Design and Implementation of Water Quality Integrated System for Periyar River (IJIRST/ Volume 1 / Issue 12 / 095)

IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 1 | Issue 12 | May 2015 ISSN (online): 2349-6010 Design and Implementation of Water Quality

Integrated System for Periyar River

J. Jeberlin Jency R. V. Sheeja PG Student of Remote Sensing Senior Scientist Department of Civil Engineering Department of Environmental Sciences Kerala State Remote Sensing and Environment Regional Centre of Anna University, Tirunelveli-627007. Centre, Thiruvananthapuram.

S. Karuppasamy Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering Regional Centre of Anna University, Tirunelveli-627007.

Abstract

Due to the improperly treated and unplanned release of effluents of industry, municipal and domestic into the nearby streams and ponds and the majority usage of water for irrigation are increasing the ionic concentration of the river water and making it more saline. In order to assess the water quality, the present study has been undertaken to map the spatial variability of water quality using Geographical Information System (GIS) approach. Periyar river is the main drinking water resource of Cochin corporation, Aluva and Paravur towns. The water quality data for 20 sampling stations were collected from Pollution Control Board (PCB). The spatial variation map for the major water quality parameters are generated using Arc View 9.3.1 software tool (i.e.,) Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW).To analyze the pollutant sources, landuse/land cover change detection is needed. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a potential tool to detect the landuse/land cover changes using toposheet and satellite images. From this study, the water pollution sources were identified. Finally, water quality integrated system is designed using Visual Studio 2010 and asp.net. All the above information (i.e.,) landuse/land cover information and water quality information were integrated into this system. This water quality integrated system used by the State and Regional Water Quality Control Boards to track information about water quality and also it allows online submittal of information by Permittees within certain programs and makes data available to the public through reports. Keywords: Geographical Information System (GIS), Inverse Distance Weighted, Landuse/Land Cover Change Detection, Spatial Variation Map, Water Quality Integrated System ______

I. INTRODUCTION

Water is essential to human life and the health of the environment. Rivers play a significant role as they serve not only the purpose of water supply for domestic, industrial, agricultural and power generation but also utilized for the disposal of sewage and industrial waste and therefore tremendous pressure. Water quality is fundamental for good river health. Water quality sustains ecological processes that support native fish populations, vegetation, wetlands and birdlife. Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological characteristics of water. Water quality in a body of water influences the way in which communities use the water for activities such as drinking, swimming or commercial purposes. More specifically, the water may be used by the community for supplying drinking water, recreation (swimming, boating), irrigating crops and watering stock, industrial processes, navigation and shipping, production of edible fish, shellfish and crustaceans, protection of aquatic ecosystems and wildlife habitats. Water pollution is the contamination of natural water bodies by improperly treated and unplanned release of effluents of industry, municipal and domestic into the nearby streams and ponds and agricultural runoff. Landuse / Land cover changes is very important to analyse the pollutant sources. Land cover is that, which covers the surface of the earth and landuse describes how the land cover is modified .Land cover includes: water, snow, grassland, forest and bare soil. Landuse includes agricultural land, built-up land and recreation area etc. Landuse / Land cover are dynamic. Integrated Water Quality System (IWQS) is a computer system used by the State and Regional Water Quality Control Boards to track information about water quality. This system is designed using Visual Studio 2010 and asp.net. Visual Studio is a complete set of development tools for building ASP.NET Web applications, XML Web Services, desktop applications, and mobile applications.Asp.net is an open source server-side Web application framework designed for Web development to produce dynamic Web pages. It was developed by Microsoft to allow programmers to build dynamic web sites, web applications and web services. Integrated Water Quality System (IWQS) allows online submittal of information by Permittees within certain programs and makes data available to the public through reports.

A. Objective: 1) To prepare the water quality parameter map such as pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, bio-chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, ammonium, total coliform and fecal coliform based on temporal basis. 2) To analyse the impact of landuse/land cover changes on water quality. 3) To design and implement water quality integrated system.

B. Need for the Study: 1) Water pollution has now reached a crisis point specifically in developing world. Almost every water body is polluted to an alarming level. 2) The Periyar River is the longest river in Kerala. Major hydroelectric projects of Kerala located in Periyar river. 3) Periyar river is the main drinking water resource of cochin corporation, Aluva and Paravur towns. 4) Several major, minor and small scale industries are located near to the Periyar River. 5) Thus, estimation of quality of water is extremely important for proper assessment of the associated hazards. 6) Integrated Water Quality System (IWQS) gives the information about water quality.

