21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–10 Edition) § 520.905C

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–10 Edition) § 520.905C § 520.905c 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–10 Edition) (Strongylus edentatus, S. equinus, S. Do not use 14 days before or during the vulgaris), small strongyles, pinworms hunting season. (Oxyuris equi), and ascarids (Parascaris [44 FR 1375, Jan. 5, 1979, as amended at 47 FR equorum). 15327, Apr. 9, 1982; 48 FR 50528, Nov. 2, 1983; 59 (iii) Limitations. Sprinkle the appro- FR 35252, July 11, 1994; 66 FR 47960, Sept. 17, priate amount of drug on a small 2001; 67 FR 47450, July 19, 2002; 71 FR 19429, amount of the usual grain ration. Pre- Apr. 14, 2006; 74 FR 61516, Nov. 25, 2009] pare for each horse individually. With- holding feed or water is not necessary. § 520.905c Fenbendazole paste. Retreat in 6 to 8 weeks if required. Do (a) Specifications. Each gram of paste not use in horses intended for food. contains 100 milligrams (mg) (2) Dogs—(i) Amount. 50 mg/kg daily fenbendazole (10 percent). for 3 consecutive days. (b) Sponsor. See No. 000061 in (ii) Indications for use. For the treat- § 510.600(c) of this chapter. ment and control of ascarids (Toxocara (c) Related tolerances. See § 556.275 of canis, Toxascaris leonina), hookworms this chapter. (Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria (d) Special considerations. See § 500.25 stenocephala), whipworms (Trichuris of this chapter. vulpis), and tapeworms (Taenia (e) Conditions of use—(1) Horses—(i) pisiformis). Indications for use and amounts—(A) For (iii) Limitations. Mix the appropriate control of large strongyles (Strongylus amount of drug with a small amount of edentatus, S. equinus, S. vulgaris), small the usual food; dry dog food may re- strongyles, pinworms (Oxyuris equi), quire slight moistening to facilitate and ascarids (Parascaris equorum): 2.3 mixing. Medicated food must be fully mg per pound (/lb) of body weight, or consumed. for foals and weanlings (less than 18 (3) Zoo and wildlife animals—(i) months of age), 4.6 mg/lb of body Amount. 10 mg/kg per day for 3 days. weight. Retreatment at intervals of 6 to 8 weeks may be required. (ii) Indications for use. For control of (B) For control of arteritis caused by internal parasites of Felidae and the fourth-stage larvae of S. vulgaris: Ursidae as follows: 4.6 mg/lb of body weight daily for 5 (A) Lion (Panthera leo) and Tiger days. Treatment should be initiated in (Panthera tigris): Ascarid (Toxocara cati, the spring and repeated in 6 months. Toxascaris leonina), Hookworm (C) For treatment of encysted (Ancylostoma spp.). mucosal cyathostome (small strongyle) (B) Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus): Asca- larvae including early third-stage rid (Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina). (hypobiotic), late third-stage, and (C) Puma (Felis concolor), Panther fourth-stage larvae: 4.6 mg/lb of body (Panthera spp.), Leopard (Panthera weight daily for 5 consecutive days. pardus), Jaguar (Panthera onca): Asca- (D) Fenbendazole paste 10 percent rid (Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina), may be used concomitantly with ap- Hookworm (Ancylostoma spp.), Tape- proved forms of trichlorfon for the in- worm (Taenia hydatigena, T. krabbei, T. dications provided in paragraph taeniaeformis). (e)(1)(i)(A) of this section and for treat- (D) Black Bear (Ursus americanus): ing infections of stomach bots as pro- Ascarid (Baylisascaris transfuga, vided in § 520.2520. Toxascaris leonina), Hookworm (ii) Limitations. Do not use in horses (Ancylostoma caninum), Tapeworm intended for human consumption. (Taenia hydatigena, T. krabbei). (2) Cattle—(i) Amount. 