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Effect of Waste Glass on Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures

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Effect of Waste Glass on Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 1, 2017 Effect of Waste Glass on Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures 1) 2) 3) 4) Zaydoun T. Abu Salem , Taisir S. Khedawi , Musa Bani Baker and Raed Abendeh 1),3),4) Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. 2) Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. ABSTRACT With the rapid economy growth and continuously increased consumption, a large amount of glass waste materials is generated. This study attends to study the performance of asphalt concrete mix, where some of fractional fine aggregate is substituted with different percentages of crashed glass materials of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20 %. The Marshall design was used to examine the influence of the Optimum Asphalt Content (O.A.C.) at different fine glass percentages and the resistance against water. Asphalt-concrete mix properties can be improved by using a hydrated lime admixture and other mixtures. It is expected that the recycling and use of waste glass in asphalt mixes is feasible. Subsequently, by obtaining low price and economic mixes that will reduce the O.A.C., increase the stability and the durability of the mix, in addition to increasing the skid resistance of the road surface, this will reduce accidents and save a lot of money. By crushing and sieving, waste glass materials can be used as fine aggregates in asphalt concrete, where this is called glassphalt. Satisfactory performance of upper asphalt pavement layers can be achieved by adding glass waste with 10% of the mix. KEYWORDS: Glass waste, Water stability, Skid resistance, Optimum asphalt content (O.A.C.). INTRODUCTION of glass use have been limited to test pavements or specialty applications. A large amount of glass waste from industry has In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a number of been an urgent subject at both national and global studies and field demonstrations were undertaken in the levels. Glass recycling can save energy and decrease United States to examine the potential of using waste environmental waste. Nearly 10 million tons of glass glass as an aggregate substitute material in hot mix waste have been generated every year around the asphalt. During this period, test-paving strips were world. Hundreds of tons are generated in Jordan, placed at approximately 33 locations throughout the amounting to around 3-5% of domestic waste. United States and Canada. At the present time, the commercial use of waste From the mid-1970s through the mid-1980s, the glass in asphalt paving applications has been limited to city of Baltimore made use of glass in its street communities such as the city of New York in the USA, pavement program. At least 17 streets were paved with where the quantity of waste glass produced and glass to produce a "sparkle" effect, resulting from the collected provides a sufficient incentive to recycle it in reflection of sunlight or street lamp light off the glass pavement applications. Most of the earlier applications pavement. In the mid-1980s research, activities were undertaken on Long Island and a glass processing plant Received on 17/8/2015. was designed and began operation, processing over Accepted for Publication on 13/11/2016. 12,600 metric tons (14,000 tons) of mixed waste glass - 117 - © 2017 JUST. All Rights Reserved. Effect of Waste Glass… Zaydoun T. Abu Salem, Taisir S. Khedawi, Musa Bani Baker and Raed Abendeh for use as an aggregate substitute in paving to the poor design of the asphalt mixes and/or to the applications. materials having been used. The existence of varied More recently, numerous paving projects using properties for local materials requires different mix waste glass have been undertaken around the world. designs to be used. One of the major concerns in mix However, by far, the most aggressive program has been designing is the type and amount of filler used, which undertaken by the city of New York's Department of is known to highly affect the mix design, especially the Transportation, where from 1990 through 1995 a optimum asphalt content. The amount of filler used in quantity of approximately 225,000 metric tons the plant mixes will be a factor in affecting the (250,000 tons) of glass has been used in resurfacing properties of the mix produced. However, it is not applications. possible to establish the exact amount of this filler due Flat and elongated particles that could contribute to to the loss of fines in the form of dust from the plant. pavement raveling, stripping, poor skid resistance, When filler is added to the asphalt, a marked change in abnormally high tire wear and excessive glare were all the consistency of asphalt will result. This change can identified by early researchers as potential problems. be clearly inspected by increasing the viscosity, Since glass does not absorb any of the asphalt cement penetration and softening point of the asphalt filler binder and since glass is also "hydrophilic", moisture mix. Various studies have been conducted to study the