DOCSLIB.ORG

Article Naming Dinosaur Species: the Performance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Article Naming Dinosaur Species: the Performance Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30(5):1478–1485, September 2010 © 2010 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology ARTICLE NAMING DINOSAUR SPECIES: THE PERFORMANCE OF PROLIFIC AUTHORS MICHAEL J. BENTON Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, U.K., [email protected] ABSTRACT—Many current debates about biodiversity and large-scale evolution have identified the need for comprehen- sive species inventories. Such species lists may be incomplete because more collecting is needed, or because of errors by systematists. Empirical studies show that error rates are high, as much as 30–50% for many living and fossil groups. A clear requirement is skilled systematists, and more of them; but who does the best work? An empirical investigation of the 321 authors who named all 1400 species of dinosaurs since 1824 shows that prolific authors do worse than authors who name only a few dinosaurs, and the key difference is between the 147 authors who named only one species, and the 174 who named two or more. The most prolific author was Othniel Marsh, who named 98 species of dinosaurs (including 80 non-avian dinosaurs and 18 Mesozoic birds), but only 35 (36%) of his names are currently regarded as valid. The poor showing by prolific authors is not a result of their working at different times over the last two centuries, nor on dinosaurs of a particular age, body size, or quality class, nor that their work has been over-revised, but most likely because many prolific authors of dinosaur species names have been too interested in splitting species. Current tougher refereeing standards and international communication should continue to improve standards in naming new taxa. INTRODUCTION For fossil brachiopods, Grant (1980) noted that Gustav Arthur Cooper of the Smithsonian Institution had named, or co-named, Correct species lists are crucial for good studies of evolution- 442 (13%) of the then-known 3300 genera. In the case of di- ary biology, ecology, paleontology, and biodiversity conserva- nosaurs, three researchers, Othniel C. Marsh, Friedrich von tion (Gaston and Mound, 1993; Purvis and Hector, 2000; Wil- Huene, and Edward D. Cope, dominated the field for a long son, 2003; Isaac and Purvis, 2004). The problem of error in such time; they were responsible respectively for 98, 71, and 64 species lists has long been recognized (May, 1990; Wilson, 1992; Gas- names (Fig. 1). By 1900, Marsh and Cope together had named ton and Mound, 1993), and most of that error has been as- 169 (47%) of the 362 dinosaur species names then in existence. cribed to synonymy, the act of naming a species (or other taxon) Now, with a further century of study, the proportion of the that has already been named. Such errors are unavoidable in total represented by their names has fallen to 12% (Benton, view of the vast diversity of life, variability between genders, 2008b). growth stages, and geographic populations, and the diversity of Such prolific authors would be expected to have a lifetime of languages and countries in which taxonomists work. Errors are expertise, and so ought to have an exemplary record in decision- generally identified when synoptic revisions are done at a later making. Having seen more material, often around the world, date. and devoting themselves solely to the task, they should have a Species lists depend on the accumulated labors of many work- sure touch in recognizing synonymy and in determining when a ers over the decades, and yet certain individual systematists have new find is truly a new species. Other authors, who may name tended to dominate each group of organisms. These ‘prolific au- just one or two new species in their careers, might be expected thors’ are researchers who are and were motivated to explore a to make mistakes more often. Indeed, for Thysanoptera, Gas- particular taxonomic group thoroughly. In some cases, their cho- ton and Mound (1993) found slightly mixed evidence, but the sen group is so obscure that they may labor alone in the world, most prolific author had an invalidation rate of only 8.5%, and without a living systematist with whom to discuss their work; for they made a policy recommendation, “that it would be more other organismal groups, there may be merely a handful of ex- cost effective to increase the level of support to particularly perts scattered widely around the world. Biologists and paleon- productive individuals rather than increase the total number of tologists in the great museums of the world have had the re- taxonomists” (Gaston and Mound, 1993: 142). sources to collect and curate material and to produce hefty mono- The purpose of this study is to scrutinize the work of prolific di- graphs in which the systematics of major groups are revised, and nosaurian systematists, and to determine whether they worked in many new species may be named. Less