Download File
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Geology of the Enosburg Area, Vermont
THE GEOLOGY OF THE ENOSBURG AREA, VERMONT By JOlIN G. DENNIS VERMONT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. DOLL, State Geologist Published by VERMONT DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT MONTPELIER, VERMONT BULLETIN No. 23 1964 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT 7 INTRODUCTION ...................... 7 Location ........................ 7 Geologic Setting .................... 9 Previous Work ..................... 10 Method of Study .................... 10 Acknowledgments .................... 10 Physiography ...................... 11 STRATIGRAPHY ...................... 12 Introduction ...................... 12 Pinnacle Formation ................... 14 Name and Distribution ................ 14 Graywacke ...................... 14 Underhill Facics ................... 16 Tibbit Hill Volcanics ................. 16 Age......................... 19 Underhill Formation ................... 19 Name and Distribution ................ 19 Fairfield Pond Member ................ 20 White Brook Member ................. 21 West Sutton Slate ................... 22 Bonsecours Facies ................... 23 Greenstones ..................... 24 Stratigraphic Relations of the Greenstones ........ 25 Cheshire Formation ................... 26 Name and Distribution ................ 26 Lithology ...................... 26 Age......................... 27 Bridgeman Hill Formation ................ 28 Name and Distribution ................ 28 Dunham Dolomite .................. 28 Rice Hill Member ................... 29 Oak Hill Slate (Parker Slate) .............. 29 Rugg Brook Dolomite (Scottsmore -
Subsurface Geology of Cenozoic Deposits, Gulf Coastal Plain, South-Central United States
REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY AND _^ SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY OF CENOZOIC DEPOSITS, GULF COASTAL PLAIN, SOUTH-CENTRAL UNITED STATES V U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1416-G AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publications re leased prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that may be listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" may no longer be available. Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices listed below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books and Maps Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Tech Books and maps of the U.S. Geological Survey are available niques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications over the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey offices, all of general interest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single of which are authorized agents of the Superintendent of Docu copies of Earthquakes & Volcanoes, Preliminary Determination of ments. Epicenters, and some miscellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are obtainable by mail from ANCHORAGE, Alaska-Rm. -
Geodynamics If the Entire Solid Earth Is Viewed As a Single Dynamic
http://www.paper.edu.cn Geodynamic Processes and Our Living Environment YANG Wencai, P. Robinson, FU Rongshan and WANG Ying Geological Publishing House: 2001 Geophysical System Yang Wencai, Institute of Geology, CAGS, China Key words: Geophysics, geodynamics, kinetics of the Earth, tectonics, energies of the Earth, driving forces, applied geophysics, sustainable development. Contents: I. About geophysical system II. Kinetics of the Earth III. About plate tectonics and plume tectonics IV. The contents in the topic V. Energies for the dynamic Earth VI. Driving Forces of Plate Tectonics VII. Geophysics and sustainable development of the society I. About geophysical system Rapid advance of sciences during the second half of the twentieth century has enabled man to make a successful star in the exploration of planetary space. The deep interior of the Earth, however, remains as inaccessible as ever. This is the realm of solid-Earth geophysics, which still mainly depends on observations made at or near the Earth's surface. Despite this limitation, a major revolution in knowledge of the Earth's interior has taken place over the last forty years. This has led to a new understanding of the processes which occur within the Earth that produce surface conditions outstandingly different from those of the other inner planets and the moon. How has this come about? It is mainly the results of the introduction of new experimental and computational techniques into geophysics. Geophysics as a major branch of the geosciences has been discussed in Topic 6.16.1. Theoretically and traditionally the geophysical system correlates to physical system, but specified st study the solid Earth, containing sub-branches such as gravitation and Earth-motion correlated with 转载 1 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn mechanics, geothermics correlated with heat and thermics, seismology with acoustics and wave theory, geoelectricity and geomagnetism. -
Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition. -
A Fundamental Precambrian–Phanerozoic Shift in Earth's Glacial
Tectonophysics 375 (2003) 353–385 www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto A fundamental Precambrian–Phanerozoic shift in earth’s glacial style? D.A.D. Evans* Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA Received 24 May 2002; received in revised form 25 March 2003; accepted 5 June 2003 Abstract It has recently been found that Neoproterozoic glaciogenic sediments were deposited mainly at low paleolatitudes, in marked qualitative contrast to their Pleistocene counterparts. Several competing models vie for explanation of this unusual paleoclimatic record, most notably the high-obliquity hypothesis and varying degrees of the snowball Earth scenario. The present study quantitatively compiles the global distributions of Miocene–Pleistocene glaciogenic deposits and paleomagnetically derived paleolatitudes for Late Devonian–Permian, Ordovician–Silurian, Neoproterozoic, and Paleoproterozoic glaciogenic rocks. Whereas high depositional latitudes dominate all Phanerozoic ice ages, exclusively low paleolatitudes characterize both of the major Precambrian glacial epochs. Transition between these modes occurred within a 100-My interval, precisely coeval with the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian ‘‘explosion’’ of metazoan diversity. Glaciation is much more common since 750 Ma than in the preceding sedimentary record, an observation that cannot be ascribed merely to preservation. These patterns suggest an overall cooling of Earth’s longterm climate, superimposed by developing regulatory feedbacks -
