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Buxton Pavilion Gardens Excavation Report

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Buxton Pavilion Gardens Excavation Report Archaeological excavation of a small area of the Pavilion Gardens Buxton Summary Brian Shepherd asked us to look at the possibility of doing some geophysical research in Buxton. We were shown 3 possible areas and chose one of these in the eastern most part of the Pavilion Gardens. This was chosen because it provided a reasonably unobstructed area and we thought it wouldn’t have a tremendous amount of overburden. The survey was performed using both resistivity and magnetometry on a single day in July. We combined the survey with a “meet the archaeologists opportunity” which proved to be very successful. The report of the survey is included in the appendix to this proposal. The possibility of performing an archaeological excavation to “ground proof” the geophysics was then considered. It was made clear that any excavation would have to be completely contained in “people proof” fencing. The availability of such fencing meant that the area to be opened would have to be restricted to a maximum of 4 square metres. It was decided that even with this restriction it would be useful to perform the excavation. It was also decided that an exhibition would be set up and manned in the conservatory during the period of the dig. In addition our web site was to be maintained for the period of the dig with daily updates. 1. Introduction This area of the Pavilion Gardens is known to have been a bowling green which was in use in living memory (one of the visitors to the dig had used the bowling green in the past). In recent years it has been heavily disturbed on several occasions. It has clearly had a herring-bone pattern of drainage inserted. This shows up very clearly in the geophysics survey and also on aerial photographs of the area. In addition macerated sewage is piped under the area. This is also evident in the geophysical survey. The survey does suggest that there are other buried features which may not be totally disturbed by these incursions. The work involved a small scale archaeological excavation aimed at discovering if there is any undisturbed archaeology in this area. In addition it should be possible to date disturbed material. 2. Location and Geology The area is an approximately circular lawned area at the east end of the park. The bedrock is of the Bowland Shale Formation. This is composed of mudstone, siltstone and sandstone. This sedimentary bedrock was formed approximately 313 to 335 million years ago in the Carboniferous Period. The local environment was previously dominated by open seas with pelagite deposits. These rocks were formed on a deep ocean floor beyond the influence of land. They often consist of fine material from microscopic pelagic organisms. 3. Aims and Objectives The area to be excavated was restricted to an area away from the obvious intrusions. The aim was to see if there is evidence of earlier use of the area. This may be disturbed but could still be of interest. Any dating evidence will be recorded and finds conserved where this is a requirement. 4. Methods The excavation, recording and conservation of finds was undertaken in compliance with the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) standards and guidance for ‘Archaeological Evaluation’. The turf was removed and stored separately on plastic sheets. The excavation was all to be done by hand, the spoil being stored close to the dig on plastic sheeting. The short duration of the dig ensured that there was no damage to the surrounding lawns and the cut turf was still good when we completed the dig. However it was decided by the groundsmen, that they would restore the grass after the ground had settled. Maps Extract from Devonshire estate map c. 1720. Showing “Old Hall” and the survey area. Extract from Tithe map of 1840. Area 29 contains the survey area. Area 147 is the “Old Hall”. 5. The area of investigation The survey area (aligned with magnetic North). The area chosen for investigation: Area A: A 2 metre by 2 metre area which appears to show narrow parallel bands in the resistivity survey. 