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Sociology Mainstreaming Gender Sociology ­ Mainstreaming Gender Sociology of Gender courses most often start by exploring the social ‘constructedness’ of sex and gender. They look at the way in which sex and gender are social phenomena that change over time and vary across cultures. Feminists have challenged the idea that sex and gender are fixed biological realities and argue that gender is a major organizing aspect of society. Gender arises out of our everyday interactions and is shaped by larger institutions such as education, work, and the family. Gender inequalities revealed through social patterns are examined as well as the way in which a hierarchical gender system is both reproduced and challenged through the link between social structure and interpersonal experiences. Other topics include: race and class, the body, sexuality, education, work, and transgenderism. Wharton, Amy S. 2005. The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Topic ­ Conceptualizing Gender Scholars have conceptualized gender as a social construction, as a performance and as a social institution. Social Construction Feminists have argued that gender is socially constructed and reproduced in everyday life. We learn gender from early childhood. Brennan, Teresa. 1989. Between Feminism and Psychoanalysis. London: Routledge. Burke, Caroline, Naomi Schor, and Margaret Whitford (eds.). 1994. Engaging With Irigaray: Feminist Philosophy and Modern European Thought. New York: Columbia University Press. Chodorow, Nancy. 1999. The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley: University of California Press. Connell, Raewyn. 2005. Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity Press. Chapter 1. Connell, Raewyn. 2009. Gender: In World Perspectives. Cambridge: Polity Press. Chapters 1 and 2. Flax, Jane. 1991. Thinking fragments: psychoanalysis, feminism, and postmodernism in the contemporary west. Berkeley: University Of California Press. Gallop, Jane. 1982. Feminism and Psychoanalysis: The Daughter’s Seduction. Houndmills and London: Palgrave Macmillan. Grosz, Elizabeth. 1991. Sexual Subversions: Three French Feminists. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. Grosz, Elizabeth. 1991. “Luce Irigaray and Sexual Difference.” In Elizabeth Grosz (ed.). Sexual Subversions: Three French Feminists. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 100-132. Grosz, Elizabeth. 1995. “Sexual difference and the problem of essentialism.” In Elizabeth Grosz (ed.). Space, time and perversion: The politics of bodies. New York: Routledge, 46­57. Irigaray, Luce. 1985. Speculum of the Other Woman. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Irigaray, Luce. 1985. This Sex Which is Not One. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Irigaray, Luce, and Carolyn Burke. 1980. "When our lips speak together." Signs: Journal of Women in culture and Society 6(1): 69-79. Irigaray, Luce, and Noah Guynn. 1995. "The question of the other." Yale French Studies 87: 7-19. Lorber, Judith. 1993. "Believing is seeing: Biology as ideology." Gender & Society 7(4): 568-581. Lorber, Judith. 1994. "’Night to his day’: The social construction of gender." In Judith Lorber (ed.). Paradoxes of gender. New Haven: Yale University Press. Kristeva, Julia. 1982. Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. New York: Columbia University Press. Kristeva, Julia. 1986. “Women's Time.” In Toril Moi (ed.). The Kristeva Reader. New York: Columbia University Press. Laqueuer, Thomas. 1990. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Chapter 5. Martin, Emily. 1991. "The egg and the sperm: How science has constructed a romance based on stereotypical male-female roles." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 16(3): 485-501. Mitchell, Juliet. 1975. Psychoanalysis and Feminism. New York: Vintage Books. Mitchell, Juliet, Jacqueline Rose, and Jean Radford. 2010. "Psychoanalysis, politics and the future of feminism: A conversation." Women: a cultural review 21(1): 75-103. Rose, Jacqueline. 2003. On not being able to sleep: Psychoanalysis and the modern World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Rose, Jacqueline. 2005. "Femininity and its discontents." Feminist review 80: 24-43. Scott, Joan. 2011. The fantasy of Feminist History. Durham: Duke University Press. Whitford, Margaret (ed.). 1991. The Irigaray Reader Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Gender as Performance Post­structuralists have challenged modernist feminists with regards to their approach to gender. Feminists have responded to the post­structural challenge and the debates that have emerged in gender studies, including Judith Butler’s theory of performativity. Bartky, Sandra. 1990. Femininity and Domination. London: Routledge Beasley, Chris. 