Sanguisorba Minor Scop. Magnolii Spach

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Sanguisorba Minor Scop. Magnolii Spach UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FARMACIA DEPARTAMENTO DE FARMACOLOGÍA CONTRIBUCIÓN AL ESTUDIO FARMACOGNOSTICO Y FARMACODINÁMICO DE Sanguisorba minor Scop. magnolii Spach Memoria que, para optar al grado de Doctora en Farmacia presenta Maria Jesús Rodríguez Martínez Madrid, Mayo de 1997. UNIVERsIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRin FACULTAD DE FARMACIA DEPARTAMENTO DE FARMACOLOGLA ÁNGEL MARIA VILLAR DEL FRESNO, CATEDRATICO Y DIRECTOR DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE FARMACOLOGÍA DE LA FACULTAD DE FARMACIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID, CERTIFICA: que la Tesis Doctoral que lleva por titulo “CONTRJBUCION AL ESTUDIO FARMACOGNÓSTICO Y FARIvIACODINÁMICO DE Sanguisorba minar Scop magno/ii Spach” presentada por María Jesús Rodríguez Martínez, ha sido realizada en este Departamento, bajo la dirección de la Dra. Paulina Bermejo, reuniendo todos y cada uno de los requisitos necesarios para optar al Grado de Doctora en Farmacia. Concluido el trabajo experimental y bibliográfico se autoriza su presentación para que sea juzgado por el Tribunal correspondiente. Y para que así conste, a los efectos oportunos firmo el presente en Madrid, Mayo de 1997. Prof Dr. Angel M~ Villar Director del Departamento UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FARMACIA DEPARTAMENTO DE FARMACOLOGÍA PAUliNA BERMEJO BENITO, PROFESORA TITULAR DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE FARMACOLOGÍA DE LA FACULTAD DE FARMACIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID, CERTIFICA: que la Tesis Doctoral que lleva por título “CONTRIBUCION AL ESTUDIO FARMACOGNÓSTICO Y FARMACODIN MICO DE Sanguisorba minar Scop magno/ii Spach” presentada por María Jesús Rodríguez Martínez, ha sido realizada en este Departamento, bajo su inmediata dirección y asesoramiento, reuniendo todos y cada uno de los requisitos necesarios para optar al Grado de Doctora en Farmacia. Concluido el trabajo experimental y bibliográfico se autoriza su presentación para que sea juzgado por el Tribunal correspondiente. Y para que así conste, a los efectos oportunos firmo el presente en Madrid, Mayo de 1997. Prof Dra. Paulina Bermejo Directora de la Tesis A lo largo de estos alios, han sido muchas las personas que de un modo u otro me han prestado su ayuda y colaboración. Algunas con su apoyo y ánimo, otras colaborando con sus conocimientos y en algunos casos con su ayuda material, desde la recolección, a la realización de determinadas pruebas. La lista sería larga y seguro que incompleta, algunas incluso ya no están aquí, entre nosotros. Entre todas han conseguido que se finalizara un trabajo que de otra manera hubiera resultado estéril. De forma especial quiero expresar mi gratitud al Dr. Ángel NF’ Villar del Fresno, Catedrático-Director del Departamento de Farmacología de esta Facultad, por la confianza depositada en mi, al haber permitido que, pese al retraso, este trabajo llegara a su fin. A la Dra. Paulina Bermejo, directora de esta Tesis, por su paciencia e inquebrantable optimismo, por su perseverancia, y sobre todo por su amistad. Finalmente quiero agradecer a las personas que han colaborado en la elaboración de esta Memoria: a NP José por toda su ayuda, a Ana y Marta que además han aportado su “toque artístico”, y a Manuel mi maravilloso “secretario personal”. Todos saben que cuentan con mi agradecimiento y amistad. A todos vosotros, quiero dedicar este trabajo. A.