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Sanguisorba Minor 2/13/14, 10:47 PM Sanguisorba minor 2/13/14, 10:47 PM Sanguisorba minor INTRODUCTORY DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FIRE ECOLOGY FIRE EFFECTS MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS APPENDIX: FIRE REGIME TABLE REFERENCES INTRODUCTORY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY SYNONYMS LIFE FORM FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS OTHER STATUS © J. R.Crellin 2004 AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION: Fryer, Janet L. 2008. Sanguisorba minor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2014, February 13]. FEIS ABBREVIATION: SANMIN NRCS PLANT CODE [143]: SAMI3 SAMIM3 SAMIM COMMON NAMES: small burnet salad burnet burnet-bloodwort TAXONOMY: The scientific name of small burnet is Sanguisorba minor Scop. (Rosaceae) [18,42,49,57,60,101,112,149,153,155]. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/sanmin/all.html Page 1 of 33 Sanguisorba minor 2/13/14, 10:47 PM Subspecies in North America are: Sanguisorba minor subsp. magnolii (Spach) Briq. [112,143] Sanguisorba minor subsp. minor [85,112] Sanguisorba minor Scop. subsp. muricata (Spach ex Bonnier & Layens) Nordborg [49,57,60,112] The subspecies can hybridize [29,87]. SYNONYMS: Species— for Sanguisorba minor Scop. [18,42,49,57,60,101,112,149,153,155]: Sanguisorba minor L. [64] Subspecies— for Sanguisorba minor Scop. subsp. muricata [49,57,60,112]: Poterium polygamum Waldst. & Kit. Poterium sanguisorba auct. non L. [56] Sanguisorba minor subsp. balearica (Bourg. ex Nyman) M. Garm. & C. Navarro [143] Sanguisorba muricata Gremli [56] LIFE FORM: Forb FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS: No special status OTHER STATUS: None DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE SPECIES: Sanguisorba minor GENERAL DISTRIBUTION HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Small burnet is native to Europe, western Asia and Siberia, and northern Africa [41,109,112]. It is nonnative in North America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. Most North American small burnet populations originated in Europe [49,50,89,132,155]. A few small burnet accessions came from the Middle East [127]. Small burnet was deliberately introduced as a pasture and rehabilitation forb. It is very rarely invasive [7,78,119,156], typically occurring in small populations in only a few counties of the states in which it grows (for example, see [74,78,101,132]). In western North America, small burnet occurs sporadically from British Columbia east to Montana and south to California, New Mexico, and Nebraska [18,60,64]. It is also sporadically distributed to the east [42,110] from Ontario east to Nova Scotia and south to Tennessee and North Carolina [60,110]. Plants Database provides a distributional map of small burnet. Subspecies: Nearly all small burnet populations in North America are Sanguisorba minor subsp. muricata. The North American distribution of Sanguisorba minor subsp. muricata overlaps that of the species, given above [109,143]. Sanguisorba minor subsp. minor occurs in northwestern Washington and southwestern British Columbia, with very small, widely scattered populations in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Ontario [85]. Sanguisorba minor subsp. magnolii is native to the Mediterranean region [112] and was introduced in North America from Spain and Portugal in the 2000s. It is grown experimentally and is rare in North America [41]. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/sanmin/all.html Page 2 of 33 Sanguisorba minor 2/13/14, 10:47 PM HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES: Small burnet grows in grasslands and shrublands in Europe. It is most common on chalk grasslands in England [44,72,76,118,141,147]. In France, it occurs on alluvial meadows [147] and chaparral-like, Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) maquis (sclerophyllous shrubland on siliceous soil) and garrigue (sclerophyllous shrubland on calcareous soil) in the southern part of the country [139,141,142]. Small burnet is most common on western rangelands in North America. It is usually planted in pinyon-juniper (Pinus- Juniperus spp.) woodlands [21,31,127,128], ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) forests [128], relatively dry quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) parklands [19,127], mountain grasslands [95], chaparral [9,135], mountain brushlands [98,127,128], desert shrublands [116,127,128], and sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) steppes [98,127,128]. In sagebrush ecosystems, it is most abundant in the relatively mesic types such as Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata subsp. wyomingensis) and mountain big sagebrush (A. t. subsp. vaseyana) [10,127,128], although it persists in some basin