LRIG1 Antibody (RQ4668)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

LRIG1 Antibody (RQ4668) Catalog No. Formulation Size RQ4668 0.5mg/ml if reconstituted with 0.2ml sterile DI water 100 ug Bulk quote request Availability 1-3 business days Species Reactivity Human Format Antigen affinity purified Clonality Polyclonal (rabbit origin) Isotype Rabbit IgG Purity Antigen affinity purified Buffer Lyophilized from 1X PBS with 2% Trehalose and 0.025% sodium azide UniProt Q96JA1 Applications Western blot : 0.5-1ug/ml IHC (FFPE) : 1-2ug/ml Limitations This LRIG1 antibody is available for research use only. Western blot testing of human Caco-2 lysate with LRIG1 antibody at 0.5ug/ml. Expected molecular weight: 119-145 kDa depending on glycosylation level. Soluble fragments of 90-105 kDa and 60-70 kDa may also be observed. IHC staining of FFPE human breast cancer with LRIG1 antibody at 2ug/ml. HIER: boil tissue sections in pH6, 10mM citrate buffer, for 10-20 min followed by cooling at RT for 20 min. Description Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRIG1 gene. It encodes a transmembrane protein that has been shown to interact with receptor tyrosine kinases of the EGFR-family, MET and RET. This gene encodes a member of the ATP-dependent DNA ligase protein family. The encoded protein functions in DNA replication, recombination, and the base excision repair process. Mutations in this gene that lead to DNA ligase I deficiency result in immunodeficiency and increased sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. Disruption of this gene may also be associated with a variety of cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Application Notes Optimal dilution of the LRIG1 antibody should be determined by the researcher. Immunogen Amino acids AKRAFSGLESLEHLNLGENAIRSVQFDAFAKMKNLKELYI were used as the immunogen for the LRIG1 antibody. Storage After reconstitution, the LRIG1 antibody can be stored for up to one month at 4oC. For long-term, aliquot and store at -20oC. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Ordering: Phone:858.663.9055 | Fax:1.267.821.0800 | Email:[email protected] Copyright © NSJ Bioreagents. All rights reserved.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

LRIG1 Gene Copy Number Analysis by Ddpcr and Correlations to Clinical
Faraz et al. BMC Cancer (2020) 20:459 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-020-06919-w RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access LRIG1 gene copy number analysis by ddPCR and correlations to clinical factors in breast cancer Mahmood Faraz1, Andreas Tellström1, Christina Edwinsdotter Ardnor1, Kjell Grankvist2, Lukasz Huminiecki3,4, Björn Tavelin1, Roger Henriksson1, Håkan Hedman1 and Ingrid Ljuslinder1* Abstract Background: Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1) copy number alterations and unbalanced gene recombination events have been reported to occur in breast cancer. Importantly, LRIG1 loss was recently shown to predict early and late relapse in stage I-II breast cancer. Methods: We developed droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays for the determination of relative LRIG1 copy numbers and used these assays to analyze LRIG1 in twelve healthy individuals, 34 breast tumor samples previously analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and 423 breast tumor cytosols. Results: Four of the LRIG1/reference gene assays were found to be precise and robust, showing copy number ratios close to 1 (mean, 0.984; standard deviation, +/− 0.031) among the healthy control population. The correlation between the ddPCR assays and previous FISH results was low, possibly because of the different normalization strategies used. One in 34 breast tumors (2.9%) showed an unbalanced LRIG1 recombination event. LRIG1 copy number ratios were associated with the breast cancer subtype, steroid receptor status, ERBB2 status, tumor grade, and nodal status. Both LRIG1 loss and gain were associated with unfavorable metastasis-free survival; however, they did not remain significant prognostic factors after adjustment for common risk factors in the Cox regression analysis.