II. STUDY AREA

The Periyar River is the longest river in Kerala. It is located in between 76010’ - 76050’ Eastern Longitude and 9050’- 10010’ North Latitude and originates from the Sivagiri hills of the Western Ghats. It has a length of 244 km. Major hydroelectric projects of Kerala which are Pallivasal, Chengulam, Idukki, Panniyar, Neriyamangalam, Edamalayar, Lower Periyar etc. are located in this river. The river bifurcates at Alwaye as Mangalapuzha branch and Marthandavarma branch. Several major, minor and small scale industries are located on the banks of these two branches. Periyar River is the main drinking water source of Cochin Corporation, Aluva and Paravur towns. The sampling stations of Periyar are located in the upper, middle and lower stretches. The location of study area shown in figure 1.

Fig. 1: Study Area

III. METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the collection of data (data collection details shown in table 1, integration of spatial and non geometric data using GIS, generation of thematic maps i.e., spatial variation maps of various water quality parameters, landuse/land cover change detection to analyse the pollutant sources and finally design water quality integrated system. The methodology flowchart is shown in fig 2. Table - 1 Data Collection Details DATA SOURCE Water Quality Data Pollution Control Board Field Data GPS Toposheet Kerala Environmental And Remote Sensing Centre Satellite Image Kerala Environmental And (LISS IV) Remote Sensing Centre

A. Preparation of Thematic Maps: Thematic maps are important source of GIS information. Thematic maps such as pH map, Electrical conductivity map, Dissolved oxygen map, Bio-chemical oxygen demand map, Nitrate map, Ammonium map, Total coliform map,Fecal coliform map were generated using Arc View 3.2a software. The source map for these maps are the toposheets of Periyar river. From that Periyar river was digitized using Arc GIS 9.2 and the digitized map was converted to shape file using Arc GIS software. Then with the help of the non geometric data collected from the Pollution Control Board was formed as text using MS Excel sheet. That file was the source for the sample station location with water quality parameter details, from which the maps were created using IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted).

Fig. 2: Methodology Flow Chart

B. Landuse/Land Cover Change Detection: Arc GIS 9.2 is a powerful tool for extracting the landuse, land cover layer from the toposheet and satellite imagery (LISS IV). From the toposheet and satellite imagery landuse/ land cover map for 1957, 2008 and 2013 were created using Arc GIS 9.2 software. The landuse, land cover cases include agricultural land, built-up land, waste land, wetland and waterbodies. This classification is performed based on the classification scheme of National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Department of space, Govt of India. After the creation of landuse, land cover map, the area calculated for each classification using Arc GIS 9.2 software tools i.e., select by attributes and statistic. Finally, bar chart is created which shows the distribution of landuse, land cover distribution during the three periods in the study area.

C. Water Quality Integrated System: Water quality integrated system is designed using Visual Studio 2010 and asp.net. All the above information (i.e.,) landuse/land cover information and water quality information were integrated into this system. Visual Studio is a complete set of development tools for building ASP.NET Web applications. In the visual studio software new project is selected from fie menu (file > new> project). Then created a menus using toolbox. For creating the menu select toolbox, in that click navigation to select menu and drag that menu and keep it in the corresponding page. Each menus have three parts namely, .aspx, .aspx.cs, .aspx.designer.cs. In this, .aspx is a designing part which is used to change the web page design and .aspx.cs, .aspx.designer.cs are the coding which are called as Visual Basic and system code. Examples for system code and Visual Basic code for home page are mentioned below. using System; usingSystem.Collections.Generic; usingSystem.Linq; usingSystem.Web; usingSystem.Web.UI; usingSystem.Web.UI.WebControls; namespace CollegeProject1 { publicpartialclassHomeContent : System.Web.UI.Page

{ protectedvoidPage_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) {

} } }

a) Example for Visual Basic code //------// // This code was generated by a tool. // // Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if // the code is regenerated. // //------namespace CollegeProject1 { publicpartialclassHomeContent { ///

/// Image1 control. ///

/// /// Auto-generated field. ///To modify move field declaration from designer file to code-behind file. /// protectedglobal::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Image Image1; } }

b) Example for system code After writing the coding click start debugging or press F5 button to run the coding. When the code generation is completed, the web designing for the water quality integrated system is displayed on the screen.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In order to design Water Quality Integrated System several thematic maps such as pH, Electrical conductivity, Dissolved oxygen, Bio-chemical oxygen demand, Nitrate, Ammonium, Total coliform, Fecal coliform, Landuse/Land cover and coresponding pie chart were given as input.

