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' Volume 23 No. 2. April 1992 '"* Journal of Gemmology THE GEMMOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION AND GEM TESTING LABORATORY OF GREAT BRITAIN OFFICERS AND COUNCIL Past Presidents: Sir Henry Miers, MA, D.Se., FRS Sir William Bragg, OM, KBE, FRS Dr. G.F. Herbert Smith, CBE, MA, D.Se. Sir Lawrence Bragg, CH, OBE, MC, B.Se., FRS Sir Frank Claringbull, Ph.D., F.Inst.P., FGS Vice-President: R K. Mitchell, FGA Council of Management D.J. Callaghan, FGA C.R Cavey, FGA E.A Jobbins, B.Se., C.Eng., FIMM, FGA 1. Thomson, FGA V.P: Watson, FGA K. Searratt, FGA RR Harding, B.Se., D.Phil., FGA Members' Council A. J. Allnutt, M.Se., G.H. Jones, B.Se., Ph.D., FGA P. G. Read, C.Eng., Ph.D., FGA H. Levy, M.Se., BA, FGA MIEE, MIERE, FGA P. J. E. Daly, B.Se., FGA J. Kessler 1. Roberts, FGA T. Davidson, FGA G. Monnickendam E.A. Thomson, R Fuller, FGA L. Music Hon. FGA D. Inkersole, FGA J.B. Nelson, Ph.D., FGS, R Velden B. Jackson, FGA F. Inst. P., C.Phys., FGA D. Warren C.H. Winter, FGA Branch Chairmen: Midlands Branch: D.M. Lareher, FBHI, FGA North-West Branch: 1. Knight, FGA Examiners: A J. Allnutt, M.Se., Ph.D., FGA G. H. Jones, B.Se., Ph.D., FGA L. Bartlett, B.Se., M.Phil., FGA D. G. Kent, FGA E. M. Bruton, FGA R D. Ross, B.Se., FGA C. R Cavey, FGA P. Sadler, B.Se., FGS, FGA S. Coelho, B.Se., FGA E. Stern, FGA AT. Collins, B.Se., Ph.D Prof. LSunagawa,D.Se. A E. Farn, FGA M. Virkkunen, M.Phil., FGA B. Jackson, FGA C. Woodward, B.Se., FGA E. A Jobbins, B.Se., C. Eng., FIMM, FGA Editor: E. A Jobbins, B.Se., C.Eng., FIMM, FGA Editorial Assistant: Mary A Burland Curator: C. R Cavey, FGA The Genunologica1 Association and Gent Testing Laboratory of Great Britain 27 Greville Street, London EClN 8SU Telephone: 071-4043334 Fax: 071-4048843 The Journal of Gemmology VOLUME 23 NUMBER TWO APRIL 1992 Cover Picture The photograph represents a vase carved from nephrite jade during the late Ming period (circa 1580). The original colour of the stone was probably a cream/white with a few veins and mineral inclusions. Unlike jadeite, nephrite will usually sustain heat­ ing to considerable temperatures, and many carvings were burnt by accident in fires, and survived the ordeal. The item illustrated is quite striking as it must have been heated in close association with other domestic objects, as metallic oxides from these have coloured some areas of its surface (if the stone is re-polished the surface colour is usually only skin deep). During the 19th century these jades were very popular in China 3nd were manufactured and burnt intentionally in furnaces, to supply the demand for this extraordinary material. The vase stands 8.5cm tall, and varies in thickness from 1.5mm to 2.5mm. Photograph C.R. Cavey ISSN: 0022-1252 66 J. Gemm., 1992,23,2 THE GEM DIAMOND DIPLOMA GAGTL have brought together the finest minds in the world of diamonds to produce the most comprehensive Gem Diamond home study course available. The course acknowledges the professionalism of the international diamond market and includes every aspect of gem diamond you will ever need to know. Following an examination in theoretical knowledge and practical application - including grading of polished and rough, you may gain the Gem Diamond Diploma and be entitled to the special Diamond Membership of GAGTL. With DGAafteryour name your professionalism will be obvious for all to see For further information please contact Louise Macdougall on 071-404 3334, or complete the reply form below. I 1 I To GAGTL Education Department, 27 Greville Street, London EC1N 8SU I | Please send me details and an application form for the Gem Diamond Course. | I Name: . , Address: , Telephone: JG 4/92 i_- J. Gemm., 1992, 23, 2 67 Vanadian grossular garnet (tsavorite) from Pakistan Brian Jackson, FGA National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF Abstract Colour and chemistry Faceted vanadian grossular garnets from Swat, The overall colour to the eye is one of rich vivid Pakistan make exquisite gems. Though small they have greens with no apparent yellow component. Even a strong 'emerald green' colour attributed to vanadium. the smallest stones, 0.02ct, display a strong depth The physical properties and chemistry are similar to of colour. vanadian grossular garnets from East Africa: n 1.743, D The analyses presented in Table 1 were carried 3.640; SiO2 38.17, TiO2 0.44, A12O3 18.33, Fe2O3 out on a Microscan V electron probe microanal- 0.04, V2O3 4.60, MnO 0.29, Cr2O3 0.00, MgO 0.10, yser operating at an accelerating potential of 20kV CaO 36.52, Na2O 0.00, Total 98.05 (goldmanite with a probe current of 30 nanoamps. Standards 12.83%, grossular 86.08%, others minor). Inclusions used in calibration were as follows:- wollastonite include graphite, wollastonite, mica, zircon negative for silicon and calcium, jadeite for sodium, corun­ inclusions. dum for aluminium, periclase for magnesium, and rutile for titanium; other elements (vanadium, Preamble chromium, manganese and iron) were calibrated Tsavorite is the name given to the green to against pure metals. slightly yellowish-green variety of grossular garnet Surprisingly, even given the difficulty in esti­ (Stockton et al., 1985). 