[Show full text]
LRIG1 Inhibits STAT3-Dependent Inflammation to Maintain Corneal Homeostasis
LRIG1 inhibits STAT3-dependent inflammation to maintain corneal homeostasis Takahiro Nakamura, … , Yann Barrandon, Shigeru Kinoshita J Clin Invest. 2014;124(1):385-397. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI71488. Research Article Stem cells Corneal integrity and transparency are indispensable for good vision. Cornea homeostasis is entirely dependent upon corneal stem cells, which are required for complex wound-healing processes that restore corneal integrity following epithelial damage. Here, we found that leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1) is highly expressed in the human holoclone-type corneal epithelial stem cell population and sporadically expressed in the basal cells of ocular-surface epithelium. In murine models, LRIG1 regulated corneal epithelial cell fate during wound repair. Deletion of Lrig1 resulted in impaired stem cell recruitment following injury and promoted a cell-fate switch from transparent epithelium to keratinized skin-like epidermis, which led to corneal blindness. In addition, we determined that LRIG1 is a negative regulator of the STAT3-dependent inflammatory pathway. Inhibition of STAT3 in corneas of Lrig1–/– mice rescued pathological phenotypes and prevented corneal opacity. Additionally, transgenic mice that expressed a constitutively active form of STAT3 in the corneal epithelium had abnormal features, including corneal plaques and neovascularization similar to that found in Lrig1–/– mice. Bone marrow chimera experiments indicated that LRIG1 also coordinates the function of bone marrow–derived inflammatory cells. Together, our data indicate that LRIG1 orchestrates corneal-tissue transparency and cell fate during repair, and identify LRIG1 as a key regulator of tissue homeostasis. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/71488/pdf Research article LRIG1 inhibits STAT3-dependent inflammation to maintain corneal homeostasis Takahiro Nakamura,1,2 Junji Hamuro,1 Mikiro Takaishi,3 Szandor Simmons,4 Kazuichi Maruyama,1 Andrea Zaffalon,5 Adam J.
[Show full text]
Anti-LRIG1 Antibody (ARG43047)
Product datasheet [email protected] ARG43047 Package: 50 μg anti-LRIG1 antibody Store at: -20°C Summary Product Description Rabbit Polyclonal antibody recognizes LRIG1 Tested Reactivity Hu Tested Application IHC-P, WB Host Rabbit Clonality Polyclonal Isotype IgG Target Name LRIG1 Antigen Species Human Immunogen Synthetic peptide corresponding to a sequence of Human LRIG1. (AKRAFSGLESLEHLNLGENAIRSVQFDAFAKMKNLKELYI) Conjugation Un-conjugated Alternate Names LIG-1; LIG1; Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 Application Instructions Application table Application Dilution IHC-P 1:200 - 1:1000 WB 1:500 - 1:2000 Application Note IHC-P: Antigen Retrieval: Heat mediation was performed in Citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 20 min. * The dilutions indicate recommended starting dilutions and the optimal dilutions or concentrations should be determined by the scientist. Calculated Mw 119 kDa Properties Form Liquid Purification Affinity purification with immunogen. Buffer 0.2% Na2HPO4, 0.9% NaCl, 0.05% Sodium azide and 4% Trehalose. Preservative 0.05% Sodium azide Stabilizer 4% Trehalose Concentration 0.5 - 1 mg/ml Storage instruction For continuous use, store undiluted antibody at 2-8°C for up to a week. For long-term storage, aliquot and store at -20°C or below. Storage in frost free freezers is not recommended. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles. Suggest spin the vial prior to opening. The antibody solution should be gently mixed before use. www.arigobio.com 1/2 Note For laboratory research only, not for drug, diagnostic or other use. Bioinformation Gene Symbol LRIG1 Gene Full Name leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 Function Acts as a feedback negative regulator of signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases, through a mechanism that involves enhancement of receptor ubiquitination and accelerated intracellular degradation.
[Show full text]
Elucidating Biological Roles of Novel Murine Genes in Hearing Impairment in Africa
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 19 September 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0222.v1 Review Elucidating Biological Roles of Novel Murine Genes in Hearing Impairment in Africa Oluwafemi Gabriel Oluwole,1* Abdoulaye Yal 1,2, Edmond Wonkam1, Noluthando Manyisa1, Jack Morrice1, Gaston K. Mazanda1 and Ambroise Wonkam1* 1Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa. 2Department of Neurology, Point G Teaching Hospital, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology, Bamako, Mali. *Correspondence to: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract: The prevalence of congenital hearing impairment (HI) is highest in Africa. Estimates evaluated genetic causes to account for 31% of HI cases in Africa, but the identification of associated causative genes mutations have been challenging. In this study, we reviewed the potential roles, in humans, of 38 novel genes identified in a murine study. We gathered information from various genomic annotation databases and performed functional enrichment analysis using online resources i.e. genemania and g.proflier. Results revealed that 27/38 genes are express mostly in the brain, suggesting additional cognitive roles. Indeed, HERC1- R3250X had been associated with intellectual disability in a Moroccan family. A homozygous 216-bp deletion in KLC2 was found in two siblings of Egyptian descent with spastic paraplegia. Up to 27/38 murine genes have link to at least a disease, and the commonest mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive (n=8). Network analysis indicates that 20 other genes have intermediate and biological links to the novel genes, suggesting their possible roles in HI.
