Velesunio moretonicus
July 2009 ISSN: 1835-9523 Report No. WA 09/02
Copyright Notice: Copyright Act 1968 Disclaimer: Preferred Citation: Velesunio moretonicus Contact Details: Cover Page Images: Carassius auratus The Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Water Management Act 1999
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Summary
Velesunio moretonicus
V. moretonicus Phalacrocorax carbo V. moretonicus
Anguilla australis Galaxias maculatus Gadopsis marmoratus Nannoperca australis Carassius auratus Oncorhynchus mykiss Perca fluviatilis Salmo trutta Tinca tinca G. maculatus G. marmoratus A. australis N. australis P. fluviatilis S. trutta T. tinca G. maculatus G. marmoratus C. auratus Perca fluviatilis S. trutta T. tinca P. fluviatilis T. tinca S. trutta
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
N. australis P. fluviatilis T. tinca C. auratus S. trutta
V. moretonicus Velesunio moretonicus
Velesunio moretonicus A. australis T. tinca A. australis T. tinca V. moretonicus
V. moretonicus V. moretonicus
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Table of Contents
Summary ...... ii Acknowledgments ...... vi Glossary and abbreviations ...... vi
1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Study region ...... 1 1.2 Background information ...... 1 1.3 Aims ...... 5
2. Methodology ...... 6 2.1 Study sites ...... 6 2.2 Physico-chemical parameters ...... 6 2.3 Historical fish community data ...... 6 2.4 Riverine fish community surveys ...... 6 2.5 Lake fish community surveys ...... 9 2.6 Freshwater mussel distribution observations ...... 11 2.7 Freshwater mussel predation surveys ...... 11 2.8 Freshwater mussel fish-host analyses ...... 11 2.9 Data analysis ...... 12
3. Results ...... 14 3.1 Environmental variables ...... 14 3.2 Riverine fish communities ...... 15 3.3 Fish community in Lake Leake ...... 28 3.4 Distribution of fishes in the Macquarie River catchment ...... 30 3.5 Distribution of freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment ...... 42 3.6 Avian predation on freshwater mussels ...... 42 3.7 Host-parasite relationships between fishes and freshwater mussel glochidia ...... 45
4. Discussion ...... 49 4.1 Fish communities in Water Management Regions ...... 49 4.2 Native fish species ...... 50 4.3 Alien fish species ...... 52 4.4 Freshwater mussel populations ...... 55 4.5 Fish-freshwater mussel relationships ...... 58
5. Conclusion ...... 61 5.1 Summary of findings ...... 61 5.2 Synthesis ...... 62
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
5.3 Support for environmental flow recommendations ...... 63
6. References ...... 65
7. Appendices ...... 71
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Acknowledgments
Glossary and abbreviations
Alien:
CFEV:
CFEV database:
Cohort:
DPIPWE:
IFS:
Indigenous:
Glochidia:
Lentic:
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Lotic:
Macrophyte:
Native:
Pest:
Physico-chemical variables:
Recruitment:
Substrate:
Water Management Plan (WMP):
Water Management Region (WMR):
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
1. Introduction
1.1 Study region
1.2 Background information
1.2.1 Associated studies Velesunio moretonicus
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 1.1 The Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River confluence, Tasmania and the Water Management Regions for the proposed water management plan for the region . Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
1.2.2 Recent hydrological alterations
V. moretonicu
1.2.3 Fish communities Nannoperca australis Salmo trutta
1.2.4 Freshwater mussel populations V. moretonicus c.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
V. moretonicus V. moretonicus V. moretonicus c.
V. moretonicus V. moretonicus c. et al. S. trutta Gambusia holbrooki Perca fluviatilis
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
1.3 Aims
v. V. moretonicu
•
•
•
•
•
•
• V. moretonicus
• V. moretonicus V. moretonicus v.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
2. Methodology
2.1 Study sites
Velesunio moretonicus
2.2 Physico-chemical parameters
in situ
2.3 Historical fish community data
2.4 Riverine fish community surveys
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Table 2.1 Study sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where fish community surveys and freshwater mussel population observations were undertaken during 2007-2009. The dates when sites were sampled and methods that were employed for fish surveys at each site during the study are also shown. Elevation classes are: lowland <220 m and upland >220 m (a.s.l.). WMR = Water Management Region, and fishing methods are: backpack electrofishing = e-fish, gill netting = gill, fyke netting = fyke, and tow netting = tow. Site locations are illustrated in Figure 1.1.
