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Karakteristik Gamelan Angklung Padma Gita Swara Di Lingkungan

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Karakteristik Gamelan Angklung Padma Gita Swara Di Lingkungan KARAKTERISTIK GAMELAN ANGKLUNG PADMA GITA SWARA DI LINGKUNGAN KARANG SERAYA CAKRANEGARA MATARAM NUSA TENGGARA BARAT I Nyoman Jovi Mitaremyana, I Gede Yudarta, I Nyoman Pasek Institut Seni Indonesia Denpasar Jalan Nusa Indah Denpasar, Telp (0361) 227316, Fax (0361) 236100 E-mail : [email protected] Abstrak Gamelan Angklung adalah gamelan yang digunakan sebagai pendukung kegiatan upacara agama Hindu di Bali maupun di Lombok. Gamelan Angklung berperan penting sebagai pengiring upacara Pitra Yadnya (Ngaben) maupun Manusa Yadnya. Gamelan Angklung ini memiliki karakteristik yang unik jika dibandingkan dengan gamelan Angklung pada umumnya. Salah satu contohnya adalah gamelan Angklung yang terdapat di Lingkungan Karang Seraya Cakranegara Mataram NTB. Berdasarkan fenomena di atas dalam penelitian ini diteliti karakteristik gamelan Angklung di lingkungan Karang Seraya Cakranegara Mataram NTB. Tujuan khusus dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik gamelan Angklung Padma Gita Swara di Lingkungan Karang Seraya Cakranegara Mataram NTB, terfokus pada instrumentasi, reportoar, teknik permainanya dan fungsinya. Studi terhadap gamelan Angklung ini menggunakan beberapa teori, yaitu: teori Estetika,teori organologi dan teori Fungsional yang didukung dengan studi kepustakaan. Mengacu pada permasalahan yang diteliti hasil dari penelitian dapat dijabarkan sebagai berikut : a) Karakteristik instrumentasi gamelan Angklung di Karang Seraya menggunakan gangsa jongkok dan ceng-ceng penyelar dalam permainan gendingnya, hal inilah yang menjadikan sebuah ciri khas pada gamelan tersebut. b) Karakteristik gending Angklung Padma Gita Swara di lingkungan Karang Seraya dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu pelawasan, pejalan, dan kakebyaran c) Karakteristik teknik permainan gamelan Angklung yang paling menonjol pada permainan gending pelawasan dan pejalan. Teknik permainanya antara lain yaitu Teknik Oncang- oncangan pada gending pelawasan dan teknik Kakenyongan pada gending pejalan. (d) fungsi dari gamelan Angklung di lingkungan Karang Seraya dibagi menjadi dua yaitu fungsi primer dan skunder, fungsi primernya sebagai pengiring upacara keagaman baik Pitra yadnya maupun Manusa yadnya, fungsi sekundernya sebagai wadah untuk melestarikan seni dan budaya. Kata Kunci: Karakteristik, Gamelan Angklung, Padma Gita Swara. Abstract Gamelan Angklung is a gamelan that is used as a supporter of Hindu religious ceremonies in Bali as well as in Lombok. Angklung gamelan plays an important role as accompaniment ceremony Pitra Yadnya (Ngaben) and Manusa Yadnya. Gamelan Angklung has a unique characteristic when compared with the gamelan Angklung in general. One example is the Angklung gamelan found in the Karang Seraya Cakranegara Mataram NTB. Based on the above phenomenon in this study examined the characteristics of Angklung gamelan in the environment Karang Seraya Cakranegara Mataram NTB. The specific purpose of this research is to know the characteristics of Gamelan Angklung Padma Gita Swara in Karang Seraya Cakranegara Mataram NTB, focused on instrumentation, reportoar, game technique and its function. The study of Angklung gamelan uses several theories, namely: Aesthetic theory, organological theory and Functional theory supported by literature study. Referring to the problems studied the results of the research can be described as follows: a) Characteristics of Angklung gamelan instrumentation in Karang Seraya using squat gangsa and ceng-ceng penyar in game gendingnya, this is what makes a characteristic of the gamelan. B) Characteristics of gending Angklung Padma Gita Swara in the environment Karang Seraya divided into three namely the supervision, walkers, and kakebyaran c) Characteristics of gamelan game techniques Angklung most prominent in the game gending surveillance and walkers. Game techniques include the Oncang-oncangan technique on gending and Kakenyongan techniques on gending pedalan walkers. (D) the function of the Angklung gamelan in the Karang Seraya environment is divided into two, namely the primary and secondary functions, its primary function as the accompaniment of the religious ceremony both Pitra yadnya and Manusa yadnya, its secondary function as a container for preserving art and culture. Keywords: Characteristics, Angklung Gamelan, Padma Gita Swara. PENDAHULUAN Lombok adalah sebuah pulau yang berada di provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat yang terdiri dari lima kabupaten. Kota Mataram merupakan salah satu wilayah dari lima kabupaten kota yang ada di provinsi NTB. Kota Mataram merupakan ibu kota dari provinsi NTB dan sekaligus menjadi pusat pemerintahan. Sebagai pusat pemerintahan, kota Mataram merupakan Kota yang tergolong