[Show full text]
Loss Oflrig1locus Increases Risk of Early and Late Relapse of Stage I/II Breast Cancer
Cancer Clinical Studies Research Loss of LRIG1 Locus Increases Risk of Early and Late Relapse of Stage I/II Breast Cancer Patricia A. Thompson1, Ingrid Ljuslinder6, Spyros Tsavachidis3, Abenaa Brewster4, Aysegul Sahin5, Hakan Hedman6, Roger Henriksson6, Melissa L. Bondy2, and Beatrice S. Melin6 Abstract Gains and losses at chromosome 3p12-21 are common in breast tumors and associated with patient outcomes. We hypothesized that the LRIG1 gene at 3p14.1, whose product functions in ErbB-family member degradation, is a critical tumor modiﬁer at this locus. We analyzed 971 stage I/II breast tumors using Affymetrix Oncoscan molecular inversion probe arrays that include 12 probes located within LRIG1. Copy number results were validated against gene expression data available in the public database. By partitioning the LRIG1 probes nearest exon 12/13, we conﬁrm a breakpoint in the gene and show that gains and losses in the subregions differ by tumor and patient characteristics including race/ethnicity. In analyses adjusted for known prognostic factors, loss of LRIG1 was independently associated with risk of any relapse (HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.32–2.73), relapse 5 years (HR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.31–4.36), and death (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.11–2.16). Analyses of copy number across chromosome 3, as well as expression data from pooled, publicly available datasets, corroborated the hypothesis of an elevated and persistent risk among cases with loss of or low LRIG1. We concluded that loss/low expression of LRIG1 is an independent risk factor for breast cancer metastasis and death in stage I/II patients.
[Show full text]
MRTFB Suppresses Colorectal Cancer Development Through Regulating SPDL1 and MCAM
MRTFB suppresses colorectal cancer development through regulating SPDL1 and MCAM Takahiro Kodamaa,b,c, Teresa A. Mariana,b, Hubert Leea, Michiko Kodamaa, Jian Lid, Michael S. Parmacekd, Nancy A. Jenkinsa,e, Neal G. Copelanda,e,1, and Zhubo Weia,b,1 aHouston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; bHouston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; cDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 5650871 Suita, Osaka, Japan; dDepartment of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and eGenetics Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 Contributed by Neal G. Copeland, October 7, 2019 (sent for review June 18, 2019; reviewed by Masaki Mori and Hiroshi Seno) Myocardin-related transcription factor B (MRTFB) is a candidate tumor- shown to regulate cell cycle progression (9) and HCC xenograft suppressor gene identified in transposon mutagenesis screens of the tumor growth (10). Functional validation using cell culture sys- intestine, liver, and pancreas. Using a combination of cell-based assays, tems have also shown that reduced expression of MRTFB by in vivo tumor xenograft assays, and Mrtfb knockout mice, we demon- RNA interference leads to increased CRC cell invasion (4), strate here that MRTFB is a human and mouse colorectal cancer suggesting its important role in tumor progression. (CRC) tumor suppressor that functions in part by inhibiting cell Based on these results, we decided to conditionally delete invasion and migration. To identify possible MRTFB transcriptional Mrtfb in the mouse intestine to further explore its role in CRC.
[Show full text]
LRIG1 Negatively Regulates the Oncogenic EGF Receptor Mutant Egfrviii
Oncogene (2008) 27, 5741–5752 & 2008 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-9232/08 $32.00 www.nature.com/onc ORIGINAL ARTICLE LRIG1 negatively regulates the oncogenic EGF receptor mutant EGFRvIII MA Stutz, DL Shattuck, MB Laederich1, KL Carraway III and C Sweeney Basic Sciences, UC Davis Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation is Introduction frequently observed in human cancer and contributes to the growth, survival and therapeutic resistance oftumors. Aberrant activation of the ErbB signaling network EGFRvIII is an oncogenic EGFR mutant resulting from occurs in cancer via autocrine production of ligand, the deletion ofexons 2–7 and is the most common EGFR receptor overexpression, gene amplification and muta- mutant observed in glioblastoma multiforme, an aggres- tion. In the case of the epidermal growth factor receptor sive brain tumor. EGFRvIII is constitutively active but (EGFR), each of these mechanisms is operative (Sibilia poorly ubiquitinated, leading to inefficient receptor et al., 2007). Overexpression of EGFR has been trafficking to lysosomes and unattenuated oncogenic documented in a variety of solid tumor types and signaling. The mechanism by which EGFRvIII evades predicts reduced recurrence-free and overall patient downregulation is not fully understood although recent survival. Amplification of the EGFR gene occurs in studies suggest that its interaction with the ubiquitin ligase a high proportion of glioblastomas and is often accom- Cbl may be compromised. In this study, we examine the panied by gene rearrangement (Nicholas et al., 2006). regulation ofEGFRvIII by the recently identified negative The most common of these rearrangements leads to the regulator, LRIG1, which targets EGFR through recogni- deletion of exons 2–7, yielding a receptor that lacks tion ofits extracellular domain.