prolific authors range different ways from their less active colleagues, and whether their from those who published very little of any kind, and yet named work was better as a result of accumulated expertise, or whether one or two species, to those with distinguished research careers in some might have named many species because they were moti- biology or paleontology, but who did not include naming species vated in other ways. The measures of ‘quality’ are the survival as a major activity. of their names to the present day, and the quality of the speci- Gaston and Mound (1993) noted that almost half the 6112 mens they used, ranging from isolated scraps to whole skeletons. species of Thysanoptera (thrips) named from 1901 to 1993 were Of course, it may be that dinosaurian systematists are a special authored by four people, and one of these was responsible breed, subject to different pressures and temptations than sys- for 1065 names. The same is true for caecilians (limbless am- tematists of other groups; further, working on the systematics of a phibians), whose species list up to 1970 was dominated by one fossil group may lead to different behavior or different outcomes researcher, Edward H. Taylor, who described 40 (25%) of from working on extant taxa. the then-known 157 species (Nussbaum and Wilkinson, 1989). 1478 BENTON—NAMING DINOSAURS 1479 FIGURE 1. Portraits of the three most pro- lific authors of new dinosaur (and Mesozoic bird) names: A, Othniel C. Marsh (1831–1899), who named 98 species; B, Friedrich von Huene (1875–1969), who named 71 species; and C, Edward D. Cope (1840–1897), who named 64 species. (Marsh and Cope portraits from copyright-free sources; Huene portrait from Collections and Museum, Institute of Geo- sciences, University of Tubingen.)¨ SYSTEMATIC PRACTICE AND ERROR yet only 230 of these (16.4%) are synonyms, 340 (24.3%) are des- ignated nomen dubium, 47 (3.4%) are designated nomen nudum, Species lists may grow and shrink for many reasons. Hard- and 58 (4.1%) are not dinosaurs. [Nomina dubia are based on un- est to document is the constant tension between ‘splitters’ diagnostic or incomplete type materials and nomina nuda have and ‘lumpers,’ those systematists who divide species finely or no designated type material.] So, of invalid dinosaurian species, coarsely. Splitters may recognize each population group or ge- twice as many have been invalidated for reasons other than syn- ographic variant as a species, whereas lumpers might call such onymy. forms varieties or subspecies of a larger species. There are no rules for determining the level at which varieties, subspecies, METHODS species, and genera ought to be discriminated, and such debates are even trickier in dealing with fossil species, where generally the The database (http://paleo.gly.bris.ac.uk/dinosaur/dinospecies only evidence is characters of hard tissues of skeletons or shells. .xls) is a complete listing of all 1400 dinosaurian species names The current view of validity of species names probably depends compiled in order of publication, from the 1820s to the end of as much on the quality of the earlier work as on the quality of re- 2004. The primary source was Weishampel et al. (2004), a com- vision. If a lumper reviews a splitter’s work, many species will pilation of systematic chapters on all dinosaurian groups, but the be moved to synonymy; in the reverse case, it is likely that most listing was enhanced by adding papers to the end of 2004, but older species names will survive, and more will be added. In cases importantly by tracking each name through time to document in- where interest is sustained and broad, such as in dinosaur sys- validations and revalidations: this required a thorough reading of tematics, revisions happen every few years or decades, and the nearly every taxonomic paper on dinosaurs, from 1824 to 2004 risk of bias by a single active author or reviser is reduced. Species (Benton, 2008a, 2008b). Data were also recorded on the date of may survive scrutiny throughout, others may be identified as er- naming, authors, geographic location (country, continent), geo- roneous early on and remain in that state, whereas yet others may logical age (period, epoch, stage, geological formation), size (to- be identified as erroneous by one reviser, and then may be resus- tal body length, arbitrarily divided into small [up to 2 m long], citated by a later reviser, and so come in and out of validity many medium [2.01–5 m long], large [5.01–10 m long], very large [more times. Alroy (2002, 2003) described a ‘flux ratio’ method to docu- than 10.01 m long]), validity (whether currently valid or not), and ment the fluid nature of species lists through time. He noted that, quality of the type specimen (isolated remains, a skull, several despite the constant flux of names, most remain in the state (valid skulls, a skeleton, several skeleton).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A New Raptorial Dinosaur with Exceptionally Long Feathering Provides Insights Into Dromaeosaurid flight Performance