Site no. Site WMR Northing Easting Habitat Elevation Elevation class Date Fishing method (m a.s.l.)
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 2.1 Study sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where fish community surveys and freshwater mussel population observations were undertaken between May 2007 and February 2009. Water Management Regions in the catchment are also shown. Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
2.5 Lake fish community surveys
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Table 2.2 Netting gear used for fish community surveys in broadwater habitats in the Macquarie River and Lake Leake during December 2008 and February 2009, respectively.
Study site Fishing gear Date Fishing effort (min)
µ
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
2.6 Freshwater mussel distribution observations
V. moretonicus
2.7 Freshwater mussel predation surveys
V. moretonicus Phalacrocorax carbo
2.8 Freshwater mussel fish-host analyses
V. moretonicus n n µ
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
2.9 Data analysis
and
Salvelinus fontinalis Galaxias fontanus
V. moretonicus
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
3. Results
3.1 Environmental variables
3.1.1 Physico-chemical parameters
F P
Table 3.1 Mean ± 1 standard error (minimum-maximum) values for physico-chemical variables measured at upland and lowland river sites in the Macquarie catchment above the Lake River and in Lake Leake, May 2007-February 2009.
Physico-chemical variable Upland* Lowland Lake Leake †
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
3.1.1 Mesohabitats sampled and flow conditions during riverine sampling
3.2 Riverine fish communities
3.2.1 Summary of catches c.
Nannoperca australis Galaxias maculatus Anguilla australis Perca fluviatilis Salmo trutta Tinca tinca Gadopsis marmoratus Carassius auratus Oncorhynchus mykiss
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Table 3.2 Summary of catches of fish species in upland and lowland sites in rivers in the Macquarie catchment above the Lake River between May 2007 and February 2009 using all fishing methods. Note the fishing effort in upland and lowland regions was not equal (see Chapter 2).
Species Lowland Upland Total catch
Galaxias maculatus Gadopsis marmoratus Anguilla australis Nannoperca australis Salmo trutta Carassius auratus Oncorhynchus mykiss Perca fluviatilis Tinca tinca Total species 6 8 9 Total individuals 569 573 1142
Table 3.3 Summary of catches of fish species in rivers in Water Management Regions in the Macquarie catchment above the Lake River between May 2007 and February 2009 using all fishing methods. Note the fishing effort in WMRs was not equal (see Chapter 2).
Species Blackman Elizabeth Isis River Upper Macquarie River River Macquarie d/s Elizabeth
Galaxias maculatus Gadopsis marmoratus Anguilla australis Nannoperca australis Salmo trutta Carassius auratus Oncorhynchus mykiss Perca fluviatilis Tinca tinca Total species 1 6 5 8 6 Total individuals 10 173 72 619 268
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.1 Percent of fish species caught in rivers in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River between May 2007 and February 2009 using all fishing methods. 3.2.2 Proportion of alien species in catches Perca fluviatilis S. trutta T. tinca S. trutta Carassius auratus
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.2 Percent of alien fish species in backpack electrofishing catches in lowland and upland sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, May 2007-December 2008. 3.2.3 Fish communities in Water Management Regions Abundance
A. australis P. fluviatilis S. trutta T. tinca N. australis A. australis
Anguilla australis N. australi N. australis
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
A. australis
Size structure of catches and recruitment
G. maculatus G. maculatus N. australis
P. fluviatilis S. trutta T. tinca P. fluviatilis T. tinca S. trutta S. trutta S. trutta
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.3 Mean seasonal catches of fish species (at sites where they occurred) using backpack electrofishing in Water Management Regions in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River between May 2007 and December 2008. Mean fishing effort at each site on each sampling occasion was 20 min.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.4 Cumulative length frequencies of catches of common galaxias ( Galaxias maculatus ) using backpack electrofishing in the Upper Macquarie River Water Management Region in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River between May 2007 and December 2008.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.5 Cumulative length frequencies of catches of southern pygmy perch (Nannoperca australis ) using fyke netting and backpack electrofishing in Water Management Regions in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River between May 2007 and December 2008.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.6 Cumulative length frequencies of catches of redfin ( Perca fluviatilis ) using gill netting, fyke netting and backpack electrofishing in Water Management Regions in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River between May 2007 and December 2008.