra and H. striata in Java. These insects have been shown to acquire the bacterium in 4 hours after feedingon infectedcloves (Eden-Green et al. 1992). The bacteria are then persistent in the insect and transmit the disease to new hosts. As with many insects theentry potential is significant, however the incursion of thedisease will depend on the availability of susceptible hosts. To date cloves are the only confirmedhost. Colonisation potential: Colonisation potential will depend on the availability of susceptible hosts. The sudde� appearance of the disease in Sumatra and the evidence of new outbreaks in clove plantations established near forests in Indonesia (Lomer et al. 1992) may indicate that several yet unidentified hosts of the pathogen occur. This may also be true of components of the native Australian myrtaceous flora (including eucalypts). Lomer et al. (1992) indicated that several myrtaceae other than cloves have been successfullyinoculated with Sumatradisease but do not give further information. Eden-Green et al. (1992) mentioned that natural infectionshave been found only in one other species namely S. aqueum. Spread potential: Medium. Since its recognition as a new disease in the 1960s the disease has spread to several other Indonesian islands where cloves are grown. Lomer et al. (1992) suggest that some of theseoutbreaks may have been independentof the initial epidemic in Sumatra. Biology: The pathogen appears to be closely related to Pseudomonas solanacearum (Hayward 1994), see dossier prepared for this pathogen as Ralstonia solanacearum. Roberts et al. (1990) considered that the xylem-limited bacterium isolated from clove constituted a sufficiently distinct and homogeneous group to be designated as a distinct species, Ps. syzygii. This view has been largely upheld, and the apparent restriction of the disease to a single host compared to the wide host range of at least race 1 of R. solanacearum is consistent with it being regarded as a separate taxon. The pathogenis transmittedby Hindola spp. and occurs only in the xylem of the host. As with R. solanacearum, moist incubation of cut stems of affectedshoots results in bacterial ooze fromcut surfaces (Bennett, Jones and Hunt 1987). Streaking of the bacterial cells onto nutrient agar was effectivein isolating the bacterium. The pathogenhas also been successfully mechanically transmittedby needle puncture at thebase of the stems of 3-4 year-old seedlings (Hunt et al. 1987) offering methodologythat may be useful in selection for resistant tree genotypes. Physical damage: Whole tree symptoms of wilt, foliar yellowing, leaf fall and dieback of shoots. Vascular elements become occluded by bacterial cells. Plant part affected: Plants become systemically infected through colonisation of the xylem of roots and shoots by bacterial cells. Detection/diagnosis:Yellowing of foliage,wilting and premature leaf drop, followedby tree death. Constant association of the xylem-limited bacterium Ps. syzygii with the Sumatra disease symptoms is diagnostic. There are a few reports that trees with similar symptoms can yield R. solanacearum (Machmud 1987) but these may be secondary infections. Options forresponse to detection: Offshore: Attempts should be made in Indonesia through collaborative arrangements to inoculate a range of Myrtaceae (including Eucalyptus spp.) to assess the host range of Ps. syzygii. Also tl1e host range of Hindola spp. needs further attention. Note that Lomer, Stride and Balfas (1993) observed both adults and nymphs of H. stria ta in tl1e Botanic Garden, Ciboda, West Java, on Syzygium uniflorumfrom Papua New Guinea and both Xanthostemon chrysanthus and Tristania laurina (both Myrtaceae) fromAustralia.

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Onshore: Existing quarantine arrangements should be adequate especially as S. aromaticum, and close relatives are the only confinnedhost of the disease, and cloves are not cultivated commercially in Australia. Estimated risk: Low. The unusual circumstances of the outbreak of Sumatra disease may indicate adaptation of a pathogenic Pseudomonas fromnative vegetation to a new cultivated host. The basis of risk lies in the possibility that further adaptation of thebacterium and its vectors to other Myrtaceae (including eucalypts) could occur. Quarantine status: A quarantinable disease References: Bennett et al. (1979); Bennett et al. (1987); Eden-Green et al. (1992); Hayward (1994); Hunt et al. (1987); Lomer et al. (1992); Lomer etal. (1993); Machmud (1987); Roberts etal. (1990); Waller and Sitepu (1975)