2.3 mg/lb of (E) Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) and body weight. Retreatment may be Grizzly Bear (Ursus horribilis): Ascarid needed after 4 to 6 weeks. (Baylisascaris transfuga, Toxascaris (ii) Indications for use. For the re- leonina). moval and control of lungworms (iii) Limitations. Top dress or mix (Dictyocaulus viviparus), stomach with a small portion of food. Must be worms (Haemonchus contortus, fully consumed prior to feeding. Fed- Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus eral law restricts this drug to use by or axei), and intestinal worms on the order of a licensed veterinarian. (Bunostomum phlebotomum, Nematodirus 160 VerDate Nov<24>2008 16:00 May 11, 2010 Jkt 220070 PO 00000 Frm 00170 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Q:\21\21V6.TXT ofr150 PsN: PC150 Food and Drug Administration, HHS § 520.928 helvetianus, Cooperia punctata, C. § 520.905e Fenbendazole blocks. oncophora, Trichostrongylus (a) Specifications. (1) Each pound of colubriformis, and Oesophagostomum molasses block contains 750 milligrams radiatum). of fenbendazole. (iii) Limitations. Cattle must not be (2) Each pound of protein block con- slaughtered within 8 days following tains 750 milligrams of fenbendazole. last treatment. (b) Sponsor. See 000061 in § 510.600(c) of [72 FR 24185, May 2, 2007, as amended at 74 this chapter. FR 61516, Nov. 25, 2009] (c) Related tolerances. See § 556.275 of this chapter. § 520.905d Fenbendazole powder. (d) Conditions of use—(1) Amount. 0.1 (a) Specifications. (1) Each 2-ounce pound of block per 100 pounds of body packet contains 2.27 grams (4 percent) weight per day for 3 days. Total dose of fenbendazole plus other inert ingre- for the 3-day period is 2.27 milligrams dients. of fenbendazole per pound of body (2) Each 4-ounce packet contains 1.7 weight for mature cattle. grams (1.5 percent) of fenbendazole plus (2) Indications for use. For removal other inert ingredients. and control of infections of lungworms (b) Sponsors. (1) See No. 000061 in (Dictyocaulus viviparus) and gastro- § 510.600(c) of this chapter for use of the intestinal roundworms (Haemonchus 4-percent product. contortus, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, Bunostomum (2) See No. 051311 in § 510.600(c) of this phlebotomum, Nematodirus helvetianus, chapter for use of the 1.5-percent prod- Cooperia oncophora and C. punctata, uct. Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and (c) Related tolerances. See § 556.275 of Oesophagostomum radiatum) in beef cat- this chapter. tle. (d) Conditions of use. It is adminis- (3) Limitations. Administer free choice tered to swine as follows: of beef cattle on pasture that have be- (1) Amount. 3 milligrams fenbendazole come accustomed to nonmedicated per kilogram body weight per day (1.36 block feeding during an adaptation pe- milligrams per pound per day). riod of 12 to 19 days. Molasses block: (2) Indications for use. For removal Cattle must not be slaughtered within and control of large roundworms 11 days following last treatment. Pro- (Ascaris suum); lungworms tein block: Cattle must not be slaugh- (Metastrongylus apri); nodular worms tered within 16 days following last (Oesophagostomum dentatum, O. treatment; do not use in dairy cattle of quadrispinulatum); small stomach breeding age. Animals maintained worms (Hyostrongylus rubidus); under conditions of constant worm ex- whipworms (Trichuris suis); and posure may require retreatment within kidneyworms (Stephanurus dentatus— 6 to 8 weeks. Consult your veterinarian mature and immature). for assistance in the diagnosis, treat- ment, and control of parasitism. (3) Limitations. Thoroughly mix the contents of the packet(s) with swine [51 FR 41783, Nov. 19, 1986, as amended at 54 ration and administer according to FR 20787, May 15, 1989; 66 FR 47960, Sept. 17, label directions. Feed as sole ration for 2001; 74 FR 61516, Nov. 25, 2009] 3 consecutive days. Can be fed to preg- § 520.928 Firocoxib tablets. nant sows. No prior withdrawal of feed or water is necessary. Consult your (a) Specifications. Each chewable tab- veterinarian for assistance in the diag- let contains 57 or 227 milligrams (mg) nosis, treatment, and control of para- firocoxib. sitism. (b) Sponsor. See No. 050604 in § 510.600(c) of this chapter. [49 FR 18090, Apr. 27, 1984, as amended at 49 (c) Conditions of use in dogs—(1) FR 20485, May 15, 1984; 66 FR 47960, Sept. 17, Amount. 5 mg/kg (2.27 mg/lb) body 2001; 70 FR 32489, June 3, 2005; 74 FR 61516, weight. Administer once daily for os- Nov. 25, 2009] teoarthritis. Administer approximately 161 VerDate Nov<24>2008 16:00 May 11, 2010 Jkt 220070 PO 00000 Frm 00171 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Q:\21\21V6.TXT ofr150 PsN: PC150.