    ARTICLE Received 11 Apr 2014 | Accepted 11 Jun 2014 | Published 15 Jul 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5382 A new raptorial dinosaur with exceptionally long feathering provides insights into dromaeosaurid flight performance Gang Han1, Luis M. Chiappe2, Shu-An Ji1,3, Michael Habib4, Alan H. Turner5, Anusuya Chinsamy6, Xueling Liu1 & Lizhuo Han1 Microraptorines are a group of predatory dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs with aero- dynamic capacity. These close relatives of birds are essential for testing hypotheses explaining the origin and early evolution of avian flight. Here we describe a new ‘four-winged’ microraptorine, Changyuraptor yangi, from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota of China. With tail feathers that are nearly 30 cm long, roughly 30% the length of the skeleton, the new fossil possesses the longest known feathers for any non-avian dinosaur. Furthermore, it is the largest theropod with long, pennaceous feathers attached to the lower hind limbs (that is, ‘hindwings’). The lengthy feathered tail of the new fossil provides insight into the flight performance of microraptorines and how they may have maintained aerial competency at larger body sizes. We demonstrate how the low-aspect-ratio tail of the new fossil would have acted as a pitch control structure reducing descent speed and thus playing a key role in landing. 1 Paleontological Center, Bohai University, 19 Keji Road, New Shongshan District, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province 121013, China. 2 Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA. 3 Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 26 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037, China. 4 University of Southern California, Health Sciences Campus, BMT 403, Mail Code 9112, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, a New Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
    Zootaxa 2403: 1–9 (2010) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2010 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A new dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation of Inner Mongolia, China XING XU1, JONAH N. CHOINIERE2, MICHAEL PITTMAN3, QINGWEI TAN4, DONG XIAO5, ZHIQUAN LI5, LIN TAN4, JAMES M. CLARK2, MARK A. NORELL6, DAVID W. E. HONE1 & CORWIN SULLIVAN1 1Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 142 Xiwai Street, Beijing 100044. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, 2023 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA 3Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK 4Long Hao Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Hohhot, Nei Mongol 010010, China 5Department of Land and Resources, Linhe, Nei Mongol 015000, China 6Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, 10024, USA Abstract We describe a new dromaeosaurid theropod from the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia. The new taxon, Linheraptor exquisitus gen. et sp. nov., is based on an exceptionally well-preserved, nearly complete skeleton. This specimen represents the fifth dromaeosaurid taxon recovered from the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation and its laterally equivalent strata, which include the Wulansuhai Formation, and adds to the known diversity of Late Cretaceous dromaeosaurids. Linheraptor exquisitus closely resembles the recently reported Tsaagan mangas. Uniquely among dromaeosaurids, the two taxa share a large, anteriorly located maxillary fenestra and a contact between the jugal and the squamosal that excludes the postorbital from the infratemporal fenestra.
    [Show full text]
  • 0195-5373 E-ISSN: 2708-521X Vol . 42 No. 1 Jan/Feb.2021
    ISSN: 0195-5373 e-ISSN: 2708-521X Vol . 42 No. 1 Jan/Feb. 2021 www.at-spectrosc.com Cover Feature: Jinhua Li, Rui Pei, Fangfang Teng, Hao Qiu, Roald Tagle, Qiqi Yan, Qiang Wang, Xuelei Chu , and Xing Xu Micro- XRF Study of the T roodontid Dinosaur Jianianhualong tengi Reveals New Biological and Taphonomical Signals Journal Overview The Atomic Spectroscopy (Print ISSN 0195−5373; Online ISSN 2708-521X) is a peer-reviewed international journal started in 1962 by Dr. Walter Slavin. It is dedicated to advancing the analytical methodology & applications, instrumentation & fundamentals, and the science of reference materials in the fields of atomic spectroscopy. Publishing frequency: Six issues per year. Editor in Chief Editorial Board Xian-Hua Li (China) Beibei Chen (Wuhan University, China) Miguel Ángel Aguirre Pastor (Universidad de Executive Editor Biyang Deng (Guangxi Normal University, Alicante, Spain) Wei Guo (China) China) Mingli Chen (Northeastern University, China) Associate Editors Carsten Engelhard (University of Siegen, Ming Xu (Research Center for Eco-Environmental Germany) Sciences, CAS, China) Michael Dürr (Germany) Chao Li (National Research Center for Muharrem INCE (Munzur University, Turkey) Wei Hang (China) Geoanalysis, China) Mustafa Soylak (Erciyes University, Turkey) Zhaochu Hu (China) Chao Wei (National Institute of Metrology, Qian Liu (Research Center for Editorial Assistants China) Eco-Environmental Sciences, CAS, China) Chaofeng Li (Institute of Geology and Anneliese Lust (USA) Qiu-Li Li (Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Geophysics, CAS, China) Fadi. Abou-Shakra (USA) CAS, China) Chengbin Zheng (Sichuan University, Kenneth R. Neubauer (USA) Rong Qian (Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, CAS, China) Ming Li (China) China) Érico M.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 10, the Mistaken Extinction, by Lowell Dingus and Timothy Rowe, New York, W