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11. Puccinia psidii Species: Puccinia psidii Author: Winter Common name(s): Eucalyptus rust, Guava rust Synonyms and changes in combination: Hosts: In addition to eucalypts and guava, more than 15 genera and 30 species of Myrtaceae are recorded hosts of P. psidii (Burnettand Schubert 1985; Laundon and Waterston 1965; Ferreira 1983). Evidence of host specialisation exists within the pathogen thereforeisolates fromone host genus may ormay not infectother genera within Myrtaceae. Susceptible genera include several which are well represented in Australiannative vegetation eg Eucalyptus, Syzygium, Melaleuca, Callistemon, but all genera of Myrtaceae can be regarded as potentially susceptible to P. psidii. Distribution: South and Central Americ�, the Caribbean and Florida. The report in Ciesla, Diekmann and Putter (1996) that P. psidii has been recorded in South Africa (Knipscheer and Crous 1990) is incorrect. The authors clearly state that at the time of publication, the telial stage, essential forthe identification of a collection as Puccinia, had not been found.There is also an unconfirmed report of thefungus from Taiwan (Wang 1992). This has remained an isolated record. Nearest known location to Australia: Brazil Economic damage: In Brazil, eucalypt rust is severely limiting to the growth of highly susceptible species and provenances of Eucalyptus, young treesare particularly affected. The pathogen has been very damaging to industries based on other crops, eg oil distilleries based on Pimenta dioica in Jamaica closed two years after the pathogen was first recorded in 1934 (MacLachlan 1938). Entry potential: The fungus does not appear to be seed borne; however there is a risk that leaf fragments and other trashassociated with seed could carry the pathogen. There are now strict controls on the importation of germplasm frominfested regions of the world. Importation of plants, including fruits of susceptible species frominfested areas would pose the greatest risks. If the record fromTaiwan (Wang 1992) is reliable then it indicates a potential for intercontinental spread of the fungus. Colonisation potential: The fungus can only colonise susceptible host tissue. The presence of free water formore than 3 hours withtemperatures of 18-23°C are favourable for infection. Spread potential: Once established and sporulating sori have developed on susceptible hosts the potential forspread is very high. The rust is autoecious, both uredinial and telial stages are able to infect a single host species. First symptoms appear 2-4 days after infection with sporulation 2-5 days later, so under favourable environmental conditions therepeating cycle can take little more than a week. The report of an epidemic of rust on Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida (a tree of Australian origin that is regarded as a weed) suggests that P. psidii has a high potential for spread (Rayachhetry and Elliott 1997). They suggested that the fungus may have potential as a biocontrolagent. Biology: The rust is an autoecious, microcyclic fungus. Only the uredinial and telial stages of the lifecycleare known, occurring together in the same pustules. Both spore types can infecteucalypts. As indicated above there is evidence forhost specialisation. Urediniospores have been recorded as surviving in dried host tissues for3 weeks at 15.5°C. Physical damage: Defoliation,death and distortion of terminal shoots, stunting of young treesand reduced growth of defoliatedtrees. Plant part affected: Leaves, meristems and shoots, floral parts and fruits. Detection/diagnosis: Golden uredinial pustules on leaves, branches and terminal shoots. Older pustules contain both single celled urediniospores and two-celled, stalked teliospores. Options for response to detection: Offshore: Information needed on susceptibility of a range of Australian native genera and commercially important eucalypt species to infection. This could be carriedout in collaboration with forest research institutes in Brazil. Onshore: Once detected onshore thedisease will inevitably spread widely on susceptible native species. Eradication will be impossible. Disease in commercial species, eg eucalypts and melaleucas will be managed through selection of resistant species and cultivars. Impact on native vegetation is impossible to predict but may be very severe. Estimated risk: High, a very serious pathogen. Quarantine status: Quarantinable. References:Burnett and Schubert (1985); Ciesla et al. (1996); Ferreira(1983 ); Knipscheer and Crous (1990); Laundon and Waterston (1965); Maclachlan (1938); Rayachhetry and Elliott (1997); Wang (1992)

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DOSSIER ON EUCALYPTUS SPP. PATHOGENS