damage (stripping) is a particular concern that has been properties of mineral filler, especially the material identified, especially when high percentages and large passing 0.075 mm sieve (No. 200) and to evaluate its gradations are introduced into a surface course mix. effect on the performance of asphalt paving mixtures in Many of the early investigators recommended the terms of consistency, void filling, resistance to addition of lime as an antistripping agent to reduce displacement, water susceptibility, Marshall stability potential stripping problems. Early glassphalt projects and mix strength. used high percentages of glass (greater than 25 percent Shafabakhsh and Sajed (2014) indicated that the by weight of the mix) with coarse glass gradations dynamic properties of glass–asphalt concrete, the (greater than 12.7 mm (1/2 in)). Current data suggest fatigue life, stiffness modulus and creep compliance are that the use of high glass percentages and large improved in comparison with those of ordinary asphalt particles of glass probably contributed to most of the concrete. Arabani (2011) found that the behavior of stripping and raveling problems that were reported Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) in different temperature during the early test pavement demonstrations of the conditions, depending on the variation of the admixture 1960s and 1970s. contents and the gradation of the aggregates, is The high angularity of cullet, compared with improved in comparison with that of HMA mixtures. rounded sand, can enhance the stability of asphalt Al-Qaisi (1981) studied the effect of filler-asphalt mixes, where properly sized cullet is used. Stabilities ratio on the properties of filler- mastic and asphalt comparable and, in many cases, better than those of paving mixture, using five types of filler (Portland conventional mixes have been reported. Other cement, lime dust stone, hydrated lime, powder of beneficial characteristics include low absorption, low crushed gravel and sulfur). He stated that the range of specific gravity and low thermal conductivity, which the filler-asphalt ratio required to produce the desired reportedly offer enhanced heat retention in mixes with properties of paving mixtures is influenced by the type glass. of filler used and that such range should be set Proper mix design with suitable ingredients will accordingly. Also, he showed that several locally ensure an improvement of the existing performance of available materials could be used to replace Portland roads. It is anticipated that some failures are attributed cement as filler in asphalt paving mixtures. - 118 - Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 1, 2017 Abrahams (1973) concluded that fillers containing between filler content and percent of air voids in the large particles result in a more stable mortar than if the compacted mix. large particles are not present. This phenomenon was Sadoon (2010) studied the effect of different filler attributed to the fact that a large surface area of fine types on performance properties of asphalt paving powder could adsorb more bitumen and the portion materials. Six different types of filler from five local adsorbed was the asphaltenes, which are the most rigid sources in Iraq were used to evaluate the resistance to particles. This resulted in lighter, more fluid oil plastic flow using Marshall stiffness test and low between particles, increasing flow capabilities. Also, temperature cracking and temperature susceptibility the large particles were believed to offer mechanical using indirect tensile strength test, in addition to resistance to flow which was not present in the smaller studying moisture susceptibility by using retained particles. The researcher concluded that the baghouse strength test and resistance to permanent deformation fines can greatly affect the properties of the mix, such by using indirect tensile creep test. The results as the optimum asphalt content, stability and stability indicated that filler type has a great effect on the loss. cohesion of the mix, where such type of filler showed Abdul-Raheem (2001) studied the effect of sulfur high indirect tensile strength values with respect to (blowdown) and polyethylene wastes on rheological other types of filler at different test temperatures. He properties and temperature susceptibility of virgin and concluded that the moisture damage also is affected by aged asphalt cement, as well as on their mixture the type of filler, where one type showed high properties and studied the effect of these wastes on the susceptibility to water attack with a higher value of moisture susceptibility of asphalt-concrete mixtures index retained strength compared with other types. and other performance properties. He concluded that Aschuri and Woodside (2007) investigated the adding 9% polyethylene wastes by weight of (40-50) behavior of asphalt-concrete mix containing fly ash and asphalt grade resulted in increasing ring and ball hydrated lime in binder. The fillers as modifier were softening point by 28% than that of original asphalt and prepared with 3%, 6% and 9% by weight of bitumen, increasing the absolute viscosity at 25˚C by 5% respectively.
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