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.7 Cumulative length frequencies of catches of brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) using backpack electrofishing in Water Management Regions in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River between May 2007 and December 2008.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.8 Cumulative length frequencies of catches of tench ( Tinca tinca ) using gill netting, fyke netting and backpack electrofishing in Water Management Regions in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River between May 2007 and December 2008.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.9 Total catches of brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) adults and fry (juveniles) using backpack electrofishing in Water Management Regions in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River during February 1990 (IFS, unpubl. data). 3.2.4 Fish communities in broadwater habitats
C. auratus A. australis N. australis P. fluviatilis S. trutt T. tinc A. australis P. fluviatilis A. australis N. australis S. trutta T. tinca
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.10 Total catches of fish species using combinations of gill netting, fyke netting, dip netting and backpack electrofishing at broadwater sites in the Macquarie River during historical (1991-1993) and recent (2008) surveys. No historical data were available for the Tooms Lake Rd site.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
3.3 Fish community in Lake Leake
P. fluviatilis S. trutta A. australis O. mykiss
A. australis O. mykiss S. trutta P. fluviatilis P. fluviatilis A. australis O. mykiss S. trutta
Figure 3.11 Total catches of fish species using fyke netting and gill netting in Lake Leake during February 2009. No fish were collected in tow net samples.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.12 Cumulative length frequencies of fish species captured using fyke netting and gill netting in Lake Leake during February 2009.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
3.4 Distribution of fishes in the Macquarie River catchment
Anguilla australis Nannoperca australis A. australis N. australis Anguilla australis N. australis
Perca fluviatilis Salmo trutta Tinca tinca P. fluviatilis T. tinca T. tinc P. fluviatilis T. tinca
S. trutta Salmo trutta
Gadopsis marmoratus Galaxias fontanus Galaxias maculatus G. marmoratus G. marmoratus
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
G. marmoratus
Galaxias fontanus Galaxias fontanus
G. maculatus
Carassius auratus Oncorhynchus mykiss C. auratus
O. mykiss
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.13 Sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where short-finned eels ( Anguilla australis ) were recorded during historical (1975-2006) and recent (2007-2009; this study) surveys. Water Management Regions in the catchment are also shown. Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.14 Sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where goldfish (Carassius auratus ) were recorded during recent (2007-2009; this study) surveys. Water Management Regions in the catchment are also shown. There were no historical records of this species in the region. Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.15 Sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where river blackfish (Gadopsis marmoratus ) were recorded during historical (1975-2006) and recent (2007-2009; this study) surveys. Water Management Regions in the catchment are also shown. Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.16 Sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where Swan galaxias (Galaxias fontanus ) were recorded during historical (1975-2006) surveys. Water Management Regions in the catchment are also shown. This species was not captured in the region during recent surveys. Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.17 Sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where common galaxias ( Galaxias maculatus ) were recorded during historical (1975-2006) and recent (2007-2009; this study) surveys. Water Management Regions in the catchment are also shown. Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.18 Sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where southern pygmy perch ( Nannoperca australis ) were recorded during historical (1975-2006) and recent (2007-2009; this study) surveys. Water Management Regions in the catchment are also shown. Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.19 Sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were recorded during historical (1975-2006) and recent (2007-2009; this study) surveys. Water Management Regions in the catchment are also shown. Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.20 Sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where redfin ( Perca fluviatilis ) were recorded during historical (1975-2006) and recent (2007-2009; this study) surveys. Water Management Regions in the catchment are also shown. Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.21 Sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where brown trout (Salmo trutta ) recorded during historical (1975-2006) and recent (2007-2009; this study) surveys. Water Management Regions in the catchment are also shown. Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.22 Sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where tench ( Tinca tinca ) were recorded during historical (1975-2006) and recent (2007-2009; this study) surveys. Water Management Regions in the catchment are also shown. Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