12. Ralstonia solanacearum Species: Ralstonia solanacearum Author: (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. 1995 Common name(s): Bacterialwilt Synonyms and changes in combination: Bacillus solanacearum (Smith);Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith)Smith; Burkholderia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. 1992. Note that there is a large body of physiological, biochemical and ecological information indicating that R. solanacearum is a complex and heterogeneous species, causing disease on an extremely wide range of crops. A full description of the species based on standard morphological and biochemical characteristics is given in Saddler (1994) and a summary of the sub specificclassification system thathas been developed is described in Hayward (1991) and Gillings and Fahy (1993). The latter authors also described rapid DNA-based methodsfor detecting the bacteria, identifying to subspecificlevels and identifying clonal lines. Hosts: Eucalypt-infectingstrains are all race 1 (the race witha broad host range) and eitherbiovar 1 (in South America) or biovar 3 (Asia and Australia) (Gillings and Fahy 1993). These biovars also attack a wide range of hosts including many woody species, eg casuarina, olive, teak, neem, cassava and cashew (Hayward 1993). Eucalypt hosts recorded so far include Corymbia citriodora, E. camaldulensis, E. grandis,E. leizhou, E. pellita, E. propinqua,E. saligna, E. urophylla and E. grandis (listed in Ciesla, Diekmann and Putter 1996). Variation in resistance to bacterial wilt has been identifiedfor a range of eucalypt species in Brazil (Dianese and Dristig 1993). Distribution: Widespread throughout tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world (Smith et al. 1992). On eucalypts recorded in Brazil (Dianese, Dristig and Cruz 1990), in China, (Wu and Liang 1988), Taiwan, (Wang 1992) and Australia (Akiew and Trevorrow 1994). Nearest known location to Australia: Race 1 biovar 3 present on eucalypts in northQueensland. Bacterial wilt is widespread in Indonesia on a range of woody and non-woody hosts (Machmud 1985). Economic damage: Losses of up to 17% have been reported in Brazil for 6-15m old E. pellita (Dianese, Dristig and Cruz 1990). In China, up to 10% losses occurred on young plants and seedlings. - � Entry potential: High Colonisation potential: High Spread potential: High due to production of large amounts of bacterial cells in vascular tissue of the host and survival in soil, also potential for maintaining inoculum on alternatehosts (Hayward 1991). Biology: Biology and epidemiology of R. solanacearum discussed by Hayward (1991). Bacteria occur in soil but the relationship between the epidemiology of disease on other hosts and the disease on eucalypts is not known. On other hosts, spread can be by movement of cuttings, storage organs, seed and there is some evidence for insect vectors. Local splash dispersal within plantations fromcankers on infected eucalypt stems seems likely. In a plantation of 13-month-oldE. pellita examined in northernQueensland by the authorsin 1996 significantnumbers of treessuffered bacterial wilt. Eighteen months later no newly diseased trees were found. The epidemiology of -J bacterial wilt in northernAustralia need!iexamination. ':? Physical damage: Leaf drop, stem deathand reduced growth rate. Vascular discolouration may occur. Roots die and f_ basal cankers may be foundon affectedtrees. Symptomatic trees usually wilt and die. Older trees are susceptible -_J,,.:�' to wind throwdue to root rot and decay by secondary organisms. Plant part affected: Whole plant wilt symptoms, diffusebasal stem cankers vascular discolouration and root death. Detection/diagnosis:Wilt and leaf shed of previously vigorous trees, vasculardiscolouration and diffusebasal cankers may be present. Cut stem sections may exude bacterial masses if incubated moist for 24-48 hours or if cut stems are ] suspended in water. Selective media, serological and molecular methods including DNA analyses are routinely used to detect and type bacterial isolates (Seal and Elphinstone 1994). Options for response to detection: ] Offshore:So farbac terialwilt has not beenidentified as a problemon eucalypts in several tropicalcountries where eucalypts are widely grown. Information is needed on the geographical distributionof bacterial wilt of eucalypts in south-eastAsia Onshore: Bacterialwilt of eucalypts has only recently beenidentified as a problem in northernAustralia(Akiew and Trevorrow 1994; Sun, Dickinson and Robson 1996). The extent of thedisease in future plantations needs to be closely monitored. J Estimated risk: High in view of the lack of understanding of host specificity of race 1 biovar 3 on eucalypts and other hosts, and the records of seed transmissionof this pathogen complex. I Quarantine status: Quarantinable in view of the heterogeneity of the organism. Note that R. solanacearum is an J EPPO A2 quarantine pest. References: Akiew and Trevorrow (1994); Ciesla et al. (1996); Dianese and Dristig (1993); Dianese et al. (1990); Gillings and Fahy (1993); Hayward (1991 ); Hayward (1993); Machmud (1985); Saddler (1994); Seal and Elphinstone (1994); Smith et al. (eds). (1992); Sun et al. (1996); Wang (1992); Wu and Liang (1988)