1999. What is feminism? An introduction to feminist theory. London: Sage. Chapter 7. Benhabib, Seyla.1994. “Feminism and the Question of Postmodernism.” In The Polity Reader in Gender Studies. London: Polity Press, 76-92. Benhabib, Seyla, Judith Butler, Drucilla Cornell, and Nancy Fraser. 1995. Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange. New York: Routledge. Braidotti, Rosi. 1994. Nomadic subjects: embodiment and sexual difference in contemporary feminist theory. New York: Columbia University Press. Brooks, Ann. 1997. Postfeminisms. London: Routledge. Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. London: Routledge. Butler, Judith. 1990. “Subversive Bodily Acts.” In Judith Butler (ed.). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. London: Routlege. Butler, Judith. 1992. “Contingent foundations: feminism and the question of ‘postmodernism’”. In Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott (eds.). Feminists Theorize the Political. New York: Routledge. Butler, Judith. 1997. “Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire.” In Anne Phillips (ed.). Feminist Politics. Oxford University Press. Butler, Judith. 1999. “Bodies that Matter.” In Janet Price and Margrit Shildrick (eds.) Feminist theory and the body: a reader. London: Taylor & Francis, 235-245. Butler, Judith. 2004. Undoing Gender. London: Routledge. Felski, Rita. 1989. "Feminism, postmodernism, and the critique of modernity." Cultural Critique 13: 33-56. Fraser, Nancy. 1992. "The uses and abuses of French discourse theories for feminist politics." Theory, Culture & Society 9(1): 51-71. Fraser, Nancy and Linda Nicholson. 1990. “Between Feminism and Postmodernism.” In Linda Nicholson (ed.). Feminism/Postmodernism. London: Routledge. Freeman, Jo, and Nancy Henley. 1995. "The sexual politics of interpersonal behavior." In Jo Freeman (ed.). Women: A feminist perspective. London: Mayfield. Goffman, Erving. 1976. Gender advertisements. Macmillan Education UK. Goffman, Erving. 1978. The presentation of self in everyday life. London: Harmondsworth. Lloyd, Moya. 2005 Beyond Identity Politics: Feminism, Power and Politics. London: Sage. McNay, Lois. 1992. Foucault and Feminism Power, Gender and the Self. Cambridge: Polity. McNeil, Maureen. 1993. “Dancing with Foucault: Feminism and Power Knowledge.” In Caroline Ramazanoglu (ed.). Up Against Foucault: Exploration of Some Tensions between Foucault and Feminism. Psychology Press, 147-175. Meijer, Irene Costera, and Baukje Prins. 1998. "How bodies come to matter: An interview with Judith Butler." Signs: Journal of women in culture and society 23(2): 275-286. Moi, Toril. 2001. What is a woman?: and other essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapter 1. Riley, Denise. 1988. ‘Am I That Name?’ Feminism and the Category of ‘Women’ in History. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave MacMillan. Sawicki, Julia. 1991. Disciplining Foucault: Feminism, Power & the Body. London: Routledge. Stanley, Liz, and Sue Wise. 1993. Breaking Out. London: Routledge. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 2012. In Other Words: Essays in Cultural Politics. London: Routledge. Waugh, Patricia. 1998. “Postmodernism and Feminism.” In Stevi Jackson and Jacki Jones (eds.). Contemporary Feminist Theories. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Weedon, Chris. 1997. Feminist Practice and Poststructuralist Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. West, Candace, and Don H. Zimmerman. 1987. "Doing gender." Gender & society 1(2): 125-151. Gender as a social institution Acker, Joan. "From sex roles to gendered institutions." Contemporary sociology 21(5): 565-569. Connell, Raewyn. 2005. Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity Press. Chapter 3. Connell, Raewyn. 2009. Gender: In World Perspectives. Cambridge: Polity Press. Chapter 3. Martin, Karin A. 1998. "Becoming a gendered body: Practices of preschools." American sociological review 63(4): 494-511. Martin, Patricia Yancey. 2004. "Gender as social institution." Social forces 82(4): 1249-1273. Intersectionality ­ Race Choo, Hae Yeon, and Myra Marx Ferree. 2010. "Practicing intersectionality in sociological research: A critical analysis of inclusions, interactions, and institutions in the study of inequalities." Sociological theory 28(2): 129-149. Collins, Patricia Hill. 1986. "Learning from the outsider within: The sociological significance of Black feminist thought." Social problems 33(6): 14-32. Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 1992. “Whose Story is it Anyway? Feminist and Anti­racist Appropriations of Anita Hill.” In Toni Morrison (ed.). Race­ing Justice, Engendering Power. New York: Pantheon, 402­441. Glenn, Evelyn Nakano. 1992. "From servitude to service work: Historical continuities in the racial division of paid reproductive labor." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 18(1): 1-43. West, Candace, and Sarah Fenstermaker. 1995. "Doing difference." Gender & society 9(1): 8-37. Intersectionality ­ Class Feminists
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