6. Excavation 6 days were scheduled for the dig and exhibition, in two blocks of 3 days, 31st July to 2nd August and 8th to 10th August 2015. The area (A) for excavation was at (19, 22.5) to (21, 24.5) within the 30 metre square area of the survey. It was chosen because the resistivity survey shows narrow bands of different resistivity. The turf was removed and stacked away from other spoil. It was soon clear than the turf was growing in a 16cms. deep layer of black ash (context [1]). Beneath this was a yellow coarse sand layer of variable thickness, which was interpreted as a levelling layer (context [2]). Within context [2] a small fragment of facetted glass was found which matches the “fairy lights” which used to be strung outside the pavilion buildings (we were shown almost complete examples which had been found in the grounds by the gardeners). Beneath this were two distinct contexts. Context [4] was a line of limestone fragments which were the first indication of a field drain. Context [3] was a varied context, a black to brown carbon rich clay matrix with fragments of what appeared to be burnt domestic debris. Soon in context [3] area appeared discrete areas containing what looked like building rubble with stone, brick, roof tile, roofing slate and sandstone roofing slabs. It looked like individual barrow loads of waste from a house demolition or renovation had been dumped into the previously dumped carbon rich clay. Context [2] being removed to show context [3] appearing. The lower levels of context [3] became consistently black-brown carbon rich clay without any finds. This layer had a distinctive smell. This context was up to 50 cms. deep. Running out of time we had to reduce the area of the dig, just concentrating on the northern half. We also had to use spades to get down to the bottom of this layer (we had previously used an auger to find out how deep this layer was). Context [3] with field drain (context [4]) appearing in the south west corner. Context [5] shows the “Buxton Cement” Field drain, context [4] with smashed drainage pipes beneath limestone fragments Beneath context [3] was a brownish layer of tiny fragments of shale. The top 3 or 4 cms. of this context [6] was browner and had traces of loam. There were a few dateable pottery finds in this. Bottom of context [6] showing context [7] appearing. Context [6] was 20 to 25 cms. thick. Beneath this was a grey clay context [7]. Both these deposits seem to be water-borne. In the north west corner of the dig a feature could be seem in the section. It consisted of a slot, approximately 30 cms wide (of unknown depth) it cut through the whole of context 6 and as far as could be seen continued for at least 40 cms. into context [7]. The slot was very loosely filled with large lumps of stone. 7. Conclusion End of the dig after back filling Context [6] had evidence of being open long enough to establish a turf layer. It is quite likely from the dating evidence that this was the surface shown in the tithe map circa 1840 as forming part of the garden of the “Old Hall”. It is clear that this was quite a wet area and the slot seen in the north baulk of the dig might be an early attempt to drain it. It is thought that this area was then raised about half a metre with the dumping of material. This material was mixed being mainly a strong smelling blackish carbon rich clay, perhaps from a gas works. Into this mixture while it was still sloppy, individual barrow loads of demolition rubble were dumped. When this layer had consolidated, shallow field drains were sunk into it. The surface was then levelled with coarse sand. On top of this a very firm layer of black ash was spread and the turf for a bowling green grown on top. Although the excavation was unsuccessful in finding anything of great archaeological interest, it was a really good exercise in bringing archaeology to the general public. Acknowledgements Our thanks to all at Buxton Pavilion Gardens for their great help and encouragement. Also to the Friends of the Pavilion Gardens for their assistance. We must also thank the Derbyshire County archaeologist Mr. S Baker for granting us permission to do the dig. Our biggest thanks go to the two gardeners at the pavilion gardens G. Scott and I. Wright who couldn’t have been more helpful throughout our excavation. 8. The Exhibition in the conservatory Maureen with one of the younger visitors. A display of finds from some of our digs proved very popular with the hundreds of visitors who stopped to talk with Dave and Maureen Thomas. Dave and Maureen manned the display each day fielding all sorts of questions from interested visitors. One of the Roman leather shoes from deep in a well proved to be very popular. 9. Finds 9.1. Context (B)PG15 [1] The finds are fairly mixed in date from about 1830 to the present day. There were no large fragments of pottery. No.of Description Weight in fragments grms 20 Iron, Assorted nails and pieces of wire. 275 112 Wall tile 500 22 Floor and roof tile 200 61 Glass (Window glass (1), other (60)) 300 5 Wall plaster 20 1 Marble (wall) 8 1 Pipe stem (fragment with rolled decoration) 1 12 Plastic 15 1 Slate 2 2 Cardboard 1 1 Mirror - 1 Field drain pipe (impressed with “sun”) 5 7 Pottery (Victorian period) 25 1 Pottery pearlware (c.
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