    Chapter 10, The Mistaken Extinction, by Lowell Dingus and Timothy Rowe, New York, W. H. Freeman, 1998. CHAPTER 10 Dinosaurs Challenge Evolution Enter Sir Richard Owen More than 150 years ago, the great British naturalist Richard Owen (fig. 10.01) ignited the controversy that Deinonychus would eventually inflame. The word "dinosaur" was first uttered by Owen in a lecture delivered at Plymouth, England in July of 1841. He had coined the name in a report on giant fossil reptiles that were discovered in England earlier in the century. The root, Deinos, is usually translated as "terrible" but in his report, published in 1842, Owen chose the words "fearfully great"1. To Owen, dinosaurs were the fearfully great saurian reptiles, known only from fossil skeletons of huge extinct animals, unlike anything alive today. Fig. 10.01 Richard Owen as, A) a young man at about the time he named Dinosauria, B) in middle age, near the time he described Archaeopteryx, and C) in old age. Dinosaur bones were discovered long before Owen first spoke their name, but no one understood what they represented. The first scientific report on a dinosaur bone belonging was printed in 1677 by Rev. Robert Plot in his work, The Natural History of Oxfordshire. This broken end of a thigh bone, came to Plot's attention during his research. It was nearly 60 cm in circumference--greater than the same bone in an elephant (fig.10.02). We now suspect that it belonged to Megalosaurus bucklandii, a carnivorous dinosaur now known from Oxfordshire. But Plot concluded that it "must have been a real Bone, now petrified" and that it resembled "exactly the figure of the 1 Chapter 10, The Mistaken Extinction, by Lowell Dingus and Timothy Rowe, New York, W.
    [Show full text]
  • New Perspectives on Pterosaur Palaeobiology
    Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 24, 2021 New perspectives on pterosaur palaeobiology DAVID W. E. HONE1*, MARK P. WITTON2 & DAVID M. MARTILL2 1Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E14NS, UK 2School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to evolve powered flight and occupied the skies of the Mesozoic for 160 million years. They occurred on every continent, evolved their incredible pro- portions and anatomy into well over 100 species, and included the largest flying animals of all time among their ranks. Pterosaurs are undergoing a long-running scientific renaissance that has seen elevated interest from a new generation of palaeontologists, contributions from scientists working all over the world and major advances in our understanding of their palaeobiology. They have espe- cially benefited from the application of new investigative techniques applied to historical speci- mens and the discovery of new material, including detailed insights into their fragile skeletons and their soft tissue anatomy. Many aspects of pterosaur science remain controversial, mainly due to the investigative challenges presented by their fragmentary, fragile fossils and notoriously patchy fossil record. With perseverance, these controversies are being resolved and our understand- ing of flying reptiles is increasing. This volume brings together a diverse set of papers on numerous aspects of the biology of these fascinating reptiles, including discussions of pterosaur ecology, flight, ontogeny, bony and soft tissue anatomy, distribution and evolution, as well as revisions of their taxonomy and relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Cretaceous Avian-Dominated, Theropod
    Lower cretaceous avian-dominated, theropod, thyreophoran, pterosaur and turtle track assemblages from the Tugulu Group, Xinjiang, China: ichnotaxonomy and palaeoecology Lida Xing1,2, Martin G. Lockley3, Chengkai Jia4, Hendrik Klein5, Kecheng Niu6, Lijun Zhang7, Liqi Qi8, Chunyong Chou2, Anthony Romilio9, Donghao Wang2, Yu Zhang2, W Scott Persons10 and Miaoyan Wang2 1 State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geoscience (Beijing), Beijing, China 2 School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geoscience (Beijing), Beijing, China 3 Dinosaur Trackers Research Group, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, United States 4 Research Institute of Experiment and Detection of Xinjiang Oil Company, PetroChina, Karamay, China 5 Saurierwelt Paläontologisches Museum, Neumarkt, Germany 6 Yingliang Stone Natural History