-INTRODUCCIÓN Y JUSTIFICACIÓN 7 B.- REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRAFICA 9 1.- ASPECTOS BOTANICOS DEL GENERO Sanguisorba 9 1.1.- SITUACIÓN TAXONÓMICA 9 1.2.- DESCRIPCIÓN BOTANICA 10 1.3.-ECOLOGIA 13 11.-ASPECTOS FITOQUIMICOS 16 11.1.- REVISIÓN FITOQUILMICA DEL GÉNERO Sanguisorba 16 11.1.1.- Compuestos polifenólicos 16 11.1.1.1.-Flavonoides 16 11.1.1.2.-Taninos 21 11.1.1.3.- Acidos fenólicos 26 11.1.2.- Saponinas 27 11.1.3.-Otros compuestos 33 11.2.- AISLAMIENTO DE PRINCIPIOS ACTIVOS 35 11.2.1.- Técnicas cromatográficas 35 11.2.1.1.- Cromatografla en capa fina 37 11.2.1.2.-Cromatogratiaencolumna 37 11.2.1.3.- Cromatografla liquida de alta resolución 39 11.2.1.4.-Cromatografiadegases 41 11.3.- METODOS DE ANALISISESTRUCTURAL 43 11.3.1.- Espectroscopia de RMN 44 11.3.2.-Espectroscopia IR 46 III. - ASPECTOS FARMACOLÓGICOS 47 111.1.- APARATO DIGESTIVO 47 111.2.- HIPOGLUCEMIA 56 C.- MATERIAL Y METODOS .61 1.- PREPARACIÓN DEL MATERIAL VEGETAL 61 1.1.-RECOLECCIÓN 61 1.2.- DESECACIÓN 61 1.3-MOLTURACIÓN 61 11.- ESTUDIO HISTOLÓGICO 62 11.1.- PREPARACIÓN DE LOS CORTES 62 11.2.- REACTIVOS... 62 111.- ESTUDIO FARMACOLOGICO 64 Iii. 1- PREPARACIÓN DE LOS EXTRACTOS 65 111.2.- PRUEBAS SOBRE APARATO DIGESTIVO 66 111.2.1.- Sialorrea 66 111.2.2.- Ulcera 67 ffl.2.3.- Secreción gástrica 70 111.2.4.- Tránsito intestinal 72 111.2.5.- Constantes metabólicas 73 [11.2.6.-Órgano aislado 74 111.3.- ACTIVIDAD HIPOGLUCEMIANTE 79 111.4.- ANALISIS ESTADÍSTICO 80 IV.- ESTUDIO FITOQUIMICO 81 IV. 1.- SCREEN1NG FITOQUIMICO PRELIMINAR 81 IV. 1.1.- Investigación cromatográfica de ácidos fenólicos 83 IV.1.2.- Investigación cromatográticade azúcares 86 IV. 1.3.- Investigación cromatográticade heterósidos flavónicos 89 IV. 1.4.- Investigación cromatográticade heterósidos saponínicos 91 IV. 1.5.- Investigación cromatogrática de aminoácidos 93 IV. 1.6.- Aceite esencial 94 IV.2.- AISLAMIENTO DE COMPUESTOS 96 IV.2.1.- Cromatografia en capa fina . 96 IV.2.2.- Cromatografiaen columna - . ... 97 IV.3.- ELUCIDACIÓN ESTRUCTURAL: TÉCNICAS ESPECTROSCÓPICAS 98 IV.3. 1.-Espectroscopia de RMN 98 IV.3.1.1.- 11-I-RMN 98 IV.3.l.2.- 13C-RMN 98 IV.3.2.- Espectroscopia IR 98 V.- ESTUDIO FARMACOLOGICO DE COMPUESTOS AISLADOS 99 1).- RESULTADOS 103 1.-ESTUDIO HISTOLOGICO 103 [1.-TALLOS 103 1.2.- PECIOLO 105 1.3.- HOJAS 106 1.4.- FRUTO 108 1.5.-POLEN 110 U.- ESTUDIO FARMACOLOGICO 111 11.1.- PRUEBAS SOBREAPARATO DIGESTIVO 111 11.1.1.-Sialorrea 111 11.1.2.- Actividad antiulcerosa 112 11.1.3.- Efecto sobre la secreción gástrica 115 11.1.4.-Efecto sobre el tránsito intestinal 116 11.1.5.-Efecto sobre constantes metabólicas 117 11.1.6.- Ensayosenórganoaislado 118 11.2. - ACTIVIDAD HIPOGLUCEMIANTE 120 ffl.- ESTUDIO FITOQUIMICO 122 111.1. - SCREENING HTOQU MIICO PRELIMINAR 122 111.1.1.- Investigación cromatográfica de ácidos fenólicos 122 ~.1.2.- Investigación cromatográficade azúcares 123 Hl. 1.3.- Investigación cromatográfica de heterósidos flavónicos 126 III. 1.4.- Investigación cromatográficade heterósidos saponinicos 129 111.1.5.-Investigación cromatográfica de aminoácidos 130 111.1.6.- Aceite esencial 132 [11.2.-AISLAMIENTO DE COMPUESTOS 134 m.2.1.- Cromatografia en capa fina 134 111.2.2.- Cromatogratia en columna 135 111.3.- ELUCIDACIÓN ESTRUCTURAL DE COMPUESTOS 136 111.3.1.- Identificacióndel compuesto 1 136 m.3.2.- Identificación del compuesto 2 143 IV.- ESTUDIO FARMACOLOGICO DE COMPUESTOS AISLADOS 146 IV. 1.- ACTIVIDAD HIPOGLUCEMIANTE 146 IV.2.- ENSAYOS EN ÓRGANO AISLADO 148 E.- DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS 155 E.- CONCLUSIONES 165 G.- BIIBLIOGRAFIA 169 INTRODUCCIÓN Y JUSTIFICACIÓN >6 .4 t1V~0C11&t.Ó.Ú8 Y 7 En los últimos años se ha venido desarrollando en el mundo científico, una Ñerte corriente de interés hacia las plantas medicinales como elementos terapéuticos, constituyendo la búsqueda de nuevos principios con actividad farmacológica, una línea de investigación prioritaria de numerosos centros, tanto españoles como extranjeros. Especies cuyo uso se había prácticamente abandonado, vuelven a utilizarse; se realizan trabajos de investigación sobre plantas poco o nada estudiadas hasta este momento, para incorporarlas a la terapéutica como tales drogas, o como materia prima para la obtención de sus principios activos, o para suutilización en procesos de hemisintesis (Shellard, 1987). El aislamiento de sustancias de origen vegetal con actividad farmacológica, que permitan corroborar los usos populares de estas especies, constituye un amplio proyecto de investigación desarrollado en nuestro Departamento desde hace años. Dentro de esta misma línea, se planteó el estudio de diferentes especies vegetales pertenecientes a la familia Rosaceae, familia que aporta numerosas plantas empleadas como medicinales, fimdamentailmente en medicina popular, algunas de las cuales son consideradas como drogas oficinales. Perteneciente a esta familia, es la Sanguisorba minar Scop., denominada popularmente como “hierba gitana”, y sobre la que se tuvo conocimiento de que en una zona localizada de los Montes de Toledo, se usa en forma de infusión por sus propiedades tónico-digestivas. Se trata de una especie vegetal muy polimorfa, constituida por varias sub-cspecies de dificil diferenciación entre sí, diferenciación que no se produce en su utilización popular. La sub-especie utilizada en la presente Memoria es la 5. minar Scop. ssp. magno/ii Spach, al ser la más abundante en las zonas de recolección, y sobre la que se tenía un conocimiento más directo de sus usos populares. Las indagaciones realizadas a nivel rural en esta zona, pennitieron comprobar que esta planta es utilizada desde antiguo por sus propiedades terapéuticas como astringente, canninativo, digestivo y hemostático. Sin embargo, en la literatura científica, no aparecen reseñados estudios acerca de esta especie vegetal en concreto. 8 <q<1 /Ut~ VI=’qfk’Y;! - ~. ~qF<wf,.. .... Dentro de la línea de investigación prioritaria, establecida en el Departamento sobre el aislamiento de principios activos a partir de especies medicinales, se aborda el estudio fitoquimico y fannacológico de 5. minar magno/ii, con objeto de justificar sus usos populares como planta medicinal. Lavalidación farmacológica de estos usos a nivel experimental, así como el aislamiento del principio o principios responsables de su actividad, constituye el proyecto experimental de esta Tesis Doctoral. ¾ ANCA 9 1.- ASPECTOS BOTÁNICOS DEL GÉNERO Sanguisorba Li.- SITUACIÓN TAXONÓMICA La familia Rosaceae comprende unas 3000 especies vegetales pertenecientes a un centenar de géneros, distribuidos ampliamente por la floramundial, en especial de Europa, Asia y América del Norte. La importancia de esta familia radica en que aporta numerosas especies empleadas como plantas medicinales, algunas de las cuales son consideradas como drogas oficinales(Farmacopea Española, 1954; Delaveau, 1982). Entre los géneros con interés fannacológico, se encuentra el género Sanguisorba, cuyas especies son empleadas a nivel popular.
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