Recommended publications
  • Infectious Organisms of Ophthalmic Importance
    INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS OF OPHTHALMIC IMPORTANCE Diane VH Hendrix, DVM, DACVO University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996 OCULAR BACTERIOLOGY Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms consisting of a cell membrane, cytoplasm, RNA, DNA, often a cell wall, and sometimes specialized surface structures such as capsules or pili. Bacteria lack a nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus. The DNA of most bacteria is organized into a single circular chromosome. Additionally, the bacterial cytoplasm may contain smaller molecules of DNA– plasmids –that carry information for drug resistance or code for toxins that can affect host cellular functions. Some physical characteristics of bacteria are variable. Mycoplasma lack a rigid cell wall, and some agents such as Borrelia and Leptospira have flexible, thin walls. Pili are short, hair-like extensions at the cell membrane of some bacteria that mediate adhesion to specific surfaces. While fimbriae or pili aid in initial colonization of the host, they may also increase susceptibility of bacteria to phagocytosis. Bacteria reproduce by asexual binary fission. The bacterial growth cycle in a rate-limiting, closed environment or culture typically consists of four phases: lag phase, logarithmic growth phase, stationary growth phase, and decline phase. Iron is essential; its availability affects bacterial growth and can influence the nature of a bacterial infection. The fact that the eye is iron-deficient may aid in its resistance to bacteria. Bacteria that are considered to be nonpathogenic or weakly pathogenic can cause infection in compromised hosts or present as co-infections. Some examples of opportunistic bacteria include Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., and Pseudomonas spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnostic Notes
    DIAGNOSTIC NOTES Pig parasite diagnosis Robert M. Corwin, DVM, PhD arasites in swine have an impact on performance, with effects and the persistence or life span of the parasite. ranging from impaired growth and wasteful feed consumption Postmortem examination should reveal adult worms in their principal to clinical disease, debilitation, and perhaps even death. It is sites of infection, e.g., ascarids in the small intestine. Lesions associ- particularly important to diagnose subclinical parasitism, which can ated with larval infection, such as nodules of Oesophagostomum in have serious economic consequences and which should be treated the colon may not have larvae present or apparent. Lungworms also with ongoing preventive measures. have rather specific sites at least in young worm populations, viz., the Internal parasitism is caused by nematode roundworms and coccidia bronchioles of the diaphragmatic lobes of the lungs. in the gastrointestinal tract, lungworms in the respiratory tract, and by All of these parasites are directly transmissible from the environment ectoparasites. The most commonly encountered gastrointestinal para- with ingestion of eggs or larvae. Strongyloides may also be passed in sites are the large roundworm Ascaris suum, the threadworm Stron- the colostrum or penetrate skin, and transmission of the lung worm gyloides ransomi, the whipworm Trichuris suis, the nodular worm and the kidney worm may involve earthworms. Oesophagostomum dentatum, and the coccidia, especially lsospora suis and Cryptosporidium parvum in neonates and Eimeria spp at Ascaris suum --”large roundworm” weaning. (Figure 1A) Diagnosis of internal parasites is best accomplished by fecal examina- egg: 45-60 µm, yellowish brown, spherical, mammillated (Figure 1B) tion using a flotation technique and/or by necropsy.
