PAUL CHAMBERS Bakalárska Práca

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PAUL CHAMBERS Bakalárska Práca JANÁČKOVÁ AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BRNE Hudební fakulta Katedra jazzové interpretace Hra na kontrabas PAUL CHAMBERS Bakalárska práca Autor práce: Vladimír Micenko Vedúci práce: BcA Rastislav Uhrik Oponent práce: BcA Jaromír Honzák Brno 2014 Bibliografický záznam: Micenko, Vladimír. Paul Chambers Brno: Janáčková akademie múzických uměni v Brne, Hudební fakulta, Katedra jazzové interpretace, rok 2014 (24 stran) Vedúci diplomovej práce BcA, Rastislav Uhrik. Anotácia: Diplomová práca „Paul Chambers“ zahrňuje život, dielo a hráčske umenie kontrabasisty Paula Chambersa. Annotation: Diploma thesis „Paul Chambers“ include life, work and the art of playing of the basist Paul Chambers. Kľúčové slová : Paul Chambers, jazz, univerzalita Keywords: Paul Chambers, jazz, universality Prehlásenie: Prehlasujem, že som svoju prácu spracoval samostatne a použil iba pramene a literatúru, ktoré sú v nej uvedené. V Brne, dňa 26. apríla 2014 Vladimír Micenko Obsah: Úvod...................................................................................................1 1.Zhodnotenie prameňov a literatúry....................................3 1.1 Nahrávky........................................................................................3 1.2 Transkripcie...................................................................................4 1.3Literatúra o P. Chambersovi...........................................................4 2. Začiatky a kariera v NYC....................................................5 2.1 Chambers a rytmické sekcie..........................................................8 2.2 Názory muzikantov........................................................................9 2.3 Interpretácia hry konceptu P. Chambersa.....................................11 3. Anylýza vybraných Chambersových sól........................14 4.Paul Chambers a jeho hudobný odkaz............................22 5.Záver.............................................................................................23 Použité informačné zdroje …..........................................................24 ÚVOD V priebehu môjho postupného vzdelávania sa v jazzovej hudbe som dlhú dobu nevenoval kontrabasistovi Paulovi Chambersovi pozornosť, pretože v histórii jazzu je mnoho významných basistov (virtuózov, inovátorov či experimentálnych hráčov). Avšak keď som sa rozhodol, že si skúsim stiahnuť vlastnú transkripciu Chambersovho sóla, zaujala ma jeho hra viac. Bolo to sólo skladby „You and the night and music“ z albumu On green dolphin street legendárneho jazzového pianisty Billa Evansa. Na začiatku ma sólo neoslovilo, ale po následnej analýze a mojej interpretácii ma fascinovalo ako je v navonok chaotickom a neľubozvučnom „zhluku“ tónov poriadok, rytmus, melódia a silný swingový feeling, ktorý tam akoby „na prvé počutie“ nebol. Na tomto sóle som sa naučil mnoho vecí čo sa jazzového jazyka týka. Časom sa záujem a obdiv zvyšoval a po viacerých transkripciách sa stal jedným z mojich obľúbených hráčov. Je isté, že Chambers bol jeden z najdôležitejších a najzásadnejších bebopových basistov a to nielen v rokoch 1955 – 1965. Ako aj jeden z najčastejších spoluhráčov tvoriacich vyhľadávané rytmické sekcie s Philly Jo Jonesom alebo Jimmym Cobbom. Jednak pre jeho hru a zároveň pretože počet albumov na ktorých sa podieľal ako líder a ako sideman je približne 300. Chambersova hra je zachytená a znotovaná v mnohých knihách avšak o jeho živote sa môžeme dozvedieť jedine z autobiografie Milesa Davisa alebo z knihy od Roba Palmera s názvom The life and music of Paul Chambers, ktorá zachytáva podrobne jeho životnú a hudobnú cestu, rodinu, vzťah k hudbe a jeho osobnosť. V svojej práci by som rád zmapoval Chambersa ako osobnosť, jeho hudobnú dráhu a fenomén v dejinách jazzu. Súčasťou práce sú aj vyňaté časti rôznych rozhovorov s kompetentnými muzikantmi, ktorí sa zaoberali jeho hrou alebo s ním boli v úzkej spolupráci. Taktiež by som sa rád zameral na jeho prínos v dejinách jazzu a samotný spôsob hrania. Konkrétne jeho zvuk, farbu a výraz, ktoré sú pre mňa neustálou inšpiráciou a zároveň ťažko napodobiteľným a definovateľným ukazateľom v samotnom spôsobe hrania na kontrabas. A zároveň umenie swingového feelingu (cítenia), ktorý je pre ľudí žijúcich v Európe zložitejší, 1 pretože nepatrí do európskeho hudobno-historického fondu a v jazzovej afro-americkej hudbe je to jeden z najdôležitejších elementov. Pokiaľ nie najdôležitejší. 