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Thesis.FINAL2.20160629.FINAL VERSION PREACHING THE GOSPEL IN LIGHT OF THE COVENANTS by STEVEN JOHNSTONE B.Com., University of Cape Town, 1998 A THESIS Submitted to the faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS IN THEOLOGICAL STUDIES at Reformed Theological Seminary Charlotte, North Carolina June 2016 Accepted: ___________________________________ The Rev. Guy P. Waters, Ph.D., Thesis Advisor ___________________________________ The Rev. James N. Anderson, Ph.D., Ph.D., Global Academic Dean ii ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate how the message of evangelists today should be richly informed by the covenants of Scripture. I will show how the New Testament itself witnesses to the fact that many of the Old Testament covenant promises are still available to be inherited through union with Christ, giving special attention to what this means for the gospel preaching of evangelists. I will demonstrate how Christ has fulfilled, or recapitulated, the conditions of all God’s previous covenants, endured their curses (if applicable) and inherited their blessings, and how all those who are united to Christ by faith become fellow heirs of these promises with Him. Truly the blessings of the New Covenant are great, the promises of God in the gospel are great and the joy that we should feel is great, because our Saviour is a great Saviour and our salvation is a great salvation. By using the ‘means’ of covenant, which God Himself has used throughout time to work His way towards our appearing with Christ in glory, I hope to display in some measure the wondrous riches of this great gospel which we as evangelists are called to herald. Not only will the insights here deeply enrich the preaching of every evangelist, and the pastoral discipleship of every minister, but perhaps more importantly, the very glory of God will be displayed as we learn and preach in deeper, fuller ways of His love, generosity, kindness, wisdom, sovereignty and grace, as we look for the blessed hope and glorious appearing of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ. iii DEDICATION To Danielle, my love, my friend, whom God chose as my covenant partner for this journey. Only you know how impossible this would have been without you. Thank you. I love you. iv CONTENTS Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………… 1 Understanding the Gospel …………………………………………………1 Literature Review…………………………………………………………..4 2. COVENANTS AND THE PURPOSES OF GOD……………………………..9 Application for Evangelists……………………………………………….15 3. THE ETERNAL COVENANT WITHIN THE TRINITY……………………18 Application for Evangelists……………………………………………….21 4. GOD’S COVENANT WITH ADAM AND THE FALL…………………….24 A Promise, an Obligation and a Threat…………………………………...25 Adam as Federal Head of All Mankind…………………………………...26 The Promise of Grace……………………………………………………..27 Christ and the Covenant of Works………………………………………...28 Application for Evangelists………………………………………………..29 5. GOD’S COVENANT WITH NOAH………………………………………...36 Genesis 6—the prelude to the Noahic Covenant…………………………..37 Gen 9—The Noahic Covenant...…………………………………………..37 Application for Evangelists………………………………………………..39 6. GOD’S COVENANT WITH ABRAHAM…………………………………...43 Understanding the Blessing of Abraham…………………………………..46 The Covenant Ceremony—Gen 15………………………………………..47 The Sign of the Abrahamic Covenant……………………………………..52 vii Abraham’s Continuing Walk of Faith……………………………………..53 The Abrahamic Covenant Within Redemptive History…………………...54 Application for Evangelists……………………………………………….54 7. GOD’S COVENANT WITH ISRAEL THROUGH MOSES…………………63 Inauguration of the Mosaic Covenant—Exodus 19-24………………….65 The Promises of the Mosaic Covenant………………………………….66 The Obligations of the Mosaic Covenant……………………………….69 The Curses of the Mosaic Covenant…………………………………….70 The Mosaic Covenant Fulfilled in Christ……………………………….73 Inheriting the promises of the Mosaic Covenant……………………….76 Application for Evangelists……………………………………………..80 8. GOD’S COVENANT WITH DAVID…………………………………………95 The Shepherds of Israel…………………………………………………95 David the Anointed One………………………………………………..96 David’s Faith Shown by His Works…………………………………….97 God’s Covenant with David…………………………………………….98 Promises of the Davidic Covenant…………………………………….100 Conditions of the Davidic Covenant…………………………………..102 The Davidic Covenant Promises Eventually Fulfilled in Christ………104 Application for Evangelists…………………………………………….108 9. THE NEW COVENANT……………………………………………………125 Promises of the New Covenant………………………………………..127 Conditions of the New Covenant……………………………………...128 vii Application for Evangelists……………………………………………130 10. PASTORAL APPLICATIONS………………………………………………135 11. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………138 Appendix 1. THE COVENANT OF GRACE……………………………………………..142 2. THE CONDITIONALITY OF COVENANTS……………………………...145 3. ABRAHAM’S JOURNEY OF FAITH……………………………………...149 4. UNDERSTANDING ABRAHAM’S JUSTIFICATION……………………152 5. HOW THE ABRAHAMIC PROMISES OF LAND AND SEED RELATE..154 6. THE CONSTITUTION OF A NATION…………………………………….156 7. COMPARISON: ABRAHAMIC & MOSAIC COVENANT PROMISES…159 8. WHY PEOPLE NEED FAITHFUL AND GODLY LEADERSHIP………..160 9. WHY ISRAEL FAILED AND THE NEW COVENANT DOES NOT…….162 Why Did Israel Fail?