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ELECTION OBSERVER MISSION REPORT No 16 Order From: Publications@Eisa.Org.Za EISA OBSERVER MISSION REPORT I EISA ELECTION ELECTORAL OBSERVER REPORTS OBSERVER MISSION REPORT CODE TITLE EOR 1 Mauritius Election Observation Mission Report, 2000 EOR 2 SADC Election Support Network Observer Mission’s BOTSWANA Report, 1999/2000 EOR 3 Tanzania Elections Observer Mission Report, 2001 EOR 4 Tanzania Gender Observer Mission Report, 2001 EOR 5 Zimbabwe Elections Observer Mission Report, 2001 EOR 6 South African Elections Observer Mission Report, Denis Kadima, 1999 EOR 7 Botswana Elections Observer Mission Report, Denis Kadima, 1999 EOR 8 Namibia Elections Report, Tom Lodge, 1999 EOR 9 Mozambique Elections Observer Mission Report, Denis Kadima, 1999 EOR 10 National & Provincial Election Results: South Africa June 1999 EOR 11 Elections in Swaziland, S. Rule, 1998 EOR 12 Lesotho Election, S. Rule, 1998 EOR 13 EISA Observer Mission Report: Zimbabwe Presidential Election 9-11 March, 2002 (P/C) EOR 14 EISA Observer Mission Report: South Africa National and Provincial Elections 12-14 April 2004 PARLIAMENTARY AND EOR 15 EISA Observer Mission Report: Malawi Parliamentary LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS and Presidential Elections 20 May 2004 30 OCTOBER 2004 ISBN 1-920095-12-8 9781920 095123 EISA ELECTION OBSERVER MISSION REPORT No 16 Order from: [email protected] EISA OBSERVER MISSION REPORT i EISA REGIONAL OBSERVER MISSION BOTSWANA PARLIAMENTARY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS 30 OCTOBER 2004 ii EISA OBSERVER MISSION REPORT EISA OBSERVER MISSION REPORT iii EISA REGIONAL OBSERVER MISSION BOTSWANA PARLIAMENTARY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS 30 OCTOBER 2004 2005 iv EISA OBSERVER MISSION REPORT Published by EISA 2nd Floor, The Atrium 41 Stanley Avenue, Auckland Park Johannesburg, South Africa 2196 P O Box 740 Auckland Park 2006 South Africa Tel: 27 11 482 5495 Fax: 27 11 482 6163 Email: [email protected] www.eisa.org.za ISBN: 1-920095-12-8 EISA 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of EISA. First published 2005 EISA is a non-partisan organisation which seeks to promote democratic principles, free and fair elections, a strong civil society and good governance at all levels of Southern African society. EISA Election Observer Mission Report, No. 16 EISA OBSERVER MISSION REPORT v CONTENTS Executive Summary vii Acknowledgements ix The EISA Observer Mission’s Terms of Reference x The EISA Approach to Election Observation xii 1. Historical Overview 1 1.1. Political and electoral background 1 1.2. The 1994 elections 2 1.3. The October 1999 general elections 3 2. Electoral Framework 6 2.1. Constitutional and legal framework 6 2.2. The Botswana Independent Electoral Commission 7 3. The Pre-Election Phase 10 3.1. Delimitation of constituencies and polling districts 10 3.2. Voter registration 11 3.3. Party registration and nomination of candidates 12 3.4. Women and political representation 15 3.5. Civic and voter education 15 3.6. The electoral campaign 16 3.7. Media coverage of the electoral process 17 4. The Election 4.1. Opening of voting stations and election material 18 4.2. Voters’ roll 19 4.3. Polling stations 19 4.4. Closing of polling stations 20 4.5. Voting staff, party agents and security personnel 20 4.6 Observers 21 5. The Post-Election Phase 22 5.1. Counting 22 5.2. Transmission of results 23 5.3. The results 23 vi EISA OBSERVER MISSION REPORT 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 25 7. Appendices 30 7.1. Appendix 1: Composition of the EISA observer mission 30 7.2. Appendix 2: : EISA mission arrival press statement 31 7.3. Appendix 3: Interim statement by the EISA election observation mission 33 7.4. Appendix 4: Schedule of briefing meetings 41 7.5. Appendix 5: List of international observer groups 43 7.6. Appendix 6: List of domestic observer groups 43 7.7. Appendix 7: Botswana constituencies and their population sizes 44 7.8. Appendix 8: Election results 46 7.9. Appendix 9: Voter turnout 51 EISA OBSERVER MISSION REPORT vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the invitation of the Botswana Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation and the Independent Electoral Commission of Botswana (IEC), EISA deployed a regional observer mission to the Botswana parliamentary and local government elections, held on Saturday, 30 October 2004. This report is the EISA observer mission’s assessment of the elections, based on its observations, findings and analysis of events in the pre-election phase, the polling phase and the counting and post-election phases, including the announcement of results. The EISA mission was led by the Honourable Madame Ntlhoi Motsamai, Speaker of the National Assembly of Lesotho. The deputy mission leader was EISA Executive Director Denis Kadima. The 22 members of the mission were nationals of various African countries, namely Angola, Ivory Coast, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. They were drawn from electoral