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Effects of Emfs from Underwater Power Cables on Elasmobranchs

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Effects of Emfs from Underwater Power Cables on Elasmobranchs OCS Study BOEMRE 2011-09 EFFECTS OF EMFS FROM UNDERSEA POWER CABLES ON ELASMOBRANCHS AND OTHER MARINE SPECIES Final Report U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement Pacific OCS Region EFFECTS OF EMFS FROM UNDERSEA POWER CABLES ON ELASMOBRANCHS AND OTHER MARINE SPECIES Final Report Prepared by NORMANDEAU ASSOCIATES, INC. EXPONENT, INC. DR. TIMOTHY TRICAS DR. ANDREW GILL Prepared under BOEMRE Contract M09P C00014 By Normandeau Associates, Inc. 25 Nashua Rd. Bedford, NH 03110 Published by Pacific OCS Region May 2011 DISCLAIMER This study was funded by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., under Contract Number M09PC00014. REPORT AVAILABILITY Extra copies of this report may be obtained from the Public Information Office at the following address: U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement Pacific OCS Region 770 Paseo Camarillo Camarillo, California 93010 Telephone: 805-389-7533 or 1-800-672-2627 http://www.gomr.boemre.gov/homepg/espis/espisfront.asp or from: Normandeau Associates, Inc. 25 Nashua Rd. Bedford, NH 03110 Telephone: 603-472-5191 CITATION Suggested Citation: Normandeau, Exponent, T. Tricas, and A. Gill. 2011. Effects of EMFs from Undersea Power Cables on Elasmobranchs and Other Marine Species. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement, Pacific OCS Region, Camarillo, CA. OCS Study BOEMRE 2011-09. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following authors were responsible for individual chapters in the report: Author (Affiliation) Chapters Topics Ann Pembroke Executive Summary Overall summary (Normandeau) 1 Introduction 4.3.2 Research priorities for marine species 4.4.2 Mitigation for marine species 4.4.3 Monitoring of mitigation measures 4.5 Cumulative impacts Eric Nestler 2 Methods (Normandeau) 3 Literature search results 4.2.3 Other fishes 4.2.6 Invertebrates Melinda Sweeny 4.2.4 Marine mammals (Normandeau) 4.2.5 Sea turtles Dr. William Bailey 4.1 Power cables (Exponent) 4.3.1 Research priorities for power cables 4.4.1 Engineering solutions to reduce EMF Dr. Vikas Anant 4.1 Power cables (modeling) (Exponent) Dr. Timothy Tricas 4.2.1 Magneto- and electroreception in marine (University of species Hawaii) 4.2.2 Elasmobranchs 4.3.2 Data gaps and research priorities for marine species Dr. Andrew Gill 1 Introduction (Cranfield University) 4.3 Cumulative impacts All contributed to significant editorial review of the report. iii Table of Contents Page Executive Summary .........................................................................................................................1 Power Cables .............................................................................................................................1 Magnetosensitive and Electrosensitive Marine Species ............................................................4 Data Gaps and Research Priorities ...........................................................................................11 Mitigation and Monitoring .......................................................................................................11 Cumulative Impacts .................................................................................................................12 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................13 1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................15 1.1 NEPA Process ...............................................................................................................17 1.2 Types of Electromagnetic Fields ...................................................................................17 1.3 European Perspective ....................................................................................................18 1.4 Organization of the Document ......................................................................................22 2. Methods....................................................................................................................................23 2.1 Literature Search Methods ............................................................................................23 2.2 Database Methods .........................................................................................................24 2.2.1 Original Annotation .........................................................................................24 2.2.2 Keywords .........................................................................................................24 2.2.3 Geographic Location ........................................................................................25 2.3 Power Cable Modeling Approach .................................................................................25 2.3.1 Magnetic Field Levels for AC Cables .............................................................25 2.3.2 Magnetic Field Levels for DC Cables .............................................................26 2.3.3 Induced Electric Field Levels for AC cables ...................................................26 2.3.4 Induced Electric Field Levels for DC cables ...................................................27 2.4 Identification of Priority Species ...................................................................................27 3. Literature Search and Information Gathering Results (Task 1) ...............................................29 3.1 Existing and Proposed Undersea Power Cables ............................................................29 3.2 Magnetosensitive and Electrosensitive Marine Species ................................................29 4. Information Synthesis (Task 2) ................................................................................................33 4.1. EMFs from Undersea Power Cables .............................................................................33 4.1.1. EMFs in the Marine Environment ...................................................................33 4.1.1.1. Electromagnetic Fields .....................................................................33 4.1.1.2. Natural Sources of EMFs in the Ocean ............................................34 The Geomagnetic Field ....................................................................34 Induced Electric Fields.....................................................................35 Bioelectric Fields .............................................................................36 4.1.1.3 Anthropogenic Sources of EMFs in the Ocean ................................36 4.1.2. Review of Existing Information on Undersea Power Cables ..........................37 4.1.2.1. Existing and Proposed Undersea Power Cables ..............................37 4.1.2.2. Design Characteristics of AC Cables ...............................................38 v 4.1.2.3. Design Characteristics of DC Cables ...............................................39 Monopole System ............................................................................39 Bipole System ..................................................................................42 4.1.3. Expected EMF Levels from Undersea Power Cables ......................................42 4.1.3.1. AC Magnetic Fields .........................................................................43 4.1.3.2 DC Magnetic Fields .........................................................................45 4.1.3.3 Direct Electric Fields .......................................................................48 4.1.3.4 Induced Electric Fields .....................................................................49 4.1.3.5. EMFs During Non-Normal Conditions ............................................50 4.2. Magnetosensitive and Electrosensitive Marine Species ................................................50 4.2.1. Magneto and Electroreception in Marine Species ...........................................51 4.2.1.1. Sensory Systems in Marine Species .................................................51 4.2.1.2. Magnetoreception .............................................................................52 4.2.1.3. Electroreception ...............................................................................53 4.2.1.4. Potential Impacts to Marine Species from Anthropogenic EMFs ...54 4.2.2. Elasmobranchs .................................................................................................54 4.2.2.1 Review of Existing Information .......................................................54 Evidence Basis for Sensitivity to EMFs ..........................................54 Electroreceptor Anatomy and Physiology .......................................54 Mechanisms of Magnetoreception in Elasmobranch Fishes ............59 Functional Roles for the Electrosense ..............................................60 Preliminary Listing of Elasmobranch Species .................................61 4.2.2.2 Effects of EMFs from Undersea Power Cables ...............................61 Comparison of Expected EMF Levels to Reported Sensitivities .....................................................................61 AC Cable Systems ...........................................................................61 DC Cable Systems ...........................................................................62
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