3.5 Distribution of freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Velesunio moretonicus V. moretonicus V. moretonicus
3.6 Avian predation on freshwater mussels
V. moretonicus V. moretonicus
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.23 Sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where South Esk freshwater mussels ( Velesunio moretonicus ) were found to be present (either live mussels or shells only) or absent during historical (1990-1993) and recent (2008) surveys. Where live mussel and dead mussel shells were observed at the same sites (which is common), only live mussel data are presented. Where there are multiple records at single sites on the Macquarie River, data points have been jittered for clarity. Water Management Regions in the catchment are also shown. Historical data are from Davies and Humphries (1996). Location data are presented in Appendix 2. Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.24 Cumulative length frequencies of South Esk freshwater mussels (Velesunio moretonicus ) shells collected on the banks of the Macquarie River at the Ashby property during 2008-2009. The lengths of whole and split mussel shells are plotted.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
3.7 Host-parasite relationships between fishes and freshwater mussel glochidia
V. moretonicus
A. australis T. tinca P. fluviatilis A. australis Anguilla australis T. tinca
A. australis T. tinca A. australis T. tinca A. australis T. tinca V. moretonicus A. australis
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Table 3.4 Sites where fish samples were collected in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River for glochidia analyses and the numbers of each species analysed. Sampling was conducted during November- December 2008 using electrofishing, and fyke and gill netting.
Fish species
Site A. australis N. australis C. auratus † P. fluviatilis † S. trutta † T. tinca †
Total 43 16 2 39 15 23
Velesunio moretonicus Table 3.5 Summary of fish samples that were examined for glochidia and the prevalence of parasitisation on gills. Total length (TL) data are mean (minimum-maximum) values. Fish samples from ten lowland river sites in the Macquarie catchment above the Lake River are pooled.
Species Number Length Parasitised Length of parasitised fish (TL, mm) (%) (TL, mm)
Anguilla australis Nannoperca australis Carassius auratus Perca fluviatilis Salmo trutta Tinca tinca
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.25 (a) Section of gill arch from short-finned eel ( Anguilla australis ) showing gill cartilage and filaments, and an encysted South Esk freshwater mussel ( Velesunio moretonicus ) glochidia. Material is stained with hematoxylin and eosin; (b) Image of the same material that is presented in (a), but at higher magnification.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Figure 3.26 Sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where South Esk freshwater mussels ( Velesunio moretonicus ) glochidia were found to be present or absent on fish collected during November-December 2008. Water Management Regions in the catchment are also shown. Site names are presented in Table 3.4. Base data by the LIST, © State of Tasmania.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
4. Discussion
4.1 Fish communities in Water Management Regions
Anguilla australis
A. australis Nannoperca australis Perca fluviatilis Salmo trutta Tinca tinca Galaxias maculatus Gadopsis marmoratus Carassius auratus Oncorhynchus mykiss N. australis P. fluviatilis T. tinca S. trutta N. australis P. fluviatilis T. tinca
S. trutta N. australis S. trutta
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
N. australis O. mykiss
4.2 Native fish species
A. australis G. maculatus G. marmoratus N. australis A. australis G. marmoratus N. australis G. fontanus N. australis N. australis
N. australis Nannoperca australis
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Anguilla australis A. australi A. australis
G. maculatus G. maculatus
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Galaxias maculatus G. maculatus G. maculatus G. maculatus
G. maculatus G. marmoratus G. marmoratus G. marmoratus G. marmoratus G. marmoratus
4.3 Alien fish species
C. auratus O. mykiss P. fluviatilis S. trutta T. tinca Perca fluviatilis S. trutta T. tinca P. fluviatilis T. tinca
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
S. trutta C. auratus O. mykiss
O. mykiss Oncorhynchus mykiss S. trutta S. trutta