A. Generation of Spatial Variation Map: The spatial variation map for water quality parameter such as pH, Electrical conductivity, Dissolved oxygen, Bio-chemical oxygen demand, Nitrate, Ammonium, Total coliform, Fecal coliform were generated using IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted). 1) pH Map: pH is one of the importance parameters of the water and determines the acidic and alkaline nature of water. The pH value ranged between 6.5 and 7.7. The pH of the samples was acceptable and within the prescribed standards for drinking water from the year 2008 to 2013 as shown in the following figure 3.

Fig. 3: Spatial Variation Map for pH from 2008-2013 2) Electrical Conductivity Map: The Electrical Conductivity (EC) was classified into five ranges (0-250 µmhos/cm, 250 – 750 µmhos/cm, 750 – 2250 µmhos/cm, 2250 – 4000 µmhos/cm and >4000µmhos/cm). The spatial variation map for Electrical Conductivity (EC) were prepared and presented as shown in Figure 4. From the map it has been observed that, the EC value is within 250 µmhos/cm for Neriyamangalam to Kalady, North paravoor to Oil tanker jetty comes under poor water quality.

Fig. 4: Spatial Variation Map for EC from 2008-2013 3) Dissolved Oxygen Map: Dissolved Oxygen is essential for aquatic life. Acceptable lmit of dissolved oxygen for drinking water is 6 mg/l or more. The spatial variation map for Dissolved Oxygen (DO) were prepared and presented as shown in figure 5. From the map it has been

All rights reserved by www.ijirst.org 570 Design and Implementation of Water Quality Integrated System for Periyar River (IJIRST/ Volume 1 / Issue 12 / 095) observed that, the DO value is 6-7 mg/l for Neriyamangalam to Kalady. Due to urbanization, the downstream stretches of rivers have reached the worst condition of zero dissolved oxygen.

Fig. 5: Spatial Variation Map for DO from 2008-2013 4) Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand Map: Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of organic pollution to both waste and surace water. Acceptable lmit of dissolved oxygen for drinking water is 2 mg/l or less. High concentration of BOD indicates poor water quality. The spatial variation map for Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) were prepared and presented as shown in figure 6. From the map it has been observed that, the Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the samples was acceptable and within the prescribed standards for drinking water from the year 2008 to 2013.But due to urbanization, the downstream stretches of rivers have reached high concentration of BOD.

Fig. 6: Spatial Variation Map for BOD from 2008-2013 5) Nitrate Map: Nitrate is a chemical substance.High concentration of nitrates will lead to algae production and it cause mathemoglobinemia in infants.Mathemogobinemia is a disease that a disease that affects the oxygen carrying capacity of infants flood.Mostly due to the usage of fertiizer nitrate content will increase . Acceptable lmit of nitrate for drinking water is 0 to 45 mg/l or less. From the map it has been observed that, the Nitrate content of the samples was acceptable and within the prescribed standards for drinking water from the year 2008 to 2013. The spatial variation map for Nitrate were prepared and presented as shown in figure 7.

Fig. 7: Spatial Variation Map for Nitrate from 2008-2013

6) Ammonia Map: Ammonia is a chemical substance. It is made up of one part of nitrogen (N) and three parts of hydrogen (H3).Ammonia easily dissolved in water and it will cause cancer and birth defects. If the ammonia in water, it will get into our bloodstream and be carried throughout our body in seconds. Ammonia should be free in drinking water. From the map it has been observed that, the Ammonia content of the samples was not acceptable and not within the prescribed standards for drinking water from the year 2008 to 2013. The spatial variation map for Ammonia were prepared and presented as shown in figure 8.

Fig. 8: Spatial Variation Map for Ammonia from 2008-2013 7) Total Coliform Map: Total coliform is a total number of microorganisms present in 100 ml of water. For drinking water, the total coliform count should be 50 or less in 100 ml of water as per prescribed standard. But in most of the cases this count is found to be far about this limit value. There are many reasons for this such as surface runoff from contaminated area, untreated sewage and municipal solid waste discharges. From the map it has been observed that, the Total coliform of the samples was not acceptable and not within the prescribed standards for drinking water in many areas from the year 2008 to 2013. The spatial variation map for Total coliform were prepared and presented as shown in figure 9.

