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WRA Species Report Family: Apocynaceae Taxon: Strophanthus gratus Synonym: Roupellia grata Wall. & Hook. (basionym) Common Name: Climbing oleander Spider tresses Poison arrow vine Strophanthus glabre du Gabon Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 0 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 1/11/2012 Strophanthus gratus (Apocynaceae) Page 1 of 7 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 y 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: L WRA Score 0 Print Date: 1/11/2012 Strophanthus gratus (Apocynaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2006. Beentje, H.J.. Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & [Is the species highly domesticated? No] "Domestication of Strophanthus gratus Hook.) Baill. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, is being attempted at the Plantecam compound at Mutengene, Cameroon. Plants A. (Editors). Prota 11(1): Medicinal plants. grow subspontaneously around Pygmy villages in western Cameroon. Spondias PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands trees are sometimes used as support." 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2006. Beentje, H.J.. Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & NA Hook.) Baill. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). Prota 11(1): Medicinal plants. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands 201 2006. Beentje, H.J.. Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-high] "Strophanthus gratus Hook.) Baill. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, occurs in the forest area of West Africa and western Central Africa, from Senegal A. (Editors). Prota 11(1): Medicinal plants. east to south-western Central African Republic and north-western DR Congo and PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands south to Gabon." 202 2006. Beentje, H.J.. Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & [Quality of climate match data 2-high] "Strophanthus gratus occurs in the forest Hook.) Baill. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, area of West Africa and western Central Africa, from Senegal east to south- A. (Editors). Prota 11(1): Medicinal plants. western Central African Republic and north-western DR Congo and south to PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands Gabon." 203 2006. Beentje, H.J.. Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Strophanthus gratus Hook.) Baill. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, occurs in primary and secondary moist forest, often at forest margins or on river A. (Editors). Prota 11(1): Medicinal plants. banks, from sea-level up to 650 m altitude." PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands 203 2012. Dave's Gardern. PlantFiles: Climbing [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Hardiness: USDA Zone Oleander - Strophanthus gratus. 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/100629/ °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" 204 2006. Beentje, H.J.. Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Hook.) Baill. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, "Strophanthus gratus occurs in the forest area of West Africa and western A. (Editors). Prota 11(1): Medicinal plants. Central Africa, from Senegal east to south-western Central African Republic and PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands north-western DR Congo and south to Gabon." 205 1995. Wu, Z.Y./Raven, P.H. (eds.). Flora of [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural China vol. 16 (Gentianaceae through range? Yes] "Taiwan [native to W and WC Africa]. Cultivated for medicine. The Boraginaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and juice is used as an arrow poison." Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume16/i ndex.htm 205 2009. Chong, K.Y./Tan, H.T.W./Corlett, R.T.. A [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of range? Yes] "Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill.; shrub; exotic; cultivated Singapore: Native, Naturalized and Cultivated only" Species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 205 2012. Dave's Gardern. PlantFiles: Climbing [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Oleander - Strophanthus gratus. range? Yes] "This plant has been said to grow in the following regions: Los http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/100629/ Angeles, California Lake Belvedere Estates, Florida Merritt Island, Florida Mulberry, Florida Palm Beach, Florida Humble, Texas Plano, Texas" 301 1995. Wu, Z.Y./Raven, P.H. (eds.). Flora of [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence in Taiwan] "Taiwan [native to W China vol. 16 (Gentianaceae through and WC Africa]. Cultivated for medicine. The juice is used as an arrow poison." Boraginaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume16/i ndex.htm 301 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Naturalized beyond native range? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 301 2009. Chong, K.Y./Tan, H.T.W./Corlett, R.T.. A [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence in Singapore] "Strophanthus Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only" Singapore: Native, Naturalized and Cultivated Species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 302 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ Print Date: 1/11/2012 Strophanthus gratus (Apocynaceae) Page 3 of 7 303 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 304 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 305 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Congeneric weed? Possibly] Strophanthus speciosus listed as a weed [no other Weeds - Strophanthus speciosus [Online information on or evidence of impacts was found] Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/strophanthus_sp eciosus/ 401 2006. Beentje, H.J.. Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "Liana up to 25 m long or less often a Hook.) Baill. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, shrub, with clear or white exudate; stem up to 10 cm in diameter, in older plants A. (Editors). Prota 11(1): Medicinal plants.
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