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The Development and Improvement of Instructions BLUE CRAB POPULATION ECOLOGY AND USE BY FORAGING WHOOPING CRANES ON THE TEXAS GULF COAST A Dissertation by DANIELLE MARIE GREER Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2010 Major Subject: Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences BLUE CRAB POPULATION ECOLOGY AND USE BY FORAGING WHOOPING CRANES ON THE TEXAS GULF COAST A Dissertation by DANIELLE MARIE GREER Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, R. Douglas Slack Committee Members, William E. Grant F. Michael Speed Thomas J. Minello Head of Department, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. December 2010 Major Subject: Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences iii ABSTRACT Blue Crab Population Ecology and Use by Foraging Whooping Cranes on the Texas Gulf Coast. (December 2010) Danielle Marie Greer, B.S., University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point; M.S., Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. R. Douglas Slack In 2002, a proposal was submitted to divert water from the confluence of the Guadalupe and San Antonio Rivers to San Antonio, Texas. To investigate the potential impacts of diverting water from the Guadalupe Estuary, my research focused on the foraging ecology of the crane and population ecology of the blue crab, a documented crane food. During winters 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, I examined diets and optimal foraging patterns of territorial adult cranes at Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, Texas. To identify foods of greatest benefit to cranes, I used currencies of optimization to evaluate foraging gain, cost, and efficiency. Foraging benefit differed among foods, depending on the foraging currency used and resource targeted (e.g., energy). Wolfberry fruit, snails, and insects were consumed in the highest quantities, required the least foraging effort, and were generally associated with the highest foraging efficiency. Blue crabs and clams were important sources of protein and biomass. During September 2003-October 2005, I used novel artificial settlement substrates and modified methods of standard deployment to investigate the spatio- iv temporal patterns of blue crab terminal settlement and recruitment rates. Monitoring rates in shallow bay habitat and ponds of the interior salt-marsh revealed megalopal crabs were developmentally advanced when arriving to study sites and the extent to which young crabs infiltrated the salt-marsh increased with age. Such findings suggested sites represented optimal terminal settlement habitat and consequently critical nursery habitat. Model selection indicated water temperature before and during embryonic development was the best predictor of megalopal settlement, whereas juvenile recruitment was most influenced by recent precipitation. I studied the size-specific abundance patterns of blue crabs in and around mature salt-marsh. Using drop-trapping and throw-trapping methods, I collected monthly samples in several habitats during October 2004-March 2006. Interior-marsh habitats contained fewer but larger crabs than bay habitat. Crabs contributing greatest to biomass were smallest (11-30 mm carapace-width) in bay habitat, larger (31-80 mm) along interior-marsh pond edges, and largest (41-130 mm) in interior-marsh open water. Model selection revealed crab density was most influenced by micro-site characteristics (habitat, water column structure type and structural complexity). Overall, shallow bay provided important nursery habitat for young blue crabs and interior marsh ponds were important for dispersing juvenile and adult crabs. v DEDICATION I dedicate this work to the world‟s greatest mother, my mom – Colleen Hungelmann. I also dedicate this dissertation to three men who made this research possible, as well as meaningful: my husband and very best friend, Andy Greer II; my good friend, Dennis Pridgen (January 1959-October 2008); and my field technician, Erick “Rick” Rogers Jr. (April 1981-February 2005). vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research was only a small part of a larger effort, but, despite the project‟s relative size, the successes achieved since commencement in 2003 have been enormous. Project design, development of field and lab materials and methods, data collection, analysis, and synthesis, presentation of research findings, completion of this dissertation, and, most importantly, personal lessons learned have occurred only because of the selfless contributions of many, many people. I cannot possibly list all of the people that have benefited this project or myself, but I am genuinely grateful for their gifts of kindness, humor, loyalty, and hard work. I sincerely appreciate the following organizations and agencies