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Abstract Reduce, Reuse, Recycle & Rethink: Assessing the Sustainable and Creative Development of Park Furnishings for the Mi

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Abstract Reduce, Reuse, Recycle & Rethink: Assessing the Sustainable and Creative Development of Park Furnishings for the Mi ABSTRACT REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE & RETHINK: ASSESSING THE SUSTAINABLE AND CREATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PARK FURNISHINGS FOR THE MILL CREEK GREENWAY TRAIL, CINCINNATI, OHIO by Molly E. Hicks This paper reports on materials available to create reused and recycled park furnishings for the Mill Creek Greenway Trail in Cincinnati, Ohio. Research was done during a summer 2005 internship with Mill Creek Restoration Project to identify materials that were available for use in the proposed Mill Creek Greenway Trail that would reflect a sustainability ethic. In other words, in what ways could furnishings for the greenway trial be created (multi-use trail, benches, signs, landscaping materials, etc) that would help protect the environmentally sensitive Mill Creek, while also reflecting and encouraging environmentalism in the Cincinnati region. Eight criteria were used when analyzing each material for possible use: proposed use for material, cost, durability, aesthetics, safety and health, sustainability and environmental impact, life cycle costs, and local, regional, state and national availability. REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE & RETHINK: ASSESSING THE SUSTAINABLE AND CREATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PARK FURNISHINGS FOR THE MILL CREEK GREENWAY TRAIL, CINCINNATI, OHIO A Practicum Report Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Science Institute of Environmental Sciences By Molly E. Hicks Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2007 Advisor: _________________________________________ Dr. Sandra Woy-Hazleton Reader: _________________________________________ Dr. Adolph M. Greenberg Reader: _________________________________________ Dr. Mark R. Boardman Acknowledgement In the summer of 2005, the author took part in an internship at Mill Creek Restoration Project to report on the reuse and recycling of materials to create furnishings for the Mill Creek Greenway Trail. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through the Environmental Careers Organization (ECO), provided funding for this internship. Every summer ECO places over 500 undergraduate and graduate students in environmentally focused internships across the United States. The author is forever grateful for this opportunity to experience local, nonprofit environmental stewardship. A special thank you to Robin Corathers, Executive Director of Mill Creek Restoration Project, for making this experience possible. ii Table of Contents I. Executive Summary--------------------------------------------------------------------1 II. Background------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 III. The Assessment Process---------------------------------------------------------------5 IV. What is the Difference Between Reuse and Recycling? --------------------------8 V. Local and Regional Solid Waste and Demolition Debris Carrying Capacity-10 VI. Reusable Materials--------------------------------------------------------------------12 a. Creativity and Liability----------------------------------------------------------12 b. Reusable Items in the Cincinnati Region--------------------------------------15 c. Lumber-----------------------------------------------------------------------------16 d. Cast Iron---------------------------------------------------------------------------23 e. Other Reusable Materials in the Cincinnati Region--------------------------25 VII. Trail Materials: New and Recycled-------------------------------------------------27 a. Status Quo: Concrete and Recycled Concrete--------------------------------27 b. Status Quo: Asphalt and Recycled Asphalt-----------------------------------33 c. Rubber Asphalt--------------------------------------------------------------------38 d. Porous Asphalt and Concrete---------------------------------------------------45 e. Glassphalt--------------------------------------------------------------------------50 f. Soft Trail Materials---------------------------------------------------------------50 VIII. Other New Products Made From Recyclables------------------------------------51 a. Plastic Lumber and Other Recycled Plastic Products------------------------51 b. Rumber-----------------------------------------------------------------------------58 IX. Recommendations---------------------------------------------------------------------58 X. Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------61 XI. References------------------------------------------------------------------------------63 XII. Appendix I: Reuse and Recycle Project Contacts---------------------------------74 XIII. Appendix II: Salvage Yards, Businesses and Material ‘Interchanges and Exchanges in the Cincinnati Region------------------------------------------------84 XIV. Appendix III: Criteria Matrix--------------------------------------------------------87 XV. Appendix IV: Tree Grate Bench and Receptacle Designs (pdf ) ---------------93 iii Executive Summary A greenway is a linear corridor of undeveloped space containing trees, shrubs and other vegetation that connects people and places together. The corridors of greenspace are often adjacent to rivers or streams, along existing or on top of old railways, or next to roadways and utility corridors (The Mill Creek Watershed Greenway Master Plan 1999, 1). Greenway corridors allow for the restoration or preservation of the natural systems that exist in an area. They also provide a means for alternative transportation and can connect natural areas, parks and historical and cultural features (Ohio Greenways 2005). Greenways are also environmentally beneficial because they help buffer adjacent waterways to help protect them from nonpoint source pollution, which can run off from nearby developed land during rain or melting events. They help preserve local wildlife and provide corridors through which birds and land animals can travel. This report will assess what reusable and recyclable materials are available in the Cincinnati region that could be utilized to create park furnishings for the Mill Creek Greenway Trail. Mill Creek Restoration Project (MCRP), a local environmental organization that is dedicated to preserving and helping restore the natural functions within the Mill Creek watershed, is currently developing the greenway trail. Furnishings needed for the trail system include, but are not limited to, tables, benches, trash and recycling receptacles, bollards (car stops), signage, erosion control materials, overlooks, walkways and multi-use hike and bike trails. Mill Creek Restoration Project’s intention is to be as environmentally, economically and socially sustainable as possible when creating the greenway trail, and wants the materials chosen to create furnishings to reflect this ethic. Locations of salvage yards owned by the City of Cincinnati and the Cincinnati Park Board (CPB), private salvage yard businesses, and places where salvaged, or unused, materials can be purchased were identified. The locations, contact people and an initial list of materials that were found to be usable were documented, and are listed in an appendix entitled, “Salvage Yards, Businesses and Material ‘Interchanges’ and 1 Exchanges in the Cincinnati Region,” at the end of this report (Appendix II). Materials found to be usable are also discussed, addressing their potential for reuse and the probable steps that need to be taken to utilize them. This is by no means a comprehensive list of salvage yards in the area, however. Contact information for all people, organizations and companies spoken to and mentioned in this report that would be good future contacts and may be interested in working with MCRP on the furnishings project, are located in Appendix I, which is entitled, “Reuse and Recycle Project Contacts.” Research was also done to identify products presently on the market that are made from recycled materials. The most common, reliable recycled product on the market today that can be used for functional furnishings, as well as other uses, is recycled plastic lumber (RPL), and a large section of this report is devoted to its design and capabilities. Other sections address the recycling of materials to create asphalt and cement trail surface materials, which is also a large and promising market. The report assesses traditional hard-surface paving materials, and then addresses the potential for making pavements with recycled content. Because water quality improvement and management is one of the main focuses of MCRP’s work, researching porous, or pervious, pavement materials is also part of this report. However, the use of pervious materials may end up being a tradeoff since many companies continue to utilize virgin materials to create these watershed-friendly products. Other products made from recycled materials assessed in this report include recycled aluminum signage, ‘glassphalt’ and ‘rumber’ (rubber lumber). Background A Polluted History In 1997, Mill Creek was named “the most endangered urban stream in North America.” (Mill Creek Restoration Project 2007) This unfortunate title came from over 200 years of environmental abuse due to urban growth and development in the Cincinnati region. Mill Creek has experienced multiple stressors since settlers began to lay claim to 2 the fertile lands along its banks in the late 1700s. Early impacts included deforestation to make space for farming in the Mill Creek floodplain, which led to higher floods (Hedeen 1994, 35). During the 1800s and 1900s slaughterhouses, breweries and
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