    [Show full text]
  • Easwaran Thekkady Parasites
    NOTE ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 18(2): 1030 Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the Dean, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy for the facilities provided for this PARASITIC INFECTION OF SOME WILD study. ANIMALS AT THEKKADY IN KERALA References Fowler, M.E. (1986). Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. 2 nd edition. W.B. 1 2 3 K.R. Easwaran , Reghu Ravindran and K. Madhavan Pillai Saunders Company, Philadelphia. Gour, S.N.S., M.S. Sethi, H.C. Thivari and O. Prakash (1979). 1 Assistant Forest Veterinary Officer, Project Tiger, Thekkady, Kerala Prevalence of helminthic parasties in wild and zoo animals in Uttar 685536, India. Pradesh. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 49: 159-161. 2 Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Parasitology, I.V.R.I., Izatnagar, Bareilly, Henry, V.G. and R.H. Conley (1970). Some parasties of wild hogs in Uttar Pradesh 243122, India. southern Appalachians. Journal of Wildlife Management 34: 913-917. 3 Professor of Parasitology (Retd.), Department of Parasitology of Noda, R. (1973). A new species of Metastrongylus from a wild boar Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India. with remarks on other species. Bulletin of Agricultural Biology 25: 21- 29. Rajagopalan, P.K., A.P. Patil and M.J. Boshell (1968). Ixodid ticks on their mammalian hosts in the Kyasannur forest disease area of Mysore State, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research 56: 510-526. Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Helminthic infection is wide spread in wild animals and may Domesticated Animals. 7th edition. English Language Book Society and cause mortality and morbidity of varying degrees.
    [Show full text]
  • Addendum A: Antiparasitic Drugs Used for Animals
    Addendum A: Antiparasitic Drugs Used for Animals Each product can only be used according to dosages and descriptions given on the leaflet within each package. Table A.1 Selection of drugs against protozoan diseases of dogs and cats (these compounds are not approved in all countries but are often available by import) Dosage (mg/kg Parasites Active compound body weight) Application Isospora species Toltrazuril D: 10.00 1Â per day for 4–5 d; p.o. Toxoplasma gondii Clindamycin D: 12.5 Every 12 h for 2–4 (acute infection) C: 12.5–25 weeks; o. Every 12 h for 2–4 weeks; o. Neospora Clindamycin D: 12.5 2Â per d for 4–8 sp. (systemic + Sulfadiazine/ weeks; o. infection) Trimethoprim Giardia species Fenbendazol D/C: 50.0 1Â per day for 3–5 days; o. Babesia species Imidocarb D: 3–6 Possibly repeat after 12–24 h; s.c. Leishmania species Allopurinol D: 20.0 1Â per day for months up to years; o. Hepatozoon species Imidocarb (I) D: 5.0 (I) + 5.0 (I) 2Â in intervals of + Doxycycline (D) (D) 2 weeks; s.c. plus (D) 2Â per day on 7 days; o. C cat, D dog, d day, kg kilogram, mg milligram, o. orally, s.c. subcutaneously Table A.2 Selection of drugs against nematodes of dogs and cats (unfortunately not effective against a broad spectrum of parasites) Active compounds Trade names Dosage (mg/kg body weight) Application ® Fenbendazole Panacur D: 50.0 for 3 d o. C: 50.0 for 3 d Flubendazole Flubenol® D: 22.0 for 3 d o.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiological Survey of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Pigs in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria
    Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology Vol. 4(10), pp. 294-298, December 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JPHE DOI: 10.5897/JPHE12.042 ISSN 2141-2316 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Epidemiological survey of gastrointestinal parasites of pigs in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria Sowemimo O. A.*, Asaolu S. O., Adegoke F. O. and Ayanniyi O. O. Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Accepted 5 June, 2012 A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in pigs from the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Faecal samples were collected randomly from 271 pigs between April and October 2010, processed by modified Kato-katz technique and then examined for the presence of helminth ova and protozoan oocysts and cysts. Out of the 271 faecal samples examined, 97 (35.8%) were infected with one or more parasite species. Five types of parasites were identified, including Trichuris suis, Ascaris suum, human hookworm, Stephanurus dentatus and Isospora suis. T. suis was the most prevalent parasite. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was significantly higher in male pigs than in females (P<0.05). Single infection was more common with a prevalence of 80.4%. The results of this study provide baseline information about the parasitic fauna in intensively managed pigs in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Key words: Prevalence, gastrointestinal parasites, Ascaris suum, pig, Trichuris suis, Ibadan. INTRODUCTION In swine industry, the sustainable development of this from Jos Plateau, Nigeria, Fabiyi (1979) reported a total sector is faced with a number of constraints, prominent of 15 species of helminths which include Hyostrongylus among which is the disease is caused by intestinal rubidus, Ascarops strongylina, Physocephalus sexalatus, parasites.