Fig. 9: Spatial Variation Map for Total coliform from 2008-2013 8) Fecal coliform Map: Fecal coliform is a total number of microorganisms present in 100 ml of water. For drinking water, the Fecal coliform count should be free in 100 ml of water as per prescribed standard. But in most of the cases this count is found to be far about this limit value. There are many reasons for this such as surface runoff from contaminated area, untreated sewage and municipal solid waste discharges. It will cause ear infections, dysentery and typhoid fever. So that, boiling the water for five minutes can make sure that all bacteria are killed. Boiled water can be used for drinking. From the map it has been observed that, the Fecal coliform of the samples was not acceptable and not within the prescribed standards for drinking water from the year 2008 to 2013. The spatial variation map for Fecal coliform were prepared and presented as shown in figure 10.

Fig. 10: Spatial Variation Map for Fecal coiform from 2008-2013

B. Landuse/Landcover Change Detection: To analyse the pollution sources landuse/land cover change detection is very impotant. Landuse/Land cover map was created using toposheet and satellite imagery. Total area of the watershed is 1,66,108 hactare.The upstream side of periyar river is mostly covered by forest and the downstream mostly covered by agricultural land . Landuse/Land cover map for 1997 (shown in figure 11) was created from toposheet which shows 93126 hactare used as agricutural land, 9909 hactare used as Built-up, 37850 hactare used as forest, 17271 hactare used as wastelands, 76258 hactare used as waterbodies and 294 hactare used as wetlands which is shown in figure.But day by day agricitural land and wastelands were converted to built-up which includes settlements, industries and transportation etc.

Fig. 11: Landuse/land cover Map for 1957

Landuse/Land cover map for 2008 (shown in figure 12) was created from satellite image (LISS IV) which shows 91924 hactare used as agricutural land, 19173 hactare used as Built-up, 44469 hactare used as forest, 3107 hactare used as wastelands, 7048 hactare used as waterbodies and 387 hactare used as wetlands.

Fig. 12: Landuse/Land Cover Map For 2008

Landuse/Land cover map for 2013 ( shown in figure 13) was created from satellite image (LISS IV) which shows 90098 hactare used as agricutural land, 23741 hactare used as Built-up, 41731 hactare used as forest, 3103 hactare used as wastelands, 7048 hactare used as waterbodies and 387 hactare used as wetlands.

Fig. 13: Landuse/land cover Map for 2013

From these landuse/land cover map, landuse/land cover changes were identified. The distributions of landuse, land cover distribution during the three periods in the study area shown in figure 14.

Fig. 14: Landuse/Land Cover Distribution During Three Periods

1) From The Bar Chart The Following Things Were Identified: Due to urbanization, the downstream side of the Periyar river was converted to built-up from agricultural land and forest. So that, electrical conductivity, bio-chemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform and total coliform were increased in downstream side. The downstream side of Periyar is mostly covered by agricultural land. Due to the agricultural runoff, fertilizer dissolved in water .It will increase the ammonia and nitrate content in water.

C. Water Quality Integrated System: The Water Quality Integrated System consists of four menus. They are Home, landuse/land cover, water quality, water quality information and project. Landuse/Land cover page consists of landuse/land cover dropdown menu for each year. When click the year, corresponding landuse/land cover map and pie chart will be displayed on the page and also this page consists of bar chart which shows the distribution of landuse/land cover for 1957, 2008 and 2013. Water quality page consists of water quality parameter map dropdown menu for each parameter such as pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, bio-chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, ammonia, fecal coliform and total coliform. When click the water quality parameter, corresponding water quality parameter will be displayed on the page. Water quality information page consists of sample location map which has twenty station. When click the station, water quality parameter details will be displayed on the page. Project page gives the information about the project.

V. CONCLUSION

The above paper concludes that the project can be implemented successfully for water quality. This system gives the information about the landuse/land cover changes near to the Periyar river to identify the pollution sources and also it gives the information about water quality from 2008 to 2013. It is very helpful to the Pollution Control Board to track the information about water quality and take the action against to pollution of Periyar river. For this system implementation, asp.net language was used.Asp.net is helps in reducing the time and effort in maintenance. So that the authorized people (i.e.,) developer and Pollution Control Board can upload the data for every year.

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