[Show full text]
Supporting Information
Supporting Information Friedman et al. 10.1073/pnas.0812446106 SI Results and Discussion intronic miR genes in these protein-coding genes. Because in General Phenotype of Dicer-PCKO Mice. Dicer-PCKO mice had many many cases the exact borders of the protein-coding genes are defects in additional to inner ear defects. Many of them died unknown, we searched for miR genes up to 10 kb from the around birth, and although they were born at a similar size to hosting-gene ends. Out of the 488 mouse miR genes included in their littermate heterozygote siblings, after a few weeks the miRBase release 12.0, 192 mouse miR genes were found as surviving mutants were smaller than their heterozygote siblings located inside (distance 0) or in the vicinity of the protein-coding (see Fig. 1A) and exhibited typical defects, which enabled their genes that are expressed in the P2 cochlear and vestibular SE identification even before genotyping, including typical alopecia (Table S2). Some coding genes include huge clusters of miRNAs (in particular on the nape of the neck), partially closed eyelids (e.g., Sfmbt2). Other genes listed in Table S2 as coding genes are [supporting information (SI) Fig. S1 A and C], eye defects, and actually predicted, as their transcript was detected in cells, but weakness of the rear legs that were twisted backwards (data not the predicted encoded protein has not been identified yet, and shown). However, while all of the mutant mice tested exhibited some of them may be noncoding RNAs. Only a single protein- similar deafness and stereocilia malformation in inner ear HCs, coding gene that is differentially expressed in the cochlear and other defects were variable in their severity.
[Show full text]
D Isease Models & Mechanisms DMM a Ccepted Manuscript
© 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. 1 Full title: 2 Histopathology Reveals Correlative and Unique Phenotypes in a High Throughput Mouse Phenotyping 3 Screen 4 Short title: 5 Histopathology Adds Value to a High Throughput Mouse Phenotyping Screen 6 Authors: 1,2,4* 3 3 3 3 7 Hibret A. Adissu , Jeanne Estabel , David Sunter , Elizabeth Tuck , Yvette Hooks , Damian M 3 3 3 3 1,2,4 8 Carragher , Kay Clarke , Natasha A. Karp , Sanger Mouse Genetics Project , Susan Newbigging , 1 1,2 3‡ 1,2,4‡ 9 Nora Jones , Lily Morikawa , Jacqui K. White , Colin McKerlie 10 Affiliations: Accepted manuscript Accepted 1 11 Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, 12 ON, Canada, M5T 3H7 DMM 2 13 Physiology & Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University 14 Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X8 3 15 Mouse Genetics Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, 16 Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK 4 17 Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 18 Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8 19 *Correspondence to Hibret A. Adissu, Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Disease Models & Mechanisms 20 21 Phenogenomics, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 3H7; [email protected] ‡ 22 Authors contributed equally 23 24 Keywords: 25 Histopathology, High Throughput Phenotyping, Mouse, Pathology 26 1 DMM Advance Online Articles.