for their financial and logistical support: Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority (GBRA), Texas; San Antonio River Authority (SARA), Texas; San Antonio Water System; Texas Water Development Board; US Fish and Wildlife Service at Aransas National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), Texas; and Texas AgriLife Research (TALR). I especially thank Steve Raabe of SARA, Todd Votteler of GBRA, and Lee Wilson of Lee Wilson and Associates, Inc. for guidance in project design and synopsis, Amy Snelgrove of TALR for technical support, and Tom Stehn, Charlie Holbrook, and many of the staff at ANWR for their compassion and assistance in all aspects of fieldwork, including housing, transport, and safety. I am extremely grateful to Dr. Thomas Minello and Shawn Hillen at the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Fishery Ecology Lab in Galveston, Texas for numerous hours of instruction and ideas regarding field and laboratory methodology. vii Staff in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences (WFSC) at Texas A&M University (TAMU) were invaluable for the completion of everyday office tasks, semesterly course registrations, frequent purchase orders, reimbursements, and much more; I especially thank Vicki Buckbee, Shirley Konecny, Diann Radke, and Chris Lang. My lab mates, Kristin Millenbach and April Conkey, often offered great support and advice through humor and personal stories. Also at TAMU, John Escobar in the Biochemistry Department stockroom and Dr. Norman Dronen of WFSC were extremely helpful in acquiring laboratory equipment and basic supplies. Dr. Miguel Mora of WFSC was enormously supportive throughout the course of this research and generously provided office space in which to write my dissertation. For outstanding quality in data collection, I am forever grateful to the numerous undergraduate student workers who dedicated their time, energy, patience, brain-power, and humor to sorting through literally thousands of samples of larval, postlarval, juvenile and adult estuarine crabs, fishes, shrimps, clams, and more. Their countless hours of laughter and extraordinary commitment to work were truly blessings, and their “crab cakes” (1 megalopa, 1 adult) were super delicious and of prize-winning quality! For this and more, I thank David Lamb, Nick Block, Annaliese Kemper, Kristal Ewell, Christa del Castillo, Carrie Parks, Elizabeth Varvel, Kayla Fite, Regina Dickey, James Page II, Ashley Page, Tara Raabe, Buck Burchett, Don Hardeman Jr., and Maritza Anguiano. To my field technician, Erick “Rick” Rogers Jr. (April 1981-February 2005), I can only say thank you, as both my gratitude and my sorrow for his sacrifices are still today beyond measure and words. Equally as immeasurable was the kindness and viii support that I received from family, friends, mentors, and even total strangers following his death. For pure unselfishness, extreme generosity, and grueling hard work in the field, I thank Dennis Pridgen, Tom Wagner, Dave Buzan, Asha Virlouvet, Kristie Jenkins, Christa del Castillo, Megan Sitzlar, Tiffany Cummins, Regina Dickey, Michael Parkes, and Andy Greer II (my husband). Not to go unnoticed, I also greatly appreciate the help I received earlier in the study from David Lamb, Kyle Johnson, Adam Ryba, Colleen Hungelmann (my mom), and Ryan Rutka (my brother). I thank the members of my committee, including Drs. Douglas Slack (WFSC), William Grant (WFSC), Michael Speed (TAMU, Department of Statistics), and Thomas Minello (NMFS). For their mentoring and encouragement, I am very blessed. A special note of gratitude goes to my advisor, Dr. Slack, for his truly insurmountable patience. Also, his kind, forgiving, and considerate ways have taught me countless lessons, many I am quite sure I have yet to fully recognize. I also thank Drs. Bruce Dugger, Ken Reinecke, and Rick Kaminski, and Tom Stehn for their friendship and continued professional guidance. For unconditional love and support, I especially thank my family and friends, including best friend and husband Andy Greer II, mom Colleen Hungelmann, parent in- laws Andy and Katy Greer I, brothers Ryan and Bobby Rutka, sister Holly Cavataio, cousins Jason Zalenski and Kelly Jo Farris, aunts Kathy Hill, Patty Hungelmann, Pam Zeugner, and Doreen Zalenski, uncles Joe Zalenski, Russell Hill, and Michael Hungelmann, great-aunt Jo Ann Hungelmann, and very good friends Lisa Kaebisch, Adam Ryba, Valerie Fellows, Gina Zimmerman, Ann Geisen, Megan Sitzlar, Catherine ix Engleman, Clay Small, Regina Dickey, Nicole Larimore, Dennis Pridgen (Jan 1959-Oct 2008), Jeanne Garner, Laura Weber, David Rossbach, April Conkey, Karine and Enrique Weir, and Lisa Brooks. I also greatly appreciate Bob Cavataio, Laurel Edmonds, and Michelle Hansen. Their patience regarding
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