Museum, Nan’an, China 7 Institute of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Biogenic Traces & Sedimentary Minerals of Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Coalbed Methane and Shale Gas for Central Plains Economic Region, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China 8 Faculty of Petroleum, China University of Petroleum (Beijing) at Karamay, Karamay, China 9 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 10 Mace Brown Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, United States ABSTRACT Rich tetrapod ichnofaunas, known for more than a decade, from the Huangyangquan Reservoir (Wuerhe District, Karamay City, Xinjiang) have been an abundant source Submitted 10 January 2021 of some of the largest Lower Cretaceous track collections from China. They originate Accepted 26 April 2021 from inland lacustrine clastic exposures of the 581–877 m thick Tugulu Group, 28 May 2021 Published variously divided into four formations and subgroups in the northwestern margin of Corresponding author the Junggar Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Biogeography of Iguanodontian Dinosaurs, with Implications from Ontogeny and an Examination of the Function of the Fused Carpal-Digit I Complex
    Phylogeny and Biogeography of Iguanodontian Dinosaurs, with Implications from Ontogeny and an Examination of the Function of the Fused Carpal-Digit I Complex By Karen E. Poole B.A. in Geology, May 2004, University of Pennsylvania M.A. in Earth and Planetary Sciences, August 2008, Washington University in St. Louis A Dissertation submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 31, 2015 Dissertation Directed by Catherine Forster Professor of Biology The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University certifies that Karen Poole has passed the Final Examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of August 10th, 2015. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. Phylogeny and Biogeography of Iguanodontian Dinosaurs, with Implications from Ontogeny and an Examination of the Function of the Fused Carpal-Digit I Complex Karen E. Poole Dissertation Research Committee: Catherine A. Forster, Professor of Biology, Dissertation Director James M. Clark, Ronald Weintraub Professor of Biology, Committee Member R. Alexander Pyron, Robert F. Griggs Assistant Professor of Biology, Committee Member ii © Copyright 2015 by Karen Poole All rights reserved iii Dedication To Joseph Theis, for his unending support, and for always reminding me what matters most in life. To my parents, who have always encouraged me to pursue my dreams, even those they didn’t understand. iv Acknowledgements First, a heartfelt thank you is due to my advisor, Cathy Forster, for giving me free reign in this dissertation, but always providing valuable commentary on any piece of writing I sent her, no matter how messy.
    [Show full text]
  • About Me Facebook Badge Globe Popular Posts
    Species New to Science: [Mammalogy • 2018] Taxonomic Review of th... http://novataxa.blogspot.com.br/2017/12/cyclopes.html new & recent described Flora & Fauna species from all over the World esp. Asia, Oriental, Indomalayan & Malesiana region Wednesday, December 13, 2017 About Me pskhun View my complete profile Facebook Badge Globe Popular Posts [Botany • 2018] Thismia thaithongiana • A New Species of Mycoheterotroph (Dioscoreaceae: Thismieae) from An Unusual Habitat in Thailand Thismia thaithongiana Chantanaorr. & Suddee in Chantanaorrapint & Suddee, 2018. facebook.com/ ForestHerbarium ... [Botany • 2018] Nephelaphyllum maliauensis • A New Species (Orchidaceae; Collabiinae) from the Maliau Basin, Sabah, Borneo, with A Discussion of the Taxonomic Identities of N. pulchrum, N. latilabre and N. flabellatum Nephelaphyllum maliauensis in Suetsugu, Suleiman & Tsukaya, 2018 DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.336.1.7 Nephelaphyllum is... 1 de 16 31/01/2018 18:06 Species New to Science: [Mammalogy • 2018] Taxonomic Review of th... http://novataxa.blogspot.com.br/2017/12/cyclopes.html [Ichthyology • 2018] Spectracanthicus javae • A New Species of the Genus Spectracanthicus (Loricariidae, Hypostominae, Ancistrini) from the Rio s (Rio Araguaia Basin), with A Description ofיJava Gross Brain Morphology Spectracanthicus javae Chamon, Pereira, Mendonca & Akama, 2018 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13526 Abstract A new species o... [Entomology • 2018] Drepanosticta emtrai • A New Species of Damselfly (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platystictidae) from Vietnam with A Discussion of Drepanosticta vietnamica Asahina, 1997 Drepanosticta emtrai Dow, Kompier & Phan , 2018 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4374.2.7 VNCreatures.net Abstract ... [Paleontology • 2018] Kootenayscolex barbarensis • A New Burgess Shale Polychaete and the Origin of the Annelid Head Revisited Kootenayscolex barbarensis Nanglu & Caron, 2018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.019 Highlights: •An abundant C..