2 1.Zhodnotenie prameňov a literatúry 1.1 Nahrávky Umenie hry Paul Chambersa bolo zaznamenané na viac ako 300 nahrávkach. Mnohé z albumov sú právom považované za milníky jazzu alebo tzv. kultové. Spomenúť by sa mali rozhodne albumy Blue Train z roku 1956, Giant steps z roku 1960 saxofonisty Johna Coltraena. Kind of Blue trumpetisty Milesa Davisa z roku 1959 (bol dvorným hráčom v rámci prvého Davisovho quintetu) alebo Brilliant Corners pianistu Theloniousa Monka z roku 1956 a The Blues and the abstract truth skladateľa a saxofonistu Olivera Nelsona z roku 1961. Z muzikantov s ktorými bol Chambers v úzkej spolupráci spomeňme ešte Sonnyho Rollinsa, Lee Morgana, Hanka Mobleyho, Wyntona Kellyho a mnoho ďalších. Zaujimavosťou je, že Paul Chambers nebol vyhľadávaný bigbandový hrač, ale hlavne sideman do takzvaných malých partií (tria, quartety, quintety, sextety) a zároveň nieje zaznamenaná nahrávka kde by pôsobil v duu. Práve pre svoju univerzalitu a flexibilitu bol najvyhľadávanejším hráčom v rokoch 1955 - 1965. Z čoho vyplýva, že patril k bebopovým velikánom kontrabasu ako ostatní významní jazzoví kontrabasisti. Menovite napríklad Sam Jones, Percy Heat, Bob Cranshaw, Oscar Pettitford, Scott LaFaro, Richard Davis a mnoho ďalsích, ktorí utvárali vývoj jazzu a každý z nich mal svoj výnimočný prejav a rukopis. Aj keď bol Chambers hlavne vyhľadávaný sideman, prejavil sa aj ako líder a skladateľ v svojich vlastných projektoch. Sú to hlavne albumy Chambers music (1956), Whims of Chambers (1956), Paul Chambers quintet (1957), Bass on top (1957), Go (1959), High step (1956), The east/west controversy (1957), We three (1958), Just friends (1959), 1st bassman (1960). 1 1 Podľa: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Chambers 3 1.2 Transkripcie Sťahavonie sól, melódií, doprovodov alebo celých skladieb tzv. „od sluchu“ je vo všeobecnosti jeden z najlepších spôsobov ako sa učiť jazzovej hudbe. Hra Paula Chambersa by sa dala nazvať učebnicou jazzového kontrabasu (ako aj hra väčšiny basistov Chambersovej generácie ako napríklad Jimmy Merrit, Sam Jones) alebo starších hráčov ako boli Jimmy Blanton, Jimmy Woode, Slam Steward. Je pravdepodobne na všetkých školách vyučovaný jeho štýl hry (frázovanie, cítenie, rytmus, výber tónov- skrátka celý jazzový jazyk) a predkladaný ako jeden z tých najlepších vzorov bebopového hrania. Existuje množstvo transkripcií. Sú to: The music of Paul Chambers Vol.1, Vol.2, Vol3 od Jimma Stinnetta, Walking in the footsteps of Paul Chambers od Rob Gourlaya, The music of Paul Chambers od Mikko Nurmiho. Chambersovi je taktiež venovaných niekoľko skladieb od velikánov jazzu. „The P.C. Blues“ od Red Garlanda, „Mr. P. C. “ Od Johna Coltreana, „Big Paul“ od Tommy Flanagana a bubenícke sólo od Max Roacha s názvom „Five for Paul“. 2 1.3 Literatúra o P. Chambersovi Je paradox, že o Chambersovi a jeho živote bola napísaná iba jedna kniha. Je to štyristošestnásť stránková kniha s názvom Mr. P.C. - The life and music of Paul Chambers od Roba Palmera. Autor v knihe zachycuje osobný a hudobný život Paula Chambersa, rozhovory so spoluhráčmi, s rodinnými príslušníkmi a mapuje tak jeho život a hudobnú karieru od rodného Pittsburgu cez úspešné roky v New Yorku, až k jeho predčasnej smrti na tuberkulózu. Palmer zhrnul v svojej knihe aj kompletnú Chambersovu diskografiu ako lídra a sidemana. Taktiež sa o Chambersovi zmieňuje Miles Davis v svojej knihe Miles Davis Autobiography. Množstvo informácií nájdeme aj na internete ako aj v rozhovoroch s rôznymi muzikantami (Chambersovými spoluhráčmi, obdivovateľmi, hudobnými kritikmi), ale hlavne kontrabasistami pre ktorých bol a je stálou inšpiráciou. 2 Podľa: http://www.answers.com/topic/paul-chambers 4 2. Začiatky a kariéra v NYC Paul Chambers, celým menom Paul Laurence Dunbar Chambers, jr. sa narodil v Pittsburgu, Pennsylvánii 22. apríla 1935. Po smrti svojej matky bol vychovávaný v Detroite, Michigane. Jeho otec nechcel aby sa mladý Paul venoval hudbe, chcel z neho mať profesionálneho hráča baseballu. Na znak svojho nesúhlasu mu raz počas cvičenia vzal z školy požičanú basu a hodil ju dole schodmy. Paul sa však nevzdal a napriek otcovému odporu uprednostňoval hudbu. Hudbe sa začal venovať už na základnej škole, kde hrával so svojimi spolužiakmi. Jeho prvý nástroj bol barytónový roh, neskôr sa začal učiť hrať na tubu. V štrnástich rokoch sa začal učiť hrať na kontrabas. Jeho profesionálnejší prístup k nástroji začal v roku 1952, keď začal chodiť na lekcie s kontrabasistami z Detroitského symfonického orchestru. Chambers pozdejšie študoval na Cass Technical High School (1952-1955) kde bola hraná aj jeho vlastná symfónia. Hral v mnoho študentských hudobných telesách z toho v jednej z nich na barytón saxofón. V pätnástich rokoch sa začal zaujímať o bebopové hranie vďaka nahrávkam saxofonistu Charlieho Parkera a pianistu Buda Powela. Chambers neskôr rozprával o Oscarovi Pettifordovi a Rayovi Brownovi ako o svojich prvých hráčskych vzoroch. Taktiež o Charlesovi Mingusovi, Wendellowi Marshallovi, Georgovi Duvivierovi a Miltovi Hintonovi a to pre ich rytmickú a technickú zdantnosť. Ale jeho najväčší vzor bol pravdepodobne Jimmy Blanton (dvorný
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