……………………………………………….......162 Israel’s Failure in the Light of Jeremiah’s New Covenant prophecy…..163 What made the New Covenant “New”? ……………………………….169 10. THE NEW COVENANT, CONDITIONAL OR UNCONDITIONAL? …...172 11. ROBERTSON ON THE COVENANTS OF REDEMPTION & WORKS…174 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………176 vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The thesis of this dissertation is that the content of an evangelist’s gospel should include, on balance over time, the offer to sinners of inheriting in Christ all the promises of the Old Testament covenants. Understanding the Gospel In the following quote, while comment on his own evangelistic preaching, DA Carson addresses the fact that when sinners come to Christ, they are motivated to do so, and that there is a plurality of these “motivations” which are held out to sinners in Scripture. Carson states: Most of us, I suspect, develop fairly standard ways, one might even say repetitive ways, to appeal to the motivations of our hearers when we preach the gospel. Recently, however, I have wondered if I have erred in this respect—not so much in what I say as in what I never or almost never say.… All of the biblically sanctioned motivations for pursuing God, for pursuing Christ, say complementary things about God himself, such that failure to cover the sweep of motivations ultimately results in diminishing God.… The point to be made is simple: any failure to appeal to the full range of biblically exemplified and biblically sanctioned motivations not only means that there are some people we are not taking into account, but, more seriously, that there are elements in the character and attributes of God himself that we are almost certainly ignoring.1 1. Donald A. Carson. "Motivations to Appeal to in our Hearers when we Preach for Conversion." Themelios (Online) 35, no. 2 (July 2010): 258, 264. 1 In 2 Peter 1:4 the Apostle Peter says that through the knowledge of Christ God has “given to us exceedingly great and precious promises.” Similarly the Apostle Paul told the Corinthians, “For all the promises of God in Him are Yes, and in Him Amen, to the glory of God through us” (2 Cor 1:20). This seems to be part of the point Carson is trying to make, that the fact that all the promises of God are yes and amen in Christ brings God glory through us. The first thing to note from these verses is that Paul says that these promises are to be inherited “in Christ,” and it is partly to this that this thesis is addressed. Why are these promises only “in Christ,” why is it that sinners can inherit them by being united to Him, and how does such a union with Him take place? Then the other issue from these verses to which this thesis is addressed is the plurality of that word “promises.” Peter says that God has “granted to us his precious and very great promises.” Paul says that “all the promises” of God are yes and amen in Christ. But what are these promises? When were they made, and to whom did God make them? Why are they located “in Christ” alone? And why does Scripture tell us that they are “precious” and “very great”? Exactly what promises are Peter and Paul referring to? Perhaps another way of getting at the question is to ask, if the gospel (εὐαγγέλιον) is what the Greek word means, “good news,” if it is the good news of God’s promises in Christ, then just how good is that “good news,” and just how good are the promises? These are all crucial questions. In every generation there is a group of people who are communicating the good news of the Gospel to that generation and it is my great desire that we as that group of ministers in our own day will faithfully declare the whole counsel of God to our world, including all that God demands of sinners and all that He offers them in His 2 Gospel. And while much theology has been done on the covenantal framework of Scripture, and although Reformed Christians have always rightly contended for a single plan of salvation throughout redemptive history, there has been very little written about how an appreciation for the Old Testament (OT) covenants—together with their promises, obligations and threats—should inform the message of an evangelist to the unconverted today. Having benefitted from the insights of this study personally, I realize that my own evangelism has often limited itself to offering forgiveness of sins and an “eternal life” which has been far too narrow in what it comprehended, not including the many other benefits inherited by those in Christ in terms of the promises given in the OT covenants. This has naturally filtered into our discipleship as well, leaving many Christians without a whole-Bible, covenantal understanding of “what is the hope of His calling” and “what are the riches of the glory of His inheritance in the saints” (Eph 1:18). This of course then leads to a diminishing of the glory of God—it robs Him of glory: An emaciated gospel leads to emaciated worship.
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