    [Show full text]
  • Download Curriculum Vitae
    MARK ALLEN NORELL CURATOR, DIVISION CHAIR AND PROFESSOR DIVISION OF PALEONTOLOGY HIGHEST DEGREE EARNED Ph.D. AREA OF SPECIALIZATION Evolution of avian dinosaurs EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE Ph.D. in Biology, Yale University, 1988 M.Phil. Yale University, 1986 M.S. in Biology, San Diego State University, 1983 B.S. in Zoology, California State University, Long Beach, 1980 PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE IN DOCTORAL EDUCATION FACULTY APPOINTMENTS Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Yale University, 1995-1999 Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Yale University, 1991-1995 Lecturer, Department of Biology, Yale University, 1989 COURSES TAUGHT Richard Gilder Graduate School, Grantsmanship, Ethics and Communication, 2008- present Guest Lecturer- EESC G9668y Seminar in vertebrate paleontology. Origin and evolution of the theropod pectoral girdle, 2007 EESC G9668y Seminar in vertebrate paleontology. A Total Evidence Approach to Lizard Phylogeny, 2006 Columbia University directed research, 2000 Columbia University, Dinosaur Biology, 4 lectures, 1996 Yale University, Evolutionary Biology, 6 lectures, 1995 CUNY, Paleobiological methods, 2 lectures, 1994 GRADUATE ADVISEES Sheana Montanari, Richard Gilder Graduate School, 2008-present Stephen Brusatte, Columbia Universiety, 2008-present Amy Balanoff, Columbia University, 2005- present Alan Turner, Columbia University, Ph.D. candidate, 2004-present Sterling Nesbitt, Columbia University, Ph.D. candidate, 2004-present Daniel Ksepka, Columbia University, Ph.D. candidate, 2002- present Sunny
    [Show full text]
  • Jonah Nathaniel Choiniere
    Jonah Nathaniel Choiniere American Museum of Natural History Division of Paleontology Central Park West at 79th Street New York, NY 10024 [email protected] (703) – 403 – 5865 (mobile) (212) – 769 – 5868 (office) Education BA 2002 Anthropology cum laude BS 2002 Geology cum laude University of Massachusetts Amherst Ph.D. 2010 Biology The George Washington University Professional Experience and Appointments 2010–2012. Kalbfleisch Fellow and Gerstner Scholar: American Museum of Natural History 2011-present. Paleontology Advisor: The Excursionist. 2010–2011. Curatorial Assistant, “The World’s Largest Dinosaurs”: American Museum of Natural History 2007—2010. Research Student: National Museum of Natural History 2002–2004. Property Manager: Boston Nature Center 2000. Archaeology Intern: Yosemite National Park Grants 2011. Co-PI Grant in Aid of Research, University of Cambridge: £17,000 2011. Jurassic Foundation Grant, Jurassic Foundation: $3084 2011. Waitt Grant, National Geographic Society: $15,000 2009. Mortensen Fund, The George Washington University: $250 2009. Exploration Fund, The Explorers Club: $1500 2009. Jurassic Foundation Grant, Jurassic Foundation: $2500 2009. Jackson School of Geosciences Travel Grant, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: $1200 J. N. Choiniere 2 2008. East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes Grant, National Science Foundation: $10,000 Awards and Fellowships September, 2010–August, 2012. Kalbfleisch Fellowship and Gerstner Scholar, American Museum of Natural History Fall, 2004–Spring, 2010. Weintraub Fellowship for Systematics and Evolution, The George Washington University Fall, 2009. King Fellowship, The George Washington University July, 2007. Cladistics Workshop Fellowship, The Ohio State University May, 2002. L.R. Wilson Award, University of Massachusetts Amherst Fall, 1997–Spring, 2002. Commonwealth Scholarship, University of Massachusetts Amherst Publications 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Inside Dinosaurs