multiculture artinya banyak suku dan etnis yang bertempat tinggal di kota Mataram. Keberadaan Suku Bali dan Agama Hindu di Kota Mataram tidak terlepas dari sejarah kerajaan Karangasem yang pada saat itu memerintah dan menjadi raja di Pulau Lombok. Pada saat pemerintahan kerajaan Karangasem pada pertengahan abad ke-17 selain melakukan peperangan untuk memperebutkan daerah kekuasaan, misi yang dilakukan yaitu untuk menyebarkan ajaran agama Hindu dan memberikan sebuah wilayah pada patih dan prajurit untuk mendiami wilayah tersebut sehingga akan mudah untuk memunculkan etnis Bali di pulau Lombok pada saat itu. Keberadaan etnis Bali di kota Mataram telah membawa budaya dan tradisi mereka untuk hidup dan berkembang di kalangan masyarakat Hindu Bali yang ada di kota Mataram. Salah satu tradisi dan kebudayaan yang hidup dan berkembang di masyarakat Hindu di kota Mataram adalah kesenian. Kesenian merupakan sebuah kearifan lokal yang dimiliki oleh berbagai wilayah yang ada di Indonesia dengan ciri mempunyai sebuah keunikan dan karakter yang bisa menjadikan sebuah identitas wilayah tersebut. Kesenian-kesenian ini telah berkembang dan hidup dalam masyarakat, namun jenis-jenis kesenian yang hidup dan berkembang di kota Mataram diadopsi dari kesenian yang ada di Bali seperti seni tari, karawitan, dan pedalangan. Hal ini merupakan sebuah dampak dari pemerintahan kerajaan Karangasem pada masa lampau yang secara tidak langsung menyebarkan kesenian-kesenian dari pulau Bali untuk hidup dan berkembang di kota Mataram pada khususnya dan pulau Lombok pada umumnya. Produk kesenian yang eksis di kota Mataram hingga saat ini adalah karawitan. Karawitan merupakan seni suara vokal dan instrumental yang berlaraskan selendro dan pelog. Masyarakat etnis Bali dan Sasak yang ada di kota Mataram lebih mengenal dan memberikan sebuah identitas karawitan dengan nama gamelan. Gamelan sendiri sangat melekat dipikiran masyarakat, karena hampir di setiap upacara keagamaan Hindu yang ada di Kota Mataram menggunakan gamelan sebagai pendukung untuk sebuah acara keagamaan, misalnya seperti upacara dewa yadnya, rsi yadnya, manusa yadnya, dan bhuta yadnya. Salah satu gamelan yang menjadi pendukung dalam upacara agama Hindu adalah Angklung. Angklung adalah seperangkat gamelan yang menggunakan laras selendro. Di Bali gamelan Angklung umumnya menggunakan empat atau lima nada sesuai dengan kebutuhannya. Gamelan Angklung merupakan gamelan yang tergolong tua (Bandem, 2013: 265). Gamelan Angklung kini sudah menyebar ke berbagai daerah di kota Mataram. Salah satu kecamatan di Kota Mataram yang memiliki Angklung dengan karakteristik yang unik adalah gamelan Angklung Padma Gita Swara yang terletak di lingkungan Karang Seraya Cakranegara Selatan. Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Yuniar,tth: 289) karakteristik adalah ciri-ciri khusus atau mempunyai sifat khas sesuai dengan perawatan tertentu, namun karakteristik yang penulis maksud terletak pada instrumentasi, reportoar dan fungsi dari gamelan Angklung Padma Gita Swara di lingkungan Karang Seraya. Karakteristik ini dijadikan sebagai indikator untuk menghasilkan sebuah analisis perbedaan dan keunikan dari gamelan Angklung lainnya. Karang Seraya merupakan sebuah lingkungan yang terletak di Cakranegara Selatan. Lingkungan Karang Seraya merupakan sebuah tempat yang tersohor namanya karena memiliki seperangkat gamelan Angklung yang menjadi sebuah daya tarik di masyarakat. Gamelan Angklung Padma Gita Swara di lingkungan Karang Seraya ini sangat terkenal namanya hingga ke pelosok Pulau Lombok. Banyaknya peminat masyarakat umum untuk memberikan suatu apresiasi berupa sewa gamelan Angklung pada upacara agama Pitra Yadnya membuat nama seka sekaligus lingkungan Karang Seraya menjadi terkenal dalam bidang kesenian gamelan Angklungnya. Keberadaan Angklung di Mataram khususnya di lingkungan Karang Seraya memiliki perbedaan ciri khas dan karakteristik dengan gamelan Angklung yang ada di Bali. Adapun perbedaannya dapat dilihat dari bentuk fisik instrumen yang digunakan, serta jenis-jenis gending yang digunakan saat pementasan. Gamelan Angklung yang terdapat di beberapa wilayah di Kota Mataram menjadikan gamelan Angklung Padma Gita Swara di lingkungan Karang Seraya sebagai barometer, baik dalam konteks fisik maupun aspek non-fisiknya. Aspek fisik yang dimaksud adalah penggunaan instrumentasi, sedangkan dari aspek non-fisiknya berupa musikalitasnya baik dari segi saih maupun dari segi gending-gending nya. Dalam musikalitasnya, gending Angklung Padma Gita Swara di lingkungan Karang Seraya di bagi menjadi 3 jenis gending yang berbeda dengan masing-masing gending mempunyai fungsinya sesuai dengan tatanan tradisi upacara ngaben di Kota Mataram. Tentu hal ini menjadi sebuah identitas karakter bagi gamelan Angklung yang umumnya berada di Kota Mataram dan khususnya berada di lingkungan Karang Seraya. Sepanjang pengetahuan penulis, gamelan Angklung
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