'Emerald green' tsavorite, mating chromium because of VKß and CrKoc from African sources, have been known since the overlap, chromium is believed to be absent or in late 1960's. The cause of colour in these garnets quantities below the resolution of peak overlap. has been variously assigned to chromium and/or Cr203 concentration based on the calculated lim­ vanadium: the colouring agents being locality spe­ its of detection has a maximum value of 0.05% cific. Green vanadium-rich grossular garnets from though any Cr203 presence is likely to be even less Kenya engendered a great deal of interest and than this. Studies of the effect of weight %Cr203 much has been written about them. In contrast on the % of green coloration trends (Manson et the vanadian 'emerald' green tsavorites from al. 1982) indicated that Cr203, despite two excep­ Pakistan, even though equally attractive, have tions, in amounts of less than 0.05% contributed receive little gemmological attention presumably to no more than 35% of the green coloration. On because they are less abundant and generally the other hand V203 concentrations above 2% smaller. contribute over 80% to the green coloration trend. Anderson (1966) described transparent green With V203 concentrations averaging 4.52% the grossular sent from Pakistan in the hope that they major, if not sole, influence on colour is therefore might be emerald. These, he states, were similar clearly vanadium. The fact that no colour change to a specimen he had examined a year before and was observed through the Chelsea Colour Filter all specimens showed a chromium absorption reinforces this view. spectrum. Tsavorite, from the Swat area of north­ No significant chemical zonation was detected ern Pakistan, has been recorded, though not in in either sample though the relationship between detail* (O'Donoghue pers comm.). the proportions of V203 and A1203 indicated that This study is based on a parcel of 25 cut stones, vanadium was replacing aluminium in the ideal weighing 2.5ct, from the Swat area. grossular formula Ca3Al2(Si04)3 giving the gen­ eral formula Ca3(Al,V,Fe)2(Si04)3 : Table l. *Green grossular has been found in graphitic schists in Jambil area of Swat, near Koy in Malakand Agency and near Targhao in Bajaur Agency. Physical properties The Jambil garnets are of excellent green colour though very small. The optical and specific gravity properties of © Copyright the Gemmological Association ISSN: 0022-1252 ~ (1) 00 'D 'D 0 3 ..... IV IV a- ~ JV 68 '-< Q. ... 1:1 1'1 1:1 .... III III III ~ ., CT '" 1'1 ..., III :-: III Table - 1: Analyse- s of green vanadian ~ ~: IIlIJll rlJQ ? 9 ... III :;>'" ... "'1'1 ~ Q Q e..1'1 '" '" 1'1 "',<: ... 5 ~ ~ grossular garnetIJll s from Swat, Pakistan. ^ (S^-^ootNrooot^-or^ 15 4.27 0.00 0.32 0.09 0.05 odöooÖTroöövdöo0.00 d 18.66 38.21 36.71 ro i—i co ON98.75 _„ (^VÇC^V0<NOO0\*OO00 3 orrroovqcnoor^oo 14 4.62 0.46 0.44 0.00 0.30 0.09 0.06 odoooö^tööövddo0.00 ö 38.07 36.75 ro r-i m ON98.68 Q ft TT -H p H <N p i-H UO p O .tS 13 0.43 0.00 0.26 0.10 0.05 0.00 oööooöknööcsNdöo5.14 N "cd 18.19 18.33 38.36 36.54 99.07 locality) r^^ï (NvOrH^Ol^OQOmOiO § ON S> 1975) tQ Ü 12 ^^rûOOXMOHooooo w i-H g 0.46 0.30 0.10 0.06 0.00 3.87 Taveta 18.81 38.42 36.83 ON CO -H C<)ON 98.85 -* 1J ^ W (9-15) O?Pakistan -Û 5 2 ja ?? '£Wiebel, H (Taita 11 S S OO^FvOOrf(NOrHVOOri- S ^& 0.00 0.00 4.41 0.46 0.11 0.05 0.00 Valley, 18.67 36.61 37.81 98.41 ^CO-Sample H COON > _g J "S3 "c5 13 Lualenyi Swat (Gubelin 10 0.00 0.30 0.29 4.38 0.43 0.10 0.04 ooöodÖTfööövööo0.00 o o -, o 18.71 36.44 38.41 98.81 from CO -H CO ON C from ^ C (U (Ü (D ."S K> .tS «3 u * Kenya u -- (Ncor-ioo-HOONOoo^o o - o y 4.60 0.05 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.43 OOÖOOOTt-'ÖOÖMDOO0.09 O 5 fi $ Ë 18.47 tsavorite tsavorite 36.28 38.22 fO-H f<NONw(U98.45 w S members of ^ of "^ ^ ^ Ë Lualenyi, end 1989) 8 9 4.43 0.03 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.44 0.11 18.58 from f«") r-H CO ON98.70 C A /-N C ^ -2 analysis analysis * Ü o « acHill, g FeO) C3 OC« & O VO-rJ-rHmr^-r-iOOONOr-i J-, > ^ -->-.
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