    [Show full text]
  • Endoparasites in Domestic Animals Surrounding an Atlantic Forest Remnant, in São Paulo State, Brazil
    Original Article ISSN 1984-2961 (Electronic) www.cbpv.org.br/rbpv Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol., Jaboticabal, v. 27, n. 1, p. 12-18, jan.-mar. 2018 Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612017078 Endoparasites in domestic animals surrounding an Atlantic Forest remnant, in São Paulo State, Brazil Endoparasitas em animais domésticos que vivem ao redor de uma reserva florestal, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil Anaiá da Paixão Sevá1*; Hilda Fátima de Jesus Pena2; Alessandra Nava3; Amanda Oliveira de Sousa1; Luciane Holsback4; Rodrigo Martins Soares2 1 Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Bioestatística, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil 2 Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil 3 Instituto Leonidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Manaus, AM, Brasil 4 Setor de Veterinária e Produção Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná – UENP, Bandeirantes, PR, Brasil Received August 7, 2017 Accepted November 28, 2017 Abstract Morro do Diabo State Park (MDSP) is a significant remnant of the Atlantic Rain Forest in Brazil and is surrounded by rural properties. In that area, wild and domestic animals and humans are in close contact, which facilitates the two-way flow of infectious diseases among them. We assessed endoparasites in domestic livestock from all rural properties surrounding MDSP. There were sampled 197 cattle, 37 horses, 11 sheep, 25 swine, 21 dogs, one cat and 62 groups of chickens from 10 large private properties and 75 rural settlements.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Developmental Stages of Nematodes Occurring in Swine
    EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF NEMATODES OCCURRING IN SWINE By JOSEPH E. ALICATA Junior Zoolofllst Zoological Division Bureau of Animal Industry UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, D. C. Technical Bulletin No. 489 December 1935 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C. EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF NEMATODES OCCURRING IN SWINE By JOSEPH E. ALICATA Junior zoologist, Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry CONTENTS Page Morphological and experimental data—Con. Page Introduction 1 Ascaridae. _ 44 Historical résumé 2 Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782 44 General remarks on life histories of groups Trichuridae 47 studied _. 4 Trichuris suis (Schrank, 1788) A. J. Abbreviations and symbols used in illus- Smith, 1908 47 trations __ 5 Trichostrongylidae 51 Morphological and experimental data 5 HyostrongylîLS rubidus (Hassall and Spiruridae 5 Stiles, 1892) HaU,.1921 51 Gongylonema pulchrum Molin, 1857.. 5 Strongylidae. _— — .-. 68 Oesophagostomum dentatum (Ru- Ascarops strongylina (Rudolphi, 1819) dolphi, 1803) Molin, 1861 68 Alicata and Mclntosh, 1933 21 Stephanurus dentatus Diesing, 1839..- 73 Physocephalus sexalatus (Molin, 1860) Strongyloididae 79 Diesing, 1861 27 Strongyloides ransomi Schwartz and Metastrongyhdae 33 AUcata, 1930. 79 Metastrongylus salmi Gedoelst, 1923— 33 Comparative morphology of eggs and third- Metastrongylus elongattbs (Dujardin, stage larvae of some nematodes occurring 1845) Railliet and Henry, 1911 37 in swine 85 Choerostrongylus pudendotectus (Wos- Summary 87 tokow, 1905) Skrjabin, 1924 41 Literature cited 89 INTRODUCTION The object of this bulletin is to present the result^ of an investiga- tion on the early developmental stages of nematodes of common occur- rence in domestic swine. Observations on the stages in the definitive host of two of the nematodes, Gongylonema pulchrum and Hyostrongy- lus rubidus, are only briefly given, however, since little is known of these stages in these nematodes.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of the Order Strongylida