The Study of Fossils: the “Glossary of Geology” Defines a Fossil As “Any
The Study of Fossils: The “Glossary of Geology” defines a fossil fossils were originally studied by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin as “any remains, trace, or imprint of a plant or animal that has been Franklin. preserved in the Earth’s crust since some past geologic or prehis- Collecting in Kentucky: The laws governing fossil collecting in toric time.” The study of fossils is called paleontology and is closely Kentucky are the same as in most states: you need permission from associated with geology. Paleontologists use fossils to reconstruct the landowner before you can enter and collect. Native American what the Earth was like in the distant past, to show how life has artifacts are protected by the Kentucky Antiquities Law. Although changed through time, and to correlate rock strata from one area to the Kentucky Geological Survey (KGS) does not publish lists of another to aid in searching for fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) fossil collecting localities, clubs and organizations can help you get and minerals. started (try the Kentucky Paleontological Society in care of Dan Fossil-Bearing Rocks: Fossils are most commonly found in sedi- Phelps, 606-277-3148). You can find your own collection sites, using mentary rocks. Almost all of Kentucky’s rocks at the surface are geologic quadrangle maps (GQ’s). These maps are available at the sedimentary, so Kentucky is an excellent place to collect fossils. KGS and illustrate the age and types of rocks at the surface of the The types of fossils found across Kentucky vary with the age of the Earth in 7.5-minute areas (approximately 7 x 9 miles). -
The Franklinian Geosyncline in the Canadian Arctic and Its Relationship to Svalbard
The Franklinian Geosyncline in the Canadian Arctic and its relationship to Svalbard By R. L. CHRISTIE1 Contents P age Abstract 263 lntroduction . 264 The Franklinian Geosyncline . 265 General tectonic pattern . 265 Stratigraphy . 267 Tectonic events .................. .............................. 274 a) Late Precambrian orogeny ... ........... .... ...... ........ 274 b) Middle Ordovician or earlier orogeny ...................... .. 274 c) Late Silurian to Early Devonian orogeny ....... ... .............. 274 d) Midd le Devonian?, Acadian orogeny . 275 e) Latest Devonian to Ear!y Mississippian orogeny ................ 276 Structural features of the Innuitian orogen .......................... 276 The principal structures : Acadian - Ellesmerian ... ................. 277 Older structural zones . 278 Y o unger structures . 279 A review of some tectonic features of the Innuitian region . 280 Tectonic development of Svalbard and the Innuitian region ............ 284 Tectonic models to account for the Arctic Ocean basins and the geology of Svalbard . 284 The geology of Svalbard and the lnnuitian region . 287 Pre-Carboniferous time . 287 Carboniferous and later time . 295 Tectonic connections between Svalbard and Innuitia ...... .......... 295 A tectonic model for Svalbard and Innuitia .................... .... 297 The de Geer Line and other lineaments. 300 The geosynclinal concept and the model for Svalbard-Innuitia ........ 304 Conclusions . 309 References . 309 Abstract Development of the Franklinian Geosyncline began, perhaps ear!ier, but -
Terminology of Geological Time: Establishment of a Community Standard
Terminology of geological time: Establishment of a community standard Marie-Pierre Aubry1, John A. Van Couvering2, Nicholas Christie-Blick3, Ed Landing4, Brian R. Pratt5, Donald E. Owen6 and Ismael Ferrusquía-Villafranca7 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA; email: [email protected] 2Micropaleontology Press, New York, NY 10001, USA email: [email protected] 3Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades NY 10964, USA email: [email protected] 4New York State Museum, Madison Avenue, Albany NY 12230, USA email: [email protected] 5Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK7N 5E2, Canada; email: [email protected] 6Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Lamar University, Beaumont TX 77710 USA email: [email protected] 7Universidad Nacional Autónomo de México, Instituto de Geologia, México DF email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: It has been recommended that geological time be described in a single set of terms and according to metric or SI (“Système International d’Unités”) standards, to ensure “worldwide unification of measurement”. While any effort to improve communication in sci- entific research and writing is to be encouraged, we are also concerned that fundamental differences between date and duration, in the way that our profession expresses geological time, would be lost in such an oversimplified terminology. In addition, no precise value for ‘year’ in the SI base unit of second has been accepted by the international bodies. Under any circumstances, however, it remains the fact that geologi- cal dates – as points in time – are not relevant to the SI. -
Oregon Geologic Digital Compilation Rules for Lithology Merge Information Entry