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STAGE3:

Pest Risk Management

CSIRO, Entomology Page 57 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

Pests The estimated risk and options for response to detection are included in the dossiers. The main pathways for entry are either in timber or soil, or on foliage of living plants which in most cases, may not necessarily be Eucalyptus spp. Careful inspection and treatment of these products is highly recommended.

Surveyingfor incursions of exotic pests of eucalypts is particularly difficult becauseof the widespread distributionof the host speciesin natural vegetation and often thereare similar indigenous insect species which can cause similar symptoms. Furthermore, surveys would generally discover symptoms rather thaninsect specimens and on the basis of symptomology the possible identity of the insect species would be inferred. QFRI carry out regular pest and disease surveys of their plantation estate with one of theirobjectives being theearly detection of exoticincursions. In addition, it could be usefulto regularly survey eucalypts near ports and otherpoints of importation forthe presence of any new insect species feedingon them. Surveys, althoughdifficult to conduct, are a necessity if we are to achieve early detectionof new incursions. Due to thediverse indigenous fauna, thesesurveys would need to be conducted by experienced forestentomologists. ,-1

If an exotic incursion was detected, then the generic incursion management plan would be activiated with the formation of a specialist consultative committee by the Forest HealthCommittee of the Standing Committee forForestry. This committee would then make recommendations on whether eradication or control are feasibleand appropriate options.

Another important aspect of pest risk management is to further develop skills in forest entomology in the NAQS region. This will allow a better understanding of the pest species and theirpotential damage significanceto be developed. ' Collaborative projects between Australian institutions and those in theNAQS region would facilitate effective two­ way communication of knowledge.

� C'- l Pathogens Detection of disease and diagnosis of causal agents is covered in each dossier, and in most instances requires specialist input by forest pathologists and mycologists. -, ' In most instances the occurrence and geographical distributionof a possible incursion and its taxonomic relationship to j indigenous pathogens would be extremelyuncertain. Withthe exception of Puccinia psidii, and possibly Cryphonectria cubensis it would be extremely difficultin the short term to unequivocally identify an incursion by one of theeucalypt �l pathogenslisted above and undertake a direct management response.

Even if a eucalypt pathogen incursion is identified, unlike agricultural crops, the ubiquitous distribution of eucalypts in native vegetation, plantations and urban environments would make attempts to eradicate an outbreak extremelydifficult. - As mentioned above, theseissues would be addressed by a consultative committee formedby the Forest HealthCommittee ]' in the event of an incursion as part of the imylementation of the Pests and Diseases Contingency plan.

For the above reasons, recommendations for management of outbreaks by specific pathogens have not been attached to the dossiers.

With a few exceptions (eg eucalypt rust, Sumatra disease, little leaf) the pathogens or closely related species are -ji� '- already listed as present in Australia, and could therefore be regarded as non-quarantinable. Had the above criterion been used very fewpathogens would have been included in thedossiers. Even Phytophthora cinnamomi and Bacterial wilt of eucalypts would have been excluded. This would be counter productive in terms of quarantine foreucalypt pathogens, especially when the consequences for Australia's native vegetation are considered. Instead a cautionary ] principle has been adopted and endeavour made to provide a useful set of dossiers on major eucalypt pathogens. Dossiers have been prepared based on criteria additional to thatof absence fromAustralia: ] Several genera (eg Mycosphaerella, Kirramyces) have been included which contain pathogenicspecies which have not so far been identifiedin Australia and others where their taxonomic status is uncertain or under review. J Some pathogens show a high level of pathogenic variation and a newly introduced strain could pose a threat equal to that of a newly introduced species. Such issues have been considered in development of the dossiers, especially with regard to assessment of risk and quarantine status.