    Overview of the Order Strongylida Objectives: 1) Describe the general structure and function of the copulatory bursa of adult males of the Order Strongylida (“the bursate worms”). 2) Compare buccal area morphology of (a) Trichostrongyloidea, (b) Strongyloidea, (c) Ancylostomatoidea, and (d) Metastrongyloidea. 3) Describe the life cycle stages outside of the host for the four superfamilies listed below: (a) Trichostrongyloidea (includes the following eight genera: Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Cooperia, Nematodirus [variation in life cycle], Dictyocaulus, Hyostrongylus, Ollulanus [variation in life cycle]); (b) Strongyloidea (includes the following five genera: Strongylus, Triodontophorus, cyathostomes [many different small strongyles], Oesophagostomum, Stephanurus [variation in life cycle]). (c) Ancylostomatoidea (includes the following three genera: Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Bunostomum); (d) Metastrongyloidea (includes the following seven genera: Metastrongylus, Protostrongylus, Muellerius, Parelaphostrongylus, Crenosoma, Aelurostrongylus and Filaroides [variation in life cycle]). 4) Describe the pathogenesis and etiology of disease associated with Ostertagia in cattle, Haemonchus in sheep. 5) Outline the general control measures for trichostrongyles (Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Haemonchus and Cooperia) in cattle. 6) Outline the general control measures for trichostrongyles in sheep. 7) Describe the pathogenesis and etiology of pneumonia caused by Dictyocaulus. Outline: I. General morphology of the Order Strongylidea (bursate worms): distinctive copulatory bursa on adult males. A. Structure 1. Well-developed dorsal, ventral and lateral expansions of the surface cuticle at the posterior end, referred to as lobes. 2. Lobes supported by muscular rays. 3. Exception in the superfamily Metastrongyloidea where copulatory bursa is less well- developed. B. Function 1. To grasp the female worm at the vulvar site. 2. To facilitate male spicule insertion and movement of sperm from the male cloaca to the female vulva.
    [Show full text]
  • (Sus Scrofa) Hunted in Central Italy
    Macedonian Veterinary Review Mac Vet Rev 2018; 41 (1): 83-93 Available online at www.macvetrev.mk Original Scientific Article PREVALENCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND POTENTIALLY ZOONOTIC HELMINTHS IN WILD BOARS (SUS SCROFA) HUNTED IN CENTRAL ITALY Roberto Amerigo Papini, Sara Vannucci, Guido Rocchigiani, Simona Nardoni, Francesca Mancianti Department of Veterinary Sciences, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy Received 1 October 2017; Received in revised form 18 January 2018; Accepted 22 January 2018 ABSTRACT Our aim was to evaluate the risk of human toxoplasmosis via meat consumption from wild boars by estimating the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in animals hunted in central Italy. Using a modified agglutination test, 213 sera from wild boars were examined for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies. Diaphragm samples (n=65) from seropositive and seronegative animals were tested by nested-PCR to detect T. gondii DNA. Toxoplasma DNA from diaphragms was genotyped by PCR-RFLP using 12 genetic markers. Moreover, the aim of the study was also to identify helminth infections of wild boars in the selected area and to evaluate their hazard for humans. Examination of sera revealed a seroprevalence of 12.2%. Only one T. gondii strain could be genotyped from a seropositive animal and PCR-RFLP revealed that it belonged to type II. Analysis of 50 samples of faeces and 32 small intestines revealed that 78% and 15.6% of the samples harboured parasites, respectively, with the occurrence of parasites potentially dangerous for humans. These latter included Ascaris suum, Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, Trichuris suis, and Metastrongylus spp. A significant association was found between coprological positivity and male sex.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Gastrointestinal Parasite Communities in Vervet