S. trutta S. trutta c c. S. trutta S. trutta
S. trutta S. trutta S. trutta S. trutta
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Perca fluviatilis T. tinc P. fluviatilis Perca fluviatilis T. tinca P. fluviatilis
P. fluviatilis T. tinc T. tinca P. fluviatilis T. tinc
T. tinca P. fluviatilis T. tinc N. australis P. fluviatilis Tinca tinca
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
N. australis T. tinca
Carassius auratus T. tinca Cyprinus carpio Carassius auratus
C. auratus P. fluviatilis T. tinca C. auratus T. tinca T. tinca N. australis C. auratus C. carpio
4.4 Freshwater mussel populations
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Velesunio moretonicus V. moretonicus V. moretonicus V. moretonicus
V. moretonicus V. moretonicus
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
V. moretonicus c. V. moretonicus
Phalacrocorax carbo
V. moretonicus
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
V. moretonicus
Velesunio V. moretonicus µ µ
4.5 Fish-freshwater mussel relationships
V. moretonicus V. moretonicus
A. australis N. australis C. auratus P. fluviatilis S. trutta Tinca tinca V. moretonicus A. australis T. tinca A. australis T. tinca
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
V. moretonicus A. australis T. tinca S. trutta Gambusia holbrooki P. fluviatilis V. moretonicus
Velesunio moretonicus A. australis Anguilla australis N. australis A. australis V. moretonicus c. V. moretonicus A. australis
A. australis
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
V. moretonicus A. australis A. australis V. moretonicus
V. moretonicus V. moretonicus V. moretonicu
V. moretonicus
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
5. Conclusion
5.1 Summary of findings
• Anguilla australis Nannoperca australis Perca fluviatilis Salmo trutta Tinca tinca Galaxias maculatus Gadopsis marmoratus Carassius auratus Oncorhynchus mykiss
• Perca fluviatilis S. trutta T. tinca P. fluviatilis T. tinca S. trutta
• A. australis N. australis P. fluviatilis S. trutt T. tinc
• O. mykiss Perca fluviatilis S. trutta A. australis O. mykiss
• N. australis P. fluviatilis T. tinca S. trutta
• N. australis P. fluviatilis T. tinca
• S. trutta
• Velesunio moretonicus
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
• Velesunio moretonicus
• Phalacrocorax carbo V. moretonicus
• Velesunio moretonicus A. australis T. tinca A. australis T. tinca
• V. moretonicus
5.2 Synthesis
N. australis P. fluviatilis T. tinca C. auratus
S. trutta V. moretonicus Anguilla australis
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
V. moretonicus
V. moretonicus
5.3 Support for environmental flow recommendations
• A. australis N. australis N. australis
• N. australis A. australis
• C. auratus P. fluviatilis T. tinca
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
• V. moretonicus A. australis
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
6. References
Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 1868, Galaxias maculatus Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 116, Hyridella drapeta Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 30, Ecology, 69, Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Mussels Unionoida Freshwater Fishes of South-Eastern Australia Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 16, River Research and Applications, 24, Freshwater Biology, 54, Freshwater Fishes of South-Eastern Australia Galaxias maculatus Environmental Biology of Fishes, 77, Environmental Biology of Fishes, 47, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 34, Nannoperca australis Biological Conservation, 138,
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Biological Conservation, 139, Salmo trutta Gadopsis marmoratus Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 40, Freshwater Fishes of South-Eastern Australia Salmo trutta Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 39, Journal of Fish Biology, 56, Tasmanian Trout Waters, Tasmanian Freshwater Fishes, Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, 17, Margaritifera margaritifera Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 16, Freshwater Biology, 54,
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 23, Margaritifera auricularia Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 137, Margaritifera falcata Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18, Velesunio Molecular Ecology, 13, Nannoperca australis Marine and Freshwater Research, 46, Freshwater Biology, 53, Gadopsis marmoratus Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 29, Freshwater Fishes of South-Eastern Australia Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Mussels Unionoida Biological Reviews, 59, Cyprinus carpio Freshwater Biology, 49, Nannoperca australis australis Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 25, Freshwater Biology, 54,