�J

Page 58 CSIRO, Entomology Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44

Particular comment is made on Corticium salmonicolor and Endothia gyrosa. Both of these pathogens are present in Australia, however they have featuresthat make them worthy of attention fromthe quarantine standpoint.

Firstly C. salmonicolor although present on a range of hosts in New South Wales and Queensland doesn't appear to have been recorded on eucalypts in Australia. In high rainfallareas in Southeast Asia and India, eucalypts are affected. This may mean thatAustralian isolates differin their host range, or that the differenceis caused by climatic effects.As we do not have informationon this it seemed appropriate to prepare a dossier on the pathogen.

For E. gyrosathere is an anomaly that the teleomorph has not so far been foundin WesternAustralia whereas it is very common in south-east Australia. Do these represent separate introductions of the pathogen? In addition the anamorph of this fungus both in vivo and in culture could readily be mistaken for the very serious pathogen, Cryphonectria parasitica, hence recognition of this pathogen is needed.

These assessments thereforecan be regarded as being partially subjective and review may be necessary as knowledge of particular eucalyptipathogen interactions increases. In themeantime a precautionary principle has been adopted and dossiers provided on these fungi.

CSIRO, Entomology Page 59 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

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PART8:

Outline of the Pest Risk Analysis Methodology

CSIRO, Entomology Page 71 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp.

Introduction The purpose of thispest risk analysis (PRA) is to firstly identify quarantine pests and pathogens which pose a threat to Eucalyptus spp., which may enter Australia through its northern borders into the area covered by AQIS' Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS), and to secondly, identify measures which could be taken by various agencies to reduce the risks of entry or to minimise the impact of such pests should they arrive.

Methods The PRA was conducted as outlined in the FAO Standard "Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis" (FAO 1995), and is one of a series of PRAs commissioned by NAQS.

The primary source area of potential pests a.Ild pathogens that may enter Australia through its northern border was considered to be Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines due to proximity and the amount of human and trademovement. These countries were the main focus of this PRA but potential pests and diseases from other countrieswere considered in a secondary category, particularly where potential pathways existed for incursions through Australia's northern borders. The survey of information from the countries of secondary importance is not exhaustive but has included some of the key sources of information. - )

The PRA process requested by AQIS was to conduct a survey of all available literature, use theaccumulated knowledge - l

of the authors of this report and consult with relevant experts in the area. A large collection of published and unpublished -.J literature on pests and pathogens of Eucalyptus spp. has been accumulated by the authors of this report and was ·1 surveyed to produce this report. In addition, electronicsearches of the CABI and TREE bibliographic databases were performed to ensure exhaustive coverage of the literature. The authorshave also had considerable first-hand experience in surveying pests and pathogens of Eucalyptus spp. in Asia and thePacific and have incorporated that knowledge into _j thePRAs. Apart fromconsulting with Australia-based staff in AQIS, CSIRO and QFRI, a number of experts fromthe primary source region have been consulted. We acknowledge, with thanks, the expert input of the following people. '