    Integrative Zoology 2017; 12: 512–520 doi: 10.1111/1749-4877.12270 1 SHORT COMMUNICATION 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 Comparison of gastrointestinal parasite communities in vervet 7 8 8 9 monkeys 9 10 10 11 11 12 Kim VALENTA,1 Dennis TWINOMUGISHA,2 Kathleen GODFREY,1 Cynthia LIU,1 Valérie A. M. 12 13 3 2,4 1,2,5 13 14 SCHOOF, Tony L. GOLDBERG and Colin A. CHAPMAN 14 15 1McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2Makerere University Biological Field Station, 15 16 Kampala, Uganda, 3Bilingual Biology Program, Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, Glendon Campus, York University, 16 17 Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 4Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin- 17 18 5 18 Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA and Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 Abstract 22 23 23 Globally, habitat degradation is accelerating, especially in the tropics. Changes to interface habitats can increase 24 24 environmental overlap among nonhuman primates, people, and domestic animals and change stress levels in 25 25 wildlife, leading to changes in their risk of parasite infections. However, the direction and consequences of 26 26 these changes are unclear, since animals may benefit by exploiting human resources (e.g., improving nutrition- 27 27 al health by eating nutritious crops) and decreasing susceptibility to infection, or interactions with humans may 28 28 lead to chronic stress and increased susceptibility to infection. Vervet monkeys are an excellent model to under- 29 29 stand parasitic disease transmission because of their tolerance to anthropogenic disturbance.
    [Show full text]
  • Lungworms (Metastrongylus Spp.)
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2021 Lungworms (Metastrongylus spp.) and intestinal parasitic stages of two separated Swiss wild boar populations north and south of the Alps: Similar parasite spectrum with regional idiosyncrasies Spieler, Nico ; Schnyder, Manuela Abstract: Metastrongylus sp. is a lungworm with worldwide distribution in wild boars and other suids. In Switzerland, two wild boar populations are geographically divided by the Alps. We investigated 84 wild boars, 52 from north and 32 from south of the Alps, different in sex and age (juveniles, subadults, adults), shot between September and December 2018. The lungs were macroscopically examined and dissected for the detection of Metastrongylus specimens. Additionally, faecal samples were obtained from 55 animals and analysed by sedimentation/flotation and the mini-FLOTAC® method. Overall, 12’774 Metastrongylus sp. specimens were isolated: prevalence was 77.4% and mean burden 196.5 (range: 1- 2589), with no significant differences between north (80.8%, 218.0) and south (71.9%, 157.4) nor between sexes and age groups. Macroscopically, dense nodular lesions associated with Metastrongylus sp. were present in 19 out of 65 (33.9%) positive lungs. Five Metastrongylus sp. were detected: M. pudendotectus (67.9%), M. salmi (63.1%), M. confusus (56%), M. apri (44%) and M. asymmetricus (17.9%), with a significant difference (p = 0.012) between north (32.7%) and south (62.5%) for M. apri. Thelungworm population was female biased. The number of Metastrongylus sp. eggs in faecal samples did not correlate with worm burdens.
    [Show full text]
  • Strongyloides Stercoralis in Australia
    Strongyloides stercoralis in Australia by Meruyert Beknazarova B EnvHealth M EnvHealth Thesis submitted to Flinders University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy College of Science and Engineering 19.08.2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vii List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................viii Summary ........................................................................................................................................ xi Declaration ....................................................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................xiv Statement of Co-Authorship ........................................................................................................ xv Publications .................................................................................................................................xvii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Strongyloides stercoralis.........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]