    Press Release 1 - 27 www.insidetheworldofdinosaurs.com Press Release Jan 2012 Media Contact: Matthew Snowden, Founder M5859 Studios +61 402 635 560 (Australia) Email: [email protected] Press Release www.insidetheworldofdinosaurs.com 2 - 27 Forward For centuries dinosaurs have fascinated generations of mankind. In the last couple of centuries palaeontologists have unravelled the mys - teries of many species and have allowed us to gain an insight in to these marvellous prehistoric creatures that once roamed our planet many millions of years ago. My name is Stephen Fry and allow me to accompany you as we delve Inside the World of Dinosaurs™ Stephen Fry, Narrator Inside the World of Dinosaurs TM - The iPad app Press Release www.insidetheworldofdinosaurs.com 3 - 27 Editorial When I started M5859 Studios in 2011, the team wanted to create world-class apps that combined cinematic graphics with the most compelling content - apps that defy our imagination; that take us on magical journeys through science and history. Ever since I was a child I’ve been fascinated, like most children, by di - nosaurs in movies and books. Due to the mystery behind them no other animal has quite captured everyone’s imagination like dinosaurs. And so began the genesis of Inside the World of Dinosaurs™. Using the best available technology, digital artists, world-leading palaeontologists and magical narration by Stephen Fry, our team at M5859 Studios have crafted a fascinating journey through which every child, student and family can truly immerse themselves, in the wonder - ful world of dinosaurs! Matthew Snowden Producer Press Release www.insidetheworldofdinosaurs.com 4 - 27 Press Release www.insidetheworldofdinosaurs.com 5 - 27 M5859 Studios launches iPad App, Inside the World of DinosaursTM An original app hand-made, from concept to completion Inside the World of Dinosaurs™ is the first unique and comprehensive interactive digital dinosaur encyclopedia.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Avian Evolution Phylogeny and Evolution of the Aves
    Phylogeny and Avian Evolution Phylogeny and Evolution of the Aves I. Background Scientists have speculated about evolution of birds ever since Darwin. Difficult to find relatives using only modern animals After publi cati on of “O rigi i in of S peci es” (~1860) some used birds as a counter-argument since th ere were no k nown t ransiti onal f orms at the time! • turtles have modified necks and toothless beaks • bats fly and are warm blooded With fossil discovery other potential relationships! • Birds as distinct order of reptiles Many non-reptilian characteristics (e.g. endothermy, feathers) but really reptilian in structure! If birds only known from fossil record then simply be a distinct order of reptiles. II. Reptile Evolutionary History A. “Stem reptiles” - Cotylosauria Must begin in the late Paleozoic ClCotylosauri a – “il”“stem reptiles” Radiation of reptiles from Cotylosauria can be organized on the basis of temporal fenestrae (openings in back of skull for muscle attachment). Subsequent reptilian lineages developed more powerful jaws. B. Anapsid Cotylosauria and Chelonia have anapsid pattern C. Syypnapsid – single fenestra Includes order Therapsida which gave rise to mammalia D. Diapsida – both supppratemporal and infratemporal fenestrae PttPattern foun did in exti titnct arch osaurs, survi iiving archosaurs and also in primitive lepidosaur – ShSpheno don. All remaining living reptiles and the lineage leading to Aves are classified as Diapsida Handout Mammalia Extinct Groups Cynodontia Therapsida Pelycosaurs Lepidosauromorpha Ichthyosauria Protorothyrididae Synapsida Anapsida Archosauromorpha Euryapsida Mesosaurs Amphibia Sauria Diapsida Eureptilia Sauropsida Amniota Tetrapoda III. Relationshippp to Reptiles Most groups present during Mesozoic considere d ancestors to bird s.
    [Show full text]