[Show full text]
LRIG1 Modulates Cancer Cell Sensitivity to Smac Mimetics by Regulating Tnfa Expression and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling
Published OnlineFirst January 12, 2012; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-2428 Cancer Therapeutics, Targets, and Chemical Biology Research LRIG1 Modulates Cancer Cell Sensitivity to Smac Mimetics by Regulating TNFa Expression and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Longchuan Bai1, Donna McEachern1, Chao-Yie Yang1, Jianfeng Lu1, Haiying Sun1, and Shaomeng Wang1,2,3 Abstract Smac mimetics block inhibitor of apoptosis proteins to trigger TNFa-dependentapoptosisincancercells. However, only a small subset of cancer cells seem to be sensitive to Smac mimetics and even sensitive cells can develop resistance. Herein, we elucidated mechanisms underlying the intrinsic and acquired resistance of cancer cells to Smac mimetics. In vitro and in vivo investigations revealed that the expression of the cell surface protein LRIG1, a negative regulator of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), is downregulated in resistant derivatives of breast cancer cells sensitive to Smac mimetics. RNA interference–mediated downregulation of LRIG1 markedly attenuated the growth inhibitory activity of the Smac mimetic SM-164 in drug-sensitive breast and ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, LRIG1 downregulation attenuated TNFa gene expression induced by Smac mimetics and increased the activity of multiple RTKs, including c-Met and Ron. The multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors Crizotinib and GSK1363089 greatly enhanced the anticancer activity of SM-164 in all resistant cell derivatives, with the combination of SM-164 and GSK1363089 also completely inhibiting the outgrowth of resistant tumors in vivo. Together, our ﬁndings show that both upregulation of RTK signaling and attenuated TNFa expression caused by LRIG1 downregulation confers resistance to Smac mimetics, with implications for a rational combination strategy. Cancer Res; 72(5); 1229–38.
[Show full text]
In Vivo Analysis of Lrig Genes Reveals Redundant and Independent Functions in the Inner Ear
In Vivo Analysis of Lrig Genes Reveals Redundant and Independent Functions in the Inner Ear The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation del Rio, Tony, Allison M. Nishitani, Wei-Ming Yu, and Lisa V. Goodrich. 2013. “In Vivo Analysis of Lrig Genes Reveals Redundant and Independent Functions in the Inner Ear.” PLoS Genetics 9 (9): e1003824. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003824. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003824. Published Version doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003824 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11878817 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA In Vivo Analysis of Lrig Genes Reveals Redundant and Independent Functions in the Inner Ear Tony del Rio, Allison M. Nishitani, Wei-Ming Yu, Lisa V. Goodrich* Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America Abstract Lrig proteins are conserved transmembrane proteins that modulate a variety of signaling pathways from worm to humans. In mammals, there are three family members – Lrig1, Lrig2, and Lrig3 – that are defined by closely related extracellular domains with a similar arrangement of leucine rich repeats and immunoglobulin domains. However, the intracellular domains show little homology. Lrig1 inhibits EGF signaling through internalization and degradation of ErbB receptors. Although Lrig3 can also bind ErbB receptors in vitro, it is unclear whether Lrig2 and Lrig3 exhibit similar functions to Lrig1.
[Show full text]
LRIG1 (B-2): Sc-514577
SAN TA C RUZ BI OTEC HNOL OG Y, INC . LRIG1 (B-2): sc-514577 BACKGROUND APPLICATIONS Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1, also desig - LRIG1 (B-2) is recommended for detection of LRIG1 of mouse, rat and nated LIG1 or LRIG1, interacts with the epidermal growth factor (EGF) recep - human origin by Western Blotting (starting dilution 1:100, dilution range tor family of receptor tyrosine kinases. LRIG1 is a single-pass, type I mem - 1:100-1:1000), immunoprecipitation [1-2 µg per 100-500 µg of total protein brane protein with an ectodomain containing 15 leucine-rich repeats which (1 ml of cell lysate)], immunofluorescence (starting dilution 1:50, dilution is sometimes cleaved into N-terminal and C-terminal fragments. LRIG1 is range 1:50-1:500) and solid phase ELISA (starting dilution 1:30, dilution produced in all human glioma cell lines and localizes to perinuclear compart - range 1:30-1:3000). ments, cytoplasmic compartments and the cell surface. It acts as a negative Suitable for use as control antibody for LRIG1 siRNA (h): sc-60966, LRIG1 feedback regulator of signaling through enhanced receptor ubiquitination siRNA (m): sc-60967, LRIG1 shRNA Plasmid (h): sc-60966-SH, LRIG1 shRNA and accelerated intracellular degradation. LRIG1 may function as a tumour Plasmid (m): sc-60967-SH, LRIG1 shRNA (h) Lentiviral Particles: sc-60966-V suppressor since it downregulates the expression of EGF and the related and LRIG1 shRNA (m) Lentiviral Particles: sc-60967-V. proteins ErbB-2, ErbB-3 and ErbB-4, which all inhibit cancer cells from growth, migration and invasion.
[Show full text]