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Freshwater Biology, 52, Galaxias maculatus New Zealand Fisheries Research Bulletin, 2, Freshwater Fishes of South- Eastern Australia Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 9, Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 9, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 19, Oecologia, 160, Margaritifera margaritifera Biological Conservation, 141, Ecological Applications, 19, Hyridella glenelgensis Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18, Galaxias maculatus Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 22, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 24, Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Mussels Unionoida Freshwater Biology, 39, Oikos, 76, Freshwater Biology, 42,
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Macquarie River Reflections, Anguilla Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 35, Anguilla australis australis Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 35, Anguilla australis australis Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 35, Identification keys to the families and genera of bivalve and gastropod molluscs found in Australian inland waters, Nannoperca australis Ecological Management & Restoration, 9, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 17, Emu, 94, Freshwater Biology, 46, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 27, Conservation Biology, 13, Ecography, 23, Emu, 72, Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Mussels Unionoida A guide to provisional identification of the freshwater mussels (Unionoida) of Australasia, Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Mussels Unionoida Biological Conservation, 75, Lampsilis Journal of Molluscan Studies, 65,
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Tinca tinca Journal of Animal Ecology, 28, Perca fluviatilis Perca flavescens Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 141, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 34, Nannoperca obscura Nannoperca australis Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 114, Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Mussels Unionoida
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
7. Appendices
Appendix 1. Pictorial of field work activities, sampled taxa, and selected study sites during work in the Macquarie River catchment upstream of Lake River, 2007-2009.
Appendix 1[a]. View of Lake Leake from the dam wall, February 2009.
Appendix 1[b]. View of Tooms Lake from the boat ramp, February 2009.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Appendix 1[c]. Macquarie River at the Ashby property, November 2008. South Esk freshwater mussel (Velesunio moretonicus ) shells were collected on both banks of this reach on three occasions during the study.
Appendix 1[d]. Chris Bobbi (DPIPWE – Water Assessment Branch) collecting South Esk freshwater mussel ( Velesunio moretonicus ) shells on a bank of the Macquarie River at the Ashby property, August 2008.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Appendix 1[e]. Southern pymgy perch ( Nannoperca australis ) captured in Kittys Rivulet at the Trefusis property, June 2008.
Appendix 1[f]. Tench ( Tinca tinca ) captured in Blanchards Creek at Valleyfield Rd, June 2008.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Appendix 1[g]. River blackfish ( Gadopsis marmoratus ) captured in the Elizabeth River at Devils Elbow, December 2008.
Appendix 1[h]. Goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) captured in Blanchards Creek at Valleyfield Rd, November 2008.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Appendix 1[i]. South Esk freshwater mussel ( Velesunio moretonicus ) collected in the Macquarie River at the Ashby property, June 2008.
Appendix 1[j]. Kittys Rivulet at the Trefusis property, June 2008. A shell of a South Esk freshwater mussel (Velesunio moretonicus ) was collected in the dry river bed at this site during June 2008.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Appendix 1[k]. ‘The Broadwater’ in the Macquarie River at the Barton property, August 2008.
Appendix 1[l]. Blanchards Creek at Valleyfield Rd, November 2008. Prolific submerged and emergent macrophytes at this site are likely to have resulted from reduced flows and increased nutrients concentrations in the creek. Many tench ( Tinca tinca ) and some goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) (both of which are alien pest fish) were captured at this site during 2008.
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Appendix 1[m]. Elizabeth River at Devils Elbow, December 2008. A river blackfish ( Gadopsis marmoratus ) was captured at this site. Note the abundant native riparian vegetation and presence of instream woody debris, which are important habitat attributes for G. marmoratus .
Fish and freshwater mussels in the Macquarie River catchment
Appendix 2. Sites in the Macquarie River catchment above the Lake River, Tasmania where South Esk freshwater mussels ( Velesunio moretonicus ) were found to be present (either live mussels or shells only) or absent during historical (1990-1993) and recent (2008) surveys. Where live mussel and dead mussel shells were observed at the same sites (which is common), only live mussel data are presented. Historical data are from Davies and Humphries (1996). Period Site Northing Easting Observation