big sagebrush (A. t. subsp. tridentata) communities [127]. Seed mixes applied on western rangelands contain a fairly consistent blend of recommended species. The mix often contains both nonnative and native species, selected to help ensure no one species interferes greatly with development of the other species [54,75,80,89]. Because they are regenerated artificially and establish together, the seeded species are often associated across a broad array of plant communities. Nonnative species most often included in seed mixes with small burnet include dryland alfalfa (Medicago sativa), forage kochia (Kochia prostrata), yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis), Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea), Siberian wheatgrass (Agropyron fragile), crested wheatgrass (A. cristatum), and desert wheatgrass (A. desertorum). Native species often included in the mix are Lewis flax (Linum lewisii), bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) [17,48,81,94,108,121]. In the East, small burnet is associated more closely with disturbance than with particular plant communities (see Site Characteristics). Predicting distribution of nonnative species is often difficult due to gaps in understanding of nonnative species' biological and ecological characteristics, and because nonnative species may still be expanding their North American range. Therefore, small burnet may occur in plant communities other than those discussed here and in Fire Ecology. BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS SPECIES: Sanguisorba minor GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM REGENERATION PROCESSES SITE CHARACTERISTICS SUCCESSIONAL STATUS SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT © 2007 Luigi Rignanese GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/sanmin/all.html Page 3 of 33 Sanguisorba minor 2/13/14, 10:47 PM This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (for example, [42,49,64,101]). Small burnet is a perennial forb. Stems are erect [49], ranging from 0.8 inch (2 cm) in height on droughty sites to 28 inches (70 cm) on moist sites [49,64,119]. There are 12 to 17 pinnately compound basal leaves that are 2 to 8 inches (4-20 cm) long, egg-shaped, and sharply toothed. Cauline leaves become few and much reduced up the stem. The inflorescence is a terminal spike with dense, mostly imperfect, sessile flowers. Lower flowers are often staminate, with upper flowers pistillate or perfect. Flowers have 4 broad, petal-like sepals; true petals are lacking. The fruits are achenes, paired in a persistent, usually winged, 3- to 5-mm-long hypanthium [18,42,49,64,101,117,119,155]. Hypanthia are sometimes wingless [101]. The seeds are small, with about 50,000 seeds/lb [58,106,117]. The stem base ends in a usually branched caudex, with a long, stout taproot beneath [18,42,89,119,120,127]. Roots of plants in southern England were estimated at more than 16 inches (40 cm) in length [11], while small burnet roots in New Zealand were traced to 3-foot (1 m) depths [117]. Small burnet sometimes has short rhizomes [42,64,115,116,119]. Small burnet is drought tolerant [11,157]. Drought resistance is partially attributable to its long, stout taproots, which have high water-storing capacity [38,133]. Small burnet can also adjust its water-use efficiency as environmental conditions change [37,38]. Age classes: Small burnet may live as long as 20 years on western rangelands, although life spans of 7 to 12 years are typical [89,99]. On chalk grasslands in southern England, 7 of 21 small burnet rosettes that emerged from plots in spring survived to flower. An additional 5 plants died after flowering, so total mortality rate from spring through summer averaged 57% [77]. RAUNKIAER [104] LIFE FORM: Hemicryptophyte Geophyte REGENERATION PROCESSES: Small burnet establishes from seed [127,156] and by sprouting from the caudex [79,117]. Some plants may sprout from rhizomes [115,116]. Pollination: Small burnet is pollinated by bees [97]. Breeding system: Small burnet populations in North America are mostly derived from European stock selected for rapid seedling establishment and growth, high seed production, cold tolerance, and high forage value for wildlife and livestock [58,81,89,146]. Because of founder effects and subsequent breedings in the United States to enhance only these traits, overall genetic diversity of North American populations is probably low compared to native European populations. Small burnet is monoecious [109]. Rarely, it is also apomictic [87,109]. Flower and seed production: Small burnet first flowers and sets seed at 2 years of age [124]. Small burnet produces seed prolifically on mesic sites [120]. In dryland pastures on the San Juan Basin Research Center, Colorado, small burnet was the highest seed producer among 11 species
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