Alcorn,J.L., Mycologist/Curator Herb. BRIP, Department of Primary Industries, Indooroopilly, Queensland Alfenas,A.C, Forest Pathologist, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Minais Gerais, Brazil Arentz, F., Forest Pathologist, ANUTECH, Canberra,ACT (formerly in PNG) - Chey, V.K., Forest Entomologist, Sabah Forest Research Centre, Sandakan, Malaysia Davison, E.M., Mycologist, Curtin University, WesternAustralia Do, N.V., Forest Entomologist, Forest Science Institute of Vietnam,Hanoi, Vietnam Ferreira,F.A., Prof. of Forest Pathology, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Minais Gerais, Brazil Gales, K., Research Adviser, PT Musi Hutav. Persada, Subanjeriji, Indonesia Hadi, S., Prof. of Forest Pathology, Institute Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia Hayward, A.C., Microbiologist, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland Hodges, C.S., Consultant Pathologist,Raleigh, NorthCarolina, USA Hutacharern,C., Forest Entomologist, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand Intachat, J., Entomologist, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia -ffl.'.j Kosi, T., Forest Entomologist, Forest Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea Lapis, E., Forest Entomologist, Environmental Research and Development Bureau, Los Banos, Philippines Oemijati, R., Forest Entomologist, Institute Pertanian,Bogor, Indonesia Pham V.M., Forest Pathologist, Forest Science Institute of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam ] Nuhamara, S.T., Forest Pathologist, Institute Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia Pongpanich, K., Forest Pathologist, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand Santoso, E., Division of Forest Protection, Ministry of Forestry, Bogor, Indonesia ] Sharma, J.K., Forest Pathologist, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala, India Shivas, R.G., Consultant Mycologist, Bald Hills, Queensland (formerly in PNG 1997) Simpson, J.A., Forest Pathologist, State Forests of New South Wales, Sydney (formerly in PNG) Vuokko, R., PT Finnantara Intiga, Sanggau, Kalimantan ] Wardlaw, T.J., Forest Pathologist, Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania Wingfield, M.J., Prof. of Forest Pathology, Univ of Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa . Young, J.M., Microbiologist, Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand ' �

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Assessment of risks and, quarantine status and response was made on the basis of the above information and the authorsprofessional judgement.

Results All records of pests or pathogens, host species and country fromeach source of informationhave been entered into a database which has been used to produce the summary tables in this report. Over 2500 records of insect pests of 920 species have been entered into the database.

Regarding the insect pest records, due to the age of some of the data sources, some of the pest species names are no longer currentand have been changed to represent the current taxonomic status. It is not possible to guarantee that all names are current due to the diversity of countries and taxa involved but various groups of taxa have been reviewed by taxonomists in the Australian National Insect Collection and checked against recently published reference books. The quality of the source data is also quite variable and it is expected that some determinations of pest species may be incorrect and need to be verified.

Discussion As explained above, this PRA has been mainly focussedon the countries immediately to the .north of Australia(Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines) referred to as the NAQS region. From these countries, all available informationhas been considered. An exhaustive survey of potential pests and diseases fromother countriesis a much larger activity and was not performedas a part of this consultancy. However, some information from other parts of the world has been gathered and included in an effortto identify some other important pests and diseases thatmay enter through Australia's northernports.

Within the NAQS region, there are some major gaps in our knowledge of the pests and diseases of Eucalyptus spp. In particular,there is very little published informationon the insect pests of eucalypts in Indonesia. This is largely because of the very limited number of forest entomologists in the country and the remoteness of many parts of the country, particularly in easternIndonesia. The state of knowledge of insect pests in Papua New Guinea is quite good for the period around 1970 but very little has been published since then. In Malaysia and the Philippines, the forestentomology skill base is much better developed and a reasonable knowledge exists of pests of eucalypts.

To overcome these critical deficienciesit will be necessary to conduct some fieldsurveys of the pests of eucalypts in eastern Indonesiaand update our knowledge of the pest situation in Papua New Guinea and theTorres Strait Islands. These surveys will need to be conducted by experienced forest entomologists who can identify the symptomology of particular groups of pests and have a go@d knowledge of likely pest potential of differentgroups of forestinsects.

It would also be of great benefit to see the enhancement of skills in forestentomology and pathology in our neighbouring countries. This is happening to a small extent through a number of collaborative ACIAR projects but much more focussed input is required to make significantadvances in this area.

Acknowledgments We acknowledge the high quality technical support provided by Grant Farrell, Manon Griffiths,Michelle Court, Wendy Whitby, Judy King, Murdoch DeBar, Erika Leslie, Ailsa George and Lyn Hutchison in collating literature, entering and cleaning the data in the database, producing bibliographic files and word processing. We are grateful to the numerous individuals who shared their knowledge and provided access to unpublished records. Taxonomic support has been provided by John Lawrence, Rolf Oberprieler, Tom Weir, Marianne Horak and Ted Edwards.

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