commissions, civil society organisations (CSOs), academic institutions, parliaments and political parties. The mission used the Principles for Election Management, Monitoring and Observation in the SADC region (PEMMO) as its instrument to assess the Botswana elections. PEMMO was developed by EISA and the Electoral Commissions Forum (ECF) of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries as guidelines for the conduct and assessment of elections in the region. The 2004 Botswana elections were the third national elections to be assessed on the basis of PEMMO, after the South African and Malawian elections held in April and May 2004 respectively. The elections were held against the backdrop of Botswana’s reputation and standing as one of Africa’s oldest and most stable democracies. The Botswana Democratic Party’s long-running monopoly on political power was challenged in 1994 and to a lesser extent in 1999. Thus in 2004 there was interest in whether the opposition could build on its showing of 1999 and offer a real challenge to the ruling party. In addition the number of contested seats in the Botswana National Assembly was increased from 40 in 1999 to 57 in 2004. The election was also a test of the popularity of Festus Mogae’s presidency and the policies of his party. viii EISA OBSERVER MISSION REPORT During its deployment in Botswana, the EISA mission attended various meetings and briefing sessions, met with local officials and domestic observer groups, and observed the last stages of campaigning, the voting and counting, as well as the preliminary tabulation. This report summarises the main findings of the EISA mission and makes appropriate recommendations to the relevant election stakeholders in Botswana, with a view to improving the electoral process and informing the subsequent reform process. EISA found that, in general, the electoral and political environment in Botswana is conducive to the holding of democratic elections. In addition the various election-related processes provided for by legislation, such as voter registration and the compilation of the voters’ roll, were all accessible to citizens and conducted in a transparent manner. The elections were held in an atmosphere free from political violence and intimidation. The voting process in the areas visited by the EISA teams was smooth and the staff showed professionalism in the execution of their duties. However the mission also noted that there are several areas where improvements can be made in the Botswana electoral process. There is a need to improve access to and use of public resources, including the public media, for election purposes. In addition, and most critical, is the need to increase the representation of women and other disadvantaged groups. Botswana has failed to meet the 30% minimum for women’s representation in decision-making positions that was set by the 1997 SADC Declaration on Gender and Development. In fact after the 2004 elections, the proportion of women in parliament decreased. A concerted effort must be made to raise this figure, as well as to reach the 30% quota. EISA will disseminate the findings in this report to the IEC, government authorities, political parties and CSOs in Botswana, across the SADC region and beyond, so that lessons can be drawn from the process. On the basis of the guidelines enshrined in PEMMO and the findings of its observations, the mission concluded that the 2004 Botswana parliamentary and local government elections were free and to a large extent fair, with room for improvement to further enhance the fairness. The mission has made a number of recommendations for improvement of certain aspects of the electoral process. EISA OBSERVER MISSION REPORT ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This mission would not have been possible without the support and assistance of a number of people and institutions. Firstly our thanks go to the Botswana Government for its invitation to EISA and to the IEC of Botswana for its smooth and efficient processing of the accreditation procedures. This enabled EISA observers to access as many areas and stages of the electoral process as possible. We would also like to thank our team of observers for making themselves available for the mission despite their heavy schedules and for their commitment throughout the observation process. We are grateful to the people of Botswana for their warm welcome and cordial reception throughout the duration of the mission. In addition, the electoral stakeholders that our teams met with whilst in Botswana were very cooperative and accommodating. Such a mission would not have been possible without the generous support of our funding partners, the Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) Pretoria office, the Embassy of Belgium (Pretoria office), the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) offices in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo as well as the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA).
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