OOCP 44/45(94)PES Pest risk analysis of fucalvptus spp. at risk. from incursions of plant pests and pathogens through Australia's northern border b,t Rob Floyd Ross Wylie Ken Old Mark Dudzinski Glen Kile Report prepared by CSIRO Entomology March 1998 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44 cll��/ij11�1i��ij1��11�[1i�1l�1�11]1tij111l113 9009 00447594 9 01:>(R tilfl4,;(t'{u) (-IE$ Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. at risk from incursions of plant pests and pathogens through Australia's northern border 1 2 3 Rob Floyd , Ross Wylie , Ken Old , Mark Dudzinski3 and Glen Kile3 1CS1RO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601 2Queensland Forestry Research Institute, PO Box 631, lndooroopilly Qld 4068 3CS1RO Forestry and Forest Products, PO Box E4008, Kingston ACT 2604 March 1998 CSIRO �;1tAUSTRALIA CSIRO makes no warranties or representations and accepts no liability for any loss or damage resulting from the use and/or reliance upon the information, advice, data and/or calculations provided in this report. This is copy no. 6 of a limited print run of 40 copies Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44 Table of Contents Page PART A: Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. for the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy ----------------------------------------- 1 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 STAGE 1: Identify the Pests and Pathogens of Eucalyptus spp. ---------- 3 Potential quarantine pests ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Potential quarantine pathogens------------------------------------------------------------------20 STAGE 2: Pest Risk Assessment--------------------------------------------- 25 DossiersAmb on/ yPestspelta -------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------26 2l.. Agrilus opulentuscocophaga ---------------------------------c-sT.:if��;r,;;,�.�.�---------------------------------------------2728 3. Agrilus sexsignatus----------------------------------- __________________ Q_ __ ::,, 29 �-� elosterna scabra----------------------tor ------- -c;--------------i C I!"'!! 11'.1,!"""".\'�P i1i 4. Coptotermes curvigna-------------------thus ----------------------------------LlB. '·-------------30 5 -------------- - -��:*-•-- - -----------31 . Coptotermes formosanus � -if.4.Jf' l!.: 1 6. Helopeltls. ----------- -----------------------�/1 . -----------32 ilf � 7 a spph . ----------------------------------------- �� -- r-----------------33 . Oxym gis orni NO FOR[S'fj;;." 8 . Strepsicrates roth----------------------------ia ----------- · --<��--------------------34 9. Zeuzera -----------------------------------------------------------35 l0. coffeae---------------------------------------------------------------------36 DossiersCryp of Pathogenshonectria cubensis---------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------37 l . Corticium salmonicolor ---------------------------------------------------------------38 2. Cryptosporiopsis eucaly------------pti --------------------------------------------40 3 . Cylindroc/adium --------------------------------------------------------4 l 4 . Endothia gyrosa spp. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42 5. Kirramyces --------------------------------------------------------------------44 6 . Mycosphaerespplla. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 7. Phytophthora spp. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 8. Phytoplasmas spp. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49 9. Pseudomonas ------------------syzygii -----------------------------------------------------------------5 l l 0. Puccinia psidii --------------------------------------------------------------------------53 11 . Ra/stonia solan--------------------------------------------------------acearum ----------------------------55 12. -----------------------------------------------------------------------56 STAGE 3: Pest Risk Management --------------------------------------------- 57 References --------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 Insect Pest Bibliography--------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------60 Pathogen Bibliography--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65 CSIRO. Entomology Page i Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. ,- PART 8:0utline of the Pest Risk Analysis Methodology ------------------71 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------- 72 IVlethods --------------------------------------------------------------------- 72 Results --------------------- .. ------------------------------------------------ 73 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 �, Acknowledgments --------------------------------------------------------- 73 � _J -, -J ] J -�i- ] ] ] J L_j Page ii CSIRO, Entomology Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44 PART A: .. Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. for the Northern Australia Quarantine Stategy CSIRO, Entomology Pagel Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Introduction The purpose of this pest risk analysis (PRA) is to firstlyidentify quarantine pests and pathogens which pose a threat to Eucalyptus spp., which may enter Australia through its northern borders into the area covered by AQIS' Northern AustraliaQuarantine Strategy (NAQS) and secondly, to identify measures which could be taken by various agencies to reduce the risks of entry or to minimise the impact of such pests should they arrive. 1 The PRA was conducted as outlined in the FAO Standard "Guidelines forPest Risk Analysis" , and is one of a series of PRAs commissioned by NAQS. The other host plants covered in this series are sugar cane and citrus. Eucalyptus spp. are of great importance to Australia, both economically and environmentally and need to be protected fromincursions of exotic pests and pathogens. Over 700 species of Eucalyptus have been recognised and most are endemic to Australia. A few species occur on islands to the northof Australiaas extensions of their natural range in Australiawhile two species are endemic outside of Australia.E. deglupta occurs in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and the Philippines and E. urophylla is restricteci'to Timor and surrounding islands. In northern Australia, above 26°S latitude, more than280 species of Eucalyptus have been recognised and they forman important part of natural ecosystems in tropicalAustralia. In this report, species of Corymbia will also be considered as part of the target group of Eucalyptus spp. Eucalyptus spp. are of much greater economic importance in temperate Australia than in tropical regions, however, their economic value is still considerable. In Queensland there is 4.5M ha of State Forest of which 1.73M ha is native eucalypt forest.The royalties on eucalypt logs fromState Forests in 1996/97 amounted to $6.7M. This figure does not include thedownstream worth of theproduct to the Queensland economy. In addition Queensland has about 3,000 ha of eucalypt plantations and is adding to this area at an increasing rate. The NorthernTerritory has less than 100 ha of eucalypt plantations. -' Several species of Eucalyptus are being grown in plantations in the region immediately north of Australia. In Papua New Guinea there is 20,000 ha of eucalypt plantations mainly of E. deglupta and a small area of E. robusta. About 80,000 ha of eucalypts have been planted in various parts of Indonesia. In Malaysia, a total of about 8,000 ha have been -, planted, mainly of E. deglupta, E. grandis and E. urophylla. In the Philippines, about 10,000 ha of E. deglupta and _ __) E. camaldulensis have been planted. Other countriesin South East Asia with significantareas of eucalypt plantations are Thailand (195,000 ha) and Vietnam (350,000 ha) of which most is E. camaldulensis. --1 Bothnatural stands and plantations of eucalypts in South East Asia represent a potential source of pests and diseases - J thatcould affectthe natural and planted forestsof Eucalyptus spp. in Australia. ] TI � �·-]·� l -j'· : J - , i' ' International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures. FAO, Rome. Draft version, 1995 J Page 2 CSIRO, Entomology l Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Contracted Report No. 44 STAGE 1: m Identify the Pests ·and Pathogens of Eucalyptus spp. Lists of pests and pathogens CSIRO, Entomology Page3 Contracted Report No. 44 Pest Risk Analysis of Eucalyptus spp. Potential quarantine pests The primary source area of potential pests and pathogens that may enter Australia through its northern border was considered to be Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines (hereafter referred to as the NAQS region) due to proximity and the amount of human and trademovement. These countries were the main focus of this PRA (Table 1) but potential pests and diseases from other countries were considered in a secondary category, particularly where potential pathways existed for incursions through Australia'snorthern borders (Table 2). Thesurvey of informationfrom the countries of secondary importance is not exhaustive but has included some of the key sources of information. The PRA process used in this report was to conduct a survey of all available