State of Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Vicki S. McConnell, State Geologist OREGON GEOLOGIC DIGITAL COMPILATION RULES FOR LITHOLOGY MERGE INFORMATION ENTRY G E O L O G Y F A N O D T N M I E N M E T R R A A L P I E N D D U N S O T G R E I R E S O 1937 2006 Revisions: Feburary 2, 2005 January 1, 2006 NOTICE The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries is publishing this paper because the infor- mation furthers the mission of the Department. To facilitate timely distribution of the information, this report is published as received from the authors and has not been edited to our usual standards. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Oregon Geologic Digital Compilation Published in conformance with ORS 516.030 For copies of this publication or other information about Oregon’s geology and natural resources, contact: Nature of the Northwest Information Center 800 NE Oregon Street #5 Portland, Oregon 97232 (971) 673-1555 http://www.naturenw.org Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries - Oregon Geologic Digital Compilation i RULES FOR LITHOLOGY MERGE INFORMATION ENTRY The lithology merge unit contains 5 parts, separated by periods: Major characteristic.Lithology.Layering.Crystals/Grains.Engineering Lithology Merge Unit label (Lith_Mrg_U field in GIS polygon file): major_characteristic.LITHOLOGY.Layering.Crystals/Grains.Engineering major characteristic - lower case, places the unit into a general category .LITHOLOGY - in upper case, generally the compositional/common chemical lithologic name(s) -
Gems (Geologic Map Schema)—A Standard Format for the Digital Publication of Geologic Maps
GeMS (Geologic Map Schema)—A Standard Format for the Digital Publication of Geologic Maps Chapter 10 of Section B, U.S. Geological Survey Standards, of Book 11, Collection and Delineation of Spatial Data Techniques and Methods 11–B10 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Geologic map of the western United States and surrounding areas, extracted from the “Geologic map of North America” (Reed and others, 2005; database from Garrity and Soller, 2009). Image downloaded from the National Geologic Map Database (https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86688.htm). GeMS (Geologic Map Schema)—A Standard Format for the Digital Publication of Geologic Maps By the U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program Chapter 10 of Section B, U.S. Geological Survey Standards, of Book 11, Collection and Delineation of Spatial Data Techniques and Methods 11–B10 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2020 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. -
A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates by Keith R. Long Open-File Report 91-0579 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1991 Preface In recent years, almost all countries in Latin America have adopted democratic political systems and liberal economic policies. The resulting favorable investment climate has spurred a new wave of North American investment in Latin American mineral resources and has improved cooperation between geoscience organizations on both continents. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has responded to the new situation through cooperative mineral resource investigations with a number of countries in Latin America. These activities are now being coordinated by the USGS's Center for Inter-American Mineral Resource Investigations (CIMRI), recently established in Tucson, Arizona. In the course of CIMRI's work, we have found a need for a compilation of Spanish geological and mining terminology that goes beyond the few Spanish-English geological dictionaries available. Even geologists who are fluent in Spanish often encounter local terminology oijerga that is unfamiliar. These terms, which have grown out of five centuries of mining tradition in Latin America, and frequently draw on native languages, usually cannot be found in standard dictionaries. There are, of course, many geological terms which can be recognized even by geologists who speak little or no Spanish. -
Weathering, Erosion, and Mass-Wasting Processes
Weathering, Erosion, and Mass-Wasting Processes Designed to meet South Carolina Department of Education 2005 Science Academic Standards 1 Table of Contents (1 of 2) Definitions: Weathering, Erosion, and Mass-Wasting (slide 4) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Types of Weathering (slide 5) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Mechanical Weathering (slide 6) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Exfoliation (slide 7) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Frost Wedging (slide 8) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Temperature Change (slide 9) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Salt Wedging (slide 10) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Abrasion (slide 11) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Chemical Weathering (slide 12) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Carbonation (slide 13) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Hydrolysis (slide 14) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Hydration (slide 15) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Oxidation (slide 16) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Solution (slide 17) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Biological Weathering (slide 18) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Lichen, Algae, and Decaying Plants (slide 19) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Plant Roots (slide 20) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Organism Activity: Burrowing, Tunneling, and Acid Secreting Organisms (slide 21) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Differential Weathering (slide 22) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) 2 Table of Contents, cont. (2 of 2) Types of Erosion (slide 23) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Fluvial (slide 24) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Aeolian (slide 25) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Ice: Glacial and Periglacial (slide 26) (Standards: 3-3.8 ; 5-3.1) Gravity (slide