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MAKERERE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE of ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART and TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT of ELECTRICAL and COMPUTER ENGINEERING Bsc

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MAKERERE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE of ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART and TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT of ELECTRICAL and COMPUTER ENGINEERING Bsc MAKERERE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING BSc. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT VOLTAGE OPTIMIZATION ON LV DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER ZONE USING BATTERIES NAME: GEOFREY WEJJULI REGISTRATION NO. 15/U/20990/PSA STUDENT NO. 215020687 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of a Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering of Makerere University MAIN SUPERVISOR: MR.KENNETH KAHUMA CO-SUPERVISOR: DR.MILTON EDIMU PROJECT PARTNER: GODFREY SSENABULYA 15/U/20890/PSA JUNE 2019 i i ii DEDICATION I dedicate this report to the Almighty God who has been my source of strength, my family, project supervisors, project partner and every single classmate each of whom in their various respects, have supported and encouraged me throughout the programme. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to first and foremost thank the Almighty God for bringing me this far, He has been my sole guide throughout my continuing academics and all aspects of life. I would also like to thank my family; my dear parents who through sacrifice have made significant contributions to my life and education, my siblings and dear friends thank you for advice and support. I greatly appreciate the advice, support, knowledge and guidance given to me throughout my final year project process by my project supervisors Mr. Kenneth Kahuma and my co- supervisor, Dr. Milton Edimu plus all the other academic staff of the Department of Electrical and Computer engineering Makerere University despite their busy schedules took off time and offered invaluable guidance during the entire final year project exercise. I would also like to thank my project partner Godfrey Ssenabulya, whose work ethic, dedication, devotion and selflessness ultimately allowed our pair to successfully complete this project. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance of the engineers at Umeme Ltd whose input and advice were very vital in this project notably Ms. Rebecca Kyomugisha and Eng. Kibirige Henry despite their busy schedules. Above all, I thank the Almighty God for my life, education and the far he has brought me up to this level in my life and in pursuing my career. AMEN iv ABSTRACT Due to an 18.3% increase in the number of new connection customers funded by the Free Connections Programs by Uganda Government and other development partners, Several people are being added on to the already existing Network. This has caused most areas to experience low voltages below -6% according to the Grid code especially during the Peak hours. The project is birthed from this background and its main purpose is to analyze the use of storage batteries as a mechanism of storing energy during off-peak hours which could later be used during peak hours. The project is birthed from this background and its main purpose is to analyze the use of storage batteries as a mechanism of storing energy during off-peak hours which could later be used during peak hours. The project was made using both Matlab Simulink software showing the charging and discharging of the battery plus the dynamic nature of both the supply and the loads and the Digisilent software which performs the load flow analysis under steady state conditions and also shows the battery impact on the grid. The optimal placement of the battery energy storage system is firstly at the point when the voltage falls below 0.8pu and secondly as far away from the transformer or the terminal end of the circuit. With the Battery installation the voltage greatly improves and this reduces the diverse effects of low voltages and the commercial loss made by the utility company v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. APPROVAL ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF EQUATIONS ........................................................................................................ ix LIST OF ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................... x PROJECT LAYOUT ............................................................................................................ xi 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 1.1 BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT ......................................................... 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................... 2 1.3 JUSTIFICATION ................................................................................................... 2 1.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES........................................................................................ 2 1.5 PROJECT SCOPE .................................................................................................. 2 1.6 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY ....................................................................... 3 1.7 Limitations .............................................................................................................. 3 1.8 Ethical considerations ............................................................................................. 3 2 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 4 2.1 Uganda Energy Sector Overview. ........................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Current Electricity generation .......................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Electricity Transmission ................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Electricity Distribution ..................................................................................... 5 2.2 Energy storage ........................................................................................................ 6 2.2.1 Energy Storage System (Batteries) ................................................................... 6 2.3 Overview of the Energy Storage Technologies ........................................................ 6 2.3.1 Lead acid batteries. .......................................................................................... 7 2.3.2 Lithium-ion batteries ........................................................................................ 7 2.3.3 Nickel–Cadmium batteries ............................................................................... 7 2.3.4 Nickel–metal hydride batteries ......................................................................... 7 2.3.5 Flow batteries .................................................................................................. 7 2.3.6 Electric double layer capacitors ........................................................................ 8 2.4 Important terminologies about batteries. .................................................................. 9 vi 2.4.1 Battery capacity ............................................................................................... 9 2.4.2 State of Charge ................................................................................................ 9 2.4.3 Charging rate ................................................................................................... 9 2.4.4 Depth of discharge ........................................................................................... 9 2.4.5 Battery voltage ................................................................................................. 9 2.5 Effect of temperature on Battery performance ......................................................... 9 2.6 Maintenance of batteries ......................................................................................... 9 2.7 Battery energy storage system (BESS) .................................................................. 10 2.7.1 Battery management system, BMS ................................................................. 10 2.7.2 Power conversion system, (PCS) .................................................................... 11 2.8 Capacity and economics of battery energy storage................................................. 13 2.9 Voltages on LV Distribution Networks ................................................................. 13 2.10 Load Flow Analysis and Calculation ..................................................................... 13 2.10.1 Per Unit system .............................................................................................. 13 2.10.2 Power system simulation software ................................................................. 14 3 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................